Salsify

Salsify
	Lower salsify ( Scorzonera humilis )
Systematics
	Asterids
	Euasterids II
Order :	Astern-like (Asterales)
Family :	Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily :	Cichorioideae
Genre :	Salsify
Scientific name
	Scorzonera
	L.

The black salsify ( Scorzonera ) are a genus of plants in the subfamily of the Cichorioideae within the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The 175 or so species are common in Eurasia . The best known Scorzonera species is the garden black salsify ( Scorzonera hispanica ) , which is used as a root vegetable and is usually known as "black salsify" .

description

Illustration of Garden salsify ( Scorzonera hispanica )

Vegetative characteristics

Black salsify species can be annual to perennial herbaceous plants , rarely also subshrubs . Depending on the species, they can reach heights of 5 to more than 100 centimeters. They usually form tap roots. The smooth or hairy stems are erect and mostly branched. The stalked or sessile leaves are simple to pinnate.

Generative characteristics

The flower heads stand individually or loosely together. The flower heads have a diameter of mostly 6 to 12, rarely up to 16 millimeters and contain 30 to more than 100 ray florets. The 18 to over 30 bracts are in three to more than five rows. The basket bottom is flat. The ray-florets are white to yellow or purple in color.

The achenes are whitish to brownish. The pappus consists of 28 to over 50 whitish bristle hairs, which are feathery to scale-shaped and arranged in two to three wreaths.

The basic chromosome number is x = 7.

Scorzonera angustifolia

Austrian black salsify ( Scorzonera austriaca )

Scorzonera gorovanica

Garden salsify ( Scorzonera hispanica )

Illustration from Curtis's Botanical Magazine by Scorzonera mollis

Small-flowered salsify ( Scorzonera parviflora )

Scorzonera phaeopappa

Scorzonera radiata

Systematics

The genus Scorzonera was established by Carl von Linné . Synonyms for Scorzonera L. are: Gelasia Cass. , Lasiospora Cass. , Pseudopodospermum (Lipsch. & Krasch.) Kuth. , Scorzonera sect. Pseudopodospermum Lipsch. & Krasch.

There are around 175 species of Scorzonera (here is a selection):

Scorzonera acantholimon Hand.-Mazz. : It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera acuminata Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera adilii A. Duran : It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera ahmet-duranii Makbul & Coşkunç. : It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera aksekiensis A. Duran & M. Öztürk : It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera albicans Coss. : It occurs in Spain.
Scorzonera amasiana Hausskn. & Bornm. : It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera angustifolia L .: It occurs in Morocco, Portugal and Spain.
Scorzonera aragatzi Kuth. : It occurs in Armenia.
Scorzonera argyrea Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.
Awn salsify ( Scorzonera aristata DC. ): It occurs in Spain , France , Italy , Austria and Slovenia .
Scorzonera aucheriana DC. : It occurs in Turkey.
Austrian salsify ( Scorzonera austriaca Willd. )
Scorzonera baetica (DC.) Boiss. : It occurs in Spain and Ibiza.
Scorzonera boissieri Lipsch. : It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera caespitosa Pomel : It occurs in Morocco and Algeria.
Scorzonera callosa Moris : It occurs in Sardinia.
Scorzonera charadzeae Papava : It occurs in Georgia.
Scorzonera coriacea A. Duran & Aksoy : It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera cretica Willd. : It occurs in Greece, Crete and the Aegean Sea.
Scorzonera crocifolia Sm . : It occurs in Greece.
Scorzonera divaricata Turcz. : It occurs in two varieties in Mongolia and China.
Scorzonera doriae Sword & Bald. : It occurs in Serbia, Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro and Greece.
Scorzonera drarii Täckh. : It occurs on the Sinai Peninsula.
Scorzonera dzhawakhetica Grossh. : It occurs in Turkey and Georgia.
Scorzonera elata Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey and in the Aegean Sea.
Scorzonera eriophora DC. : It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera filifolia Boiss. : It occurs in the Caucasus region.
Scorzonera gorovanica Nazarova : It occurs in Armenia.
Scorzonera hieraciifolia Hayek : It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera hirsuta (Gouan) L .: It occurs in Spain, France, Italy and Sicily .
Garden salsify ( Scorzonera hispanica L. )
Lower salsify ( Scorzonera humilis L. )
Scorzonera inaequiscapa Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera karabelensis Parolly & N. Kilian : It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera ketzkhowelii Sosn. ex Grossh. : It occurs in Turkey and Georgia.
Scorzonera kozlovskyi Grossh. : It occurs in Georgia.
Scorzonera lacera Boiss. & Balansa : It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera lamellata Krasch. : It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera lasiocarpa D.F. Chamb. : It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera libanotica Boiss. : It occurs in Lebanon and Syria.
Scorzonera longiana Sümbül : It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera mackmeliana Boiss. : It occurs in Lebanon.
Scorzonera mirabilis Lipsch. : It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera mollis M.Bieb. : It occurs in two subspecies in Southeast Europe and the Middle East . Including:
- Scorzonera mollis subsp. idaea (Gand.) Lack
Scorzonera pacis Güzel & al. : It occurs in Turkey.
Small-flowered salsify ( Scorzonera parviflora Jacq. ): It occurs in Central, South and Southeastern Europe, in the Middle East , Central Asia, Afghanistan, Xinjiang and Mongolia.
Scorzonera phaeopappa (Boiss.) Boiss. : It occurs in the Middle East.
Scorzonera pisidica Hub.-Mor. : It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera pulchra Lomakin : It occurs in Azerbaijan.
Scorzonera pygmaea Sm . : It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera reverchonii Debeaux & Hervier : It occurs in Spain.
Scorzonera rigida Aucher ex DC. : It occurs in Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, northwestern Iran, Armenia and Azerbaijan.
Scorzonera safievii Grossh. : It occurs in Armenia.
Scorzonera sandrasica Hartvig & Strid : It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera scopariiformis Lipsch. : It occurs in Lebanon.
Scorzonera scyria M.A. Gust. & Snogerup : It occurs in Greece.
Scorzonera sericea DC. : It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera serpentinica Rech. F. : It occurs in Greece.
Scorzonera suberosa K. Koch : It occurs in Turkey, Armenia and Azerbaijan.
Scorzonera sublanata Lipsch. : It occurs in Romania , Bulgaria , North Macedonia , Greece , on the Aegean islands, in Turkey and in the Caucasus region of Russia.
Scorzonera syriaca Boiss. & Blanche : It occurs in Turkey, Syria , Lebanon , Israel , Jordan and on the Sinai Peninsula .
Scorzonera tau-saghyz Lipsch. & Bosse : It occurs in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.
Scorzonera tomentosa L .: It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera tortuosissima Boiss. : It occurs in Jordan, Iran and Afghanistan.
Scorzonera troodea Boiss. : It occurs in Cyprus.
Scorzonera tuberculata J. Thiébaut : It occurs in Syria.
Scorzonera tuzgoluensis A. Duran & al. : It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera ulrichii Parolly & N. Kilian : It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera undulata Vahl : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Sicily, Libya and Egypt.
Scorzonera villosa Scop. : It occurs in Italy, Sicily, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and in Montenegro.
Scorzonera violacea D.F. Chamb. : It occurs in Turkey.
Scorzonera yildirimlii A. Duran & Hamzaoğlu : It occurs in Turkey.

The species of the genus Podospermum DC no longer belong to the genus Scorzonera . calculated (selection):

Slit-leaved salsify ( Scorzonera laciniata L. ) => Podospermum laciniatum (L.) DC.
Red salsify ( Scorzonera purpurea L. ) => Podospermum purpureum (L.) WDJKoch & Ziz

Scorzonera rosea Waldst. & Kit. => Podospermum roseum (Waldst. & Kit.) Gemeinholzer & Greuter

literature

John L. Strother: Scorzonera. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , pp. 306 (English). , online .
Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (eds.): Med-Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-Mediterranean countries . Vol. 2: Dicotyledones (Compositae) . Organization for the Phyto-Taxonomic Investigation of the Mediterranean Area (OPTIMA), Genève 2008, ISBN 978-2-8279-0011-4 , pp. 700-706 .

Individual evidence

^ ^A ^b John L. Strother: Scorzonera. , Pp. 306-307 - the same text online as the printed work In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm Werner Greuter (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). In: Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (ed.): Compositae. : Datasheet Scorzonera , In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Scorzonera in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed January 31, 2019.
↑ ^a ^b Zhu Shi & Norbert Kilian: Scorzonera Linnaeus. - Same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 20-21: Asteraceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2010.

Web links

Commons : Salsify - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

Wiktionary: Black salsify - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

[FoNA-1] A ^b John L. Strother: Scorzonera. , Pp. 306-307 - the same text online as the printed work In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 .

[Euro+Med-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm Werner Greuter (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). In: Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (ed.): Compositae. : Datasheet Scorzonera , In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.

[GRIN-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Scorzonera in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed January 31, 2019.

[FoC-4] Zhu Shi & Norbert Kilian: Scorzonera Linnaeus. - Same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 20-21: Asteraceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2010.