Hawkweed

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Hawkweed
Hawkweed, illustration

Hawkweed, illustration

Systematics
Euasterids II
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Cichorioideae
Genre : Hawkweed ( Hieracium )
Type : Hawkweed
Scientific name
Hieracium umbellatum
L.
Head stand
Hieracium umbellatum

The hawkweed ( Hieracium umbellatum ) is a species of the sunflower family (Asteraceae).

description

The hawkweed reaches a height of (10) 50 to 120 (150) centimeters. The whole plant is glandless or poor in glands. It is more or less hairy. The stems are slender. The basal leaves are missing at flowering time. The up to 50 stem leaves are mostly hairy. Their shape is linear-lanceolate.

The flower heads are numerous in umbel-like basket stands of 2 - 3 cm. Few branches stick out from the umbel less often. The bracts of the heads are arranged regularly roofed. They are all blunt, glandless and protruding at the tip and strongly bent back. The heads consist only of ray florets . These are not ciliated at the top. The stylus is mostly yellow. The species reproduces sexually.

The fruits are 3 to 5 millimeters long with ten toothless ribs. This means that the ribs merge at the tip to form a ring-like bead. The pappus is double-row with shorter and longer hair.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18, 27 or 36.

ecology

The hawkweed is a richly leafy stem plant.

The pollination is done by insects . If there is no visit, self-pollination takes place . Flowering time is from July to October.

The species survives with basal buds.

Occurrence

The species is circumpolar and occurs from the meridional to the boreal zone, so it is found in Europe, North Asia and North America.

The hawkweed grows in acidic, poor oak forests, on seams, in dry bushes, meadows, heaths, dunes and in open pioneer locations. It prefers moderately fresh to moderately dry soils that are poor in lime and not too fine-grained. It occurs mainly in societies of the order Quercetalia roboris-petraeae, more rarely in those of the classes Sedo-Sclerathetea or Trifolio-Geranietea or the associations Erico-Pinion or Mesobromion. It occurs up to the montane altitude level of around 1200 m above sea level.

Systematics

The hawkweed is a species of the subgenus real hawkweed ( Hieracium subg. Hieracium ). It is characterized as the main species.

Intermediate species that mediate from Hieracium umbellatum to other main species are:

  • Hieracium brevifolium : mediates to Hieracium racemosum
  • Hieracium laurinum : mediates to Hieracium sabaudum .

One can distinguish the following subspecies:

  • Hieracium umbellatum L. subsp. umbellatum
  • Hieracium umbellatum subsp. bichlorophyllum (Druce & Zahn) PD Sell & C. West : It occurs in Great Britain, Ireland, France and the Channel Islands.
  • Hieracium umbellatum subsp. Brevifolioid tooth : It occurs in France, Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Italy, on the Balkan Peninsula, in Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, in Turkey and in Transcaucasia.
  • Hieracium umbellatum subsp. elisabethae (Kem.-Nath.) Greuter : It occurs in Georgia.
  • Hieracium umbellatum subsp. eurobalticum tooth : It occurs in the Netherlands, Germany, Poland and Sweden.
  • Hieracium umbellatum subsp. filifolium (Üksip) Tzvelev : It occurs in the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Finland, the Baltic States, Russia, Belarus, Moldova and the Ukraine.
  • Hieracium umbellatum subsp. kluchoricum (Kem.-Nath.) Greuter : It occurs in Georgia.
  • Hieracium umbellatum subsp. ogwenii (EF Linton) WR Linton : It occurs in Great Britain.
  • Hieracium umbellatum subsp. sublaetevirens tooth : It occurs in Georgia.
  • Hieracium umbellatum subsp. topaeanum (Prodan) Greuter : It occurs in Romania.
  • Hieracium umbellatum subsp. turfosum (Kem.-Nath.) Greuter : It occurs in Georgia.

swell

literature

  • Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  • Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
  • Dietmar Aichele, Marianne Golte-Bechtle: What is blooming there? (= Kosmos nature guide. ). 57th edition. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-10212-2 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  1013 .
  2. ↑ a b c Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Werner Greuter (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). - In: W. Greuter & E. von Raab-Straube (ed.): Compositae. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Datasheet Hieracium umbellatum In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.

Web links

Commons : Hawkweed  album with pictures, videos and audio files