Horny hawkweed

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Horny hawkweed
Hieracium cymosum.JPG

Hawkweed ( Pilosella cymosa )

Systematics
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Cichorioideae
Tribe : Cichorieae
Genre : Pilosella
Type : Horny hawkweed
Scientific name
Pilosella cymosa
( L. ) FW Schulz & Sch.Bip.

The hawkweed ( Pilosella cymosa ) is a species of the genus Pilosella within the sunflower family (Asteraceae). It is widespread in Europe .

description

illustration
Whole inflorescence with flower heads with glandular hairs.

Appearance and leaf

The hawkweed grows as a wintering green, perennial herbaceous plant that usually reaches heights of 30 to 80, rarely up to 100 centimeters. Runners are missing. The stem is pithy and covered with hairs ( trichomes ) up to 2 mm long .

The leaves are almost all together in a basal rosette; there are a few alternate leaves distributed on the stem. The grass to light green, simple basal leaves are obovate to lanceolate. The basal leaves are usually richly fluffy on both sides with short (0.5 mm) star hairs and simple, long (5 mm), bristly, light hairs and are flaky on both sides. There are usually one to four, rarely up to eight, simple stem leaves.

Inflorescence and flower

The flowering time is at the end of full spring in Central Europe from May to July, in the mountains until August. The umbellate , seldom umbelliferous , initially often clustered, dense total inflorescence has 5 to 20 branches and usually contains 20 to 50 (10 to 100) cup-shaped partial inflorescences. The bracts are glabrous to profuse or even "furry" soft and scattered to profusely covered with glandular and simple hairs with star hairs. The flower heads contain only ray florets. The ray florets are light to deep yellow. The two-branched style is yellow.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63 and maybe 68.

ecology

The hawkweed is a hemicryptophyte .

There is insect pollination , self-pollination and seed formation without pollination. The spread of wind, Velcro and ants spread.

Occurrence and endangerment

The closed distribution area of the hawkweed stretches from the French Massif Central through Central Europe (excluding the North German Plain) northeast to the Urals . There are only a few island-like sub-areas to the east of the Urals. In Northern Europe it barely extends beyond the Arctic Circle (it is absent in Iceland). The southern border of the area extends from Sardinia via Italy and northern Greece to northwestern Turkey. In the rest of Turkey, only individual finds have been registered so far. The subspecies have a slightly different distribution (see there).

The hawkweed needs lime-rich, moderately dry, humus-rich, stony-loose, loam soils , but loess can also be used .

It colonizes semi- arid grasslands , rains and dry bushes in climate-favored areas. It thrives in the societies of the Mesobromion and Geranion sanguinei associations.

In Central Europe it occurs rarely in wine-growing areas from the northern Upper Rhine to the Middle Rhine, the Moselle, in the Lahn valley, on the Main and Neckar, on the Swabian Alb, in the southern Bavarian Forest and in the central and southern Alps ; east of it there are only populations with few individuals.

In Switzerland the hawkweed is endangered in all areas: in the Jura severely endangered (EN) and in the western Jura even threatened with extinction (CR), in the central plateau (EN) and in the western central plateau even threatened with extinction (CR), Endangered on the western northern flank of the Alps (EN) and even regionally extinct on the eastern northern flank of the Alps (RE), potentially endangered in the western central Alps (NT), vulnerable in the eastern central Alps (VU), threatened with extinction on the southern flank of the Alps (CR) and Critically endangered in Ticino (CR).

Systematics

The first publication took place in 1763 under the name ( Basionym ) Hieracium cymosum by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 2nd edition, volume, p. 1126. The new combination to Pilosella cymosa (L.) FWSchultz & Sch.Bip. was published in 1862 by Friedrich Wilhelm Schultz and Carl Heinrich Schultz in Flora , Volume 45, p. 429.

Further synonyms for Pilosella cymosa (L.) FWSchultz & Sch.Bip. are: Hieracium arctogenum (Norrl.) Norrl. , Hieracium collinum Gochnat , Hieracium ensiferum Norrl. , Hieracium erraticum Norrl. , Hieracium eusciadium (Nägeli & Peter) Dahlst. , Hieracium granitophilum (Norrl.) Norrl. , Hieracium holmense (Nägeli & Peter) Dahlst. , Hieracium lamprochaetoides Norrl. , Hieracium leptadenium (Dahlst.) Dahlst. , Hieracium litoreum Norrl. nom. illeg., Hieracium mollisetum (Nägeli & Peter) Prain , Hieracium pycnochaetum Brenner , Hieracium scotodes Norrl. , Hieracium semilitoreum Norrl. , Hieracium signiferum (Norrl.) Üksip , Hieracium syrjaenorum (tooth) Üksip , Hieracium tabergense (Dahlst.) Prain , Hieracium tenacicaule Norrl. , Hieracium trichocymosum (tooth) Üksip , Pilosella arctogena Norrl. , Pilosella collina (Gochnat) Soják , Pilosella ensifera (Norrl.) Schljakov , Pilosella erratica (Norrl.) Schljakov , Pilosella eusciadia (Naegeli & Peter) Schljakov , Pilosella granitophila (Norrl.) Schljakov , Pilosella holmensis (Naegeli & Peter) Schljakov , Pilosella leptadenia (Dahlst.) Schljakov , Pilosella molliseta (Nägeli & Peter) Schljakov , Pilosella scotodes (Norrl.) Schljakov , Pilosella semilitorea (Norrl.) Schljakov , Pilosella signifera (Norrl.) Schljakov , Pilosella syrjaenorum (Zahn . Pilosella taberum) (Dahlst.) Schljakov , Pilosella tenacicaulis (Norrl.) Schljakov , Pilosella trichocymosa (tooth) Schljakov .

There are three subspecies of Pilosella cymosa :

  • Pilosella cymosa (L.) FW Schulz & Sch.Bip. subsp. cymosa ( Hieracium cymosum subsp. arctogenum (Norrl.) tooth , Hieracium cymosum subsp. ensiferum (Norrl.) tooth , Hieracium cymosum subsp. eusciadium Naegeli & Peter , Hieracium cymosum subsp. granitophilum (Norrl.) tooth , Hieracium cymosum subsp. holmense ( Naegeli & Peter) Dahlst. , Hieracium cymosum subsp. lanipedicellum Naegeli & Peter , Hieracium cymosum subsp. laxiflorum Naegeli & Peter , Hieracium cymosum subsp. leptadenium Dahlst. , Hieracium cymosum subsp. litoreum dental nom. nov., Hieracium cymosum subsp. macrocymigerum tooth , Hieracium cymosum subsp. macrocymosum tooth , Hieracium cymosum subsp. meizocephaloides Hayek & dental , Hieracium cymosum subsp. meizocephalum Naegeli & Peter , Hieracium cymosum subsp. mollisetum (Naegeli & Peter) Dahlst. , Hieracium cymosum subsp. pseudocurvescens Fen. & dental , Hieracium cymosum subsp. samoboricum Nägeli & Peter , Hieracium cymosum subsp. scotodes (Norrl.) tooth , Hieracium cymosum subsp. semilitoreum (Norrl.) tooth , Hieracium cymosum subsp. signi ferum (Norrl.) Zahn , Hieracium cymosum subsp. tabergense Dahlst. , Hieracium cymosum subsp. tenacicaule (Norrl.) tooth , Hieracium cymosum subsp. trichocymosum tooth , Hieracium cymosum subsp. uplandiae Nägeli & Peter , Hieracium cymosum subsp. viridans Nägeli & Peter , Hieracium cymosum subsp. xanthophylloid tooth , Hieracium cymosum subsp. xanthophyllum Nägeli & Peter , Hieracium dubium subsp. erraticum (Norrl.) Zahn , Hieracium fallax subsp. mollisetum Nägeli & Peter , Hieracium praealtum subsp. collinum (Gochnat) Čelak. , Hieracium subcurvescens subsp. granitophilum Norrl. , Pilosella cymosa subsp. signifera Norrl. , Pilosella cymosa subsp. syrjaenorum Zahn , Hieracium cymosum var. holmense Nägeli & Peter ): It occurs in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, France (including Corsica), the Baltic States, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland , in the European part of Russia, in Ukraine (including Crimea), in Romania, Bulgaria, in Serbia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia and Greece.
  • Pilosella cymosa subsp. Sabina (Sebast.) HPFuchs (Syn .: Hieracium Sabinum Sebast. , Pilosella Sabina (Sebast.) FWSchultz & Sch.Bip. , Hieracium cymosum subsp. Sabinum (Sebast.) Naegeli & Peter , Hieracium cymosum subsp. dingleri Naegeli & Peter , Hieracium cymosum subsp. Gnaphalophorum Nägeli & Peter, Hieracium cymosum subsp. Heldreichianum Nägeli & Peter, Hieracium cymosum subsp. Irregulare Nägeli & Peter , Hieracium cymosum subsp. Mikrosabinum Beck ): It comes in Azerbaijan, in Turkey, in Albania, Austria Switzerland, Italy, France, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain and Greece.
  • Pilosella cymosa subsp. vaillantii (exchange) S.Bräut. & Greuter (Syn .: Hieracium vaillantii exchange , Pilosella vaillantii (exchange) Soják , Hieracium cymosum subsp. Vaillantii (exchange) Nyman , Hieracium conflectens Norrl. , Hieracium contractum (Norrl.) Burner , Hieracium curvescens (Norrl.) Norrl. , Hieracium cymigerum Rchb. , Hieracium denticuliferum (Norrl.) Norrl. , Hieracium euryanthelum (Dahlst.) Dahlst. , Hieracium firmicaule (Norrl.) Norrl. , Hieracium glomerabile Norrl. , Hieracium hirtelliceps Dahlst. , Hieracium leptothyrsum (Peter) Üksip , polymnoon Hieracium (Nägeli & Peter) Norrl. , Hieracium psilanthum (Nägeli & Peter) Omang , Hieracium pubescens (Fr.) Hellstr. Non (K.Koch) Walp. , Hieracium subglomeratum Arv.-Touv. & Gaut. , Hieracium suchonense Norrl. , Hieracium suomense (Norrl.) Norrl. , Hieracium trichocymosoides Üksip , Pilosella conflectens (Norrl.) Schljakov , Pilosella contracta (Norrl.) Schljakov , Pilosella curvescens Norrl. , Pilosella cymigera (Rchb.) Arv.-Touv. , Pilosella denticulifera Norrl. , Pilosella eury anthela (Dahlst.) Schljakov , Pilosella firmicaulis Norrl. , Pilosella glomerabilis (Norrl.) Schljakov , Pilosella leptothyrsa (Peter) Schljakov , Pilosella polymnoa (Nägeli & Peter) Schljakov , Pilosella pubescens (Fr.) Norrl. , Pilosella samarica (tooth) Schljakov , Pilosella suchonensis (Norrl.) Schljakov , Pilosella suomensis Norrl. , Pilosella trichocymosoides (Üksip) Schljakov , Hieracium cymosum subsp. conflectens (Norrl.) Zahn , Hieracium cymosum subsp. contractum Norrl. , Hieracium cymosum subsp. curvescens (Norrl.) Zahn , Hieracium cymosum subsp. cymigerum (Rchb.) Peter , Hieracium cymosum subsp. denticuliferum (Norrl.) Nägeli & Peter , Hieracium cymosum subsp. euryanthelum Dahlst. , Hieracium cymosum subsp. firmicaule (Norrl.) Nägeli & Peter , Hieracium cymosum subsp. glomerabile (Norrl.) tooth , Hieracium cymosum subsp. hirtelliceps (Dahlst.) Zahn , Hieracium cymosum subsp. leptothyrsum Peter , Hieracium cymosum subsp. origenes Nägeli & Peter , Hieracium cymosum subsp. polymnoon (Nägeli & Peter) tooth , Hieracium cymosum subsp. psilanthum (Nägeli & Peter) Zahn , Hieracium cymosum subsp. pubescens Fr. , Hieracium cymosum subsp. samaricum (tooth) Üksip , Hieracium cymosum subsp. samaricum tooth , Hieracium cymosum subsp. subglomeratum tooth , Hieracium cymosum subsp. suchonense (Norrl.) Zahn , Hieracium cymosum subsp. suomense (Norrl.) Nägeli & Peter , Hieracium macranthelum subsp. polymnoon Nägeli & Peter , Pilosella cymosa subsp. origenes (Nägeli & Peter) HP Fox , Hieracium cymosum var. longifolium Rchb. , Hieracium cymosum var. Pubescens Wimm. & Dig. nom. illeg., Hieracium fallax var. psilanthum Nägeli & Peter , Pilosella pubescens var. contracta Norrl. ): It comes in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, France, Poland, the Baltic States, Belarus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, the European part of Russia, Ukraine (including Crimea ), in Slovenia and Bulgaria.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Trugdoldiges hawkweed. In: FloraWeb.de. Retrieved November 30, 2013
  2. ↑ a b c Hieracium cymosum L. In: Info Flora - The national data and information center for the Swiss flora . Retrieved November 30, 2013
  3. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  1002 .
  4. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  5. ↑ New combination scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  6. ↑ Pilosella cymosa at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed November 30, 2013.
  7. ^ A b c Siegfried Bräutigam & Werner Greuter: Pilosella. In: Werner Greuter & Eckhard von Raab-Straube (eds.): Compositae. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity . Pilosella cymosa - data sheet at Euro + Med . Retrieved November 30, 2013
  8. ↑ a b c data sheet at Global Compositae Checklist . Retrieved November 30, 2013
  9. ↑ a b c data sheet at the Cichorieae portal . Retrieved November 30, 2013
  10. ↑ Pilosella cymosa - data sheet with many detailed pictures from Schede di botanica . Retrieved November 30, 2013

literature

  • Siegmund Seybold : The flora of Germany and the neighboring countries. A book for identifying all wild and frequently cultivated vascular plants . Founded by Otto Schmeil , Jost Fitschen . 95th completely revised and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01498-2 .
  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). 2nd corrected and enlarged edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2007, ISBN 978-3-8001-4990-2 .
  • Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi, Arno Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . tape 6 : Special part (Spermatophyta, subclass Asteridae): Valerianaceae to Asteraceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1996, ISBN 3-8001-3343-1 .
  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 4 : Nightshade plants to daisy plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
  • Siegfried Bräutigam, Werner Greuter: Hieracium and Pilosella. In: Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (ed.): Med-Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-Mediterranean countries . Vol. 2: Dicotyledones (Compositae) . Organization for the Phyto-Taxonomic Investigation of the Mediterranean Area (OPTIMA), Genève 2008, ISBN 978-2-8279-0011-4 , Pilosella , p. 559-674 .

Web links

Commons : Hawkweed ( Pilosella cymosa )  - Collection of images