Fall dandelions

Fall dandelions
	Autumn dandelion ( Scorzoneroides autumnalis ), habitus
Systematics
Order :	Astern-like (Asterales)
Family :	Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily :	Cichorioideae
Tribe :	Cichorieae
Genre :	Scale dandelion ( Scorzoneroides )
Type :	Fall dandelions
Scientific name
	Scorzoneroides autumnalis
	( L. ) Moench

The autumn dandelion ( Scorzoneroides autumnalis (L.) Moench , Syn .: Leontodon autumnalis L. ), also called autumn scale dandelion or in Austria also called autumn leucorn, is a plant species from the subfamily of the Cichorioideae within the sunflower family (Asteraceae ). It is common in Europe and Asia .

description

Autumn dandelions ( Scorzoneroides autumnalis ), engraving by Jacob Sturm

Flower head from the side with the involucre

Infructescence with achenes and pappus

Flower head from above with ray florets in detail

Vegetative characteristics

The autumn dandelion grows as a perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 5 to 60 centimeters. The single or numerous stems are branched. The mostly bare leaves are lanceolate in outline with a length of 2 to 30 centimeters and a width of 3 to 30 millimeters. They are dentate to deeply pinnate; their sections are narrowly lanceolate or linear; they are protruding or bent back.

Generative characteristics

The inflorescence stems, which are gradually thickened at the top and scaly above, have one to seven flower heads. The cup-shaped inflorescences stand upright before opening. In contrast to the common dandelion , the inflorescence stem of the autumn dandelion is not hollow. The envelope (involucre) of the flower head is 7 to 12 millimeters long and 7 to 11 millimeters wide. The flower heads contain only ray florets. The outer ray florets have a reddish stripe on the outside.

The achenes are red-brown, cylindrical, slightly narrowed towards the top and 3.5 to 7 millimeters long.

The flowering period extends from July to September. Fruit ripening is from August to November.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 12 or 24.

habitat

The original range of the autumn dandelion includes Europe and Siberia. It is a neophyte in North America, Argentina, Chile, New Zealand, Iceland and in Far Eastern Asian Russia . The autumn dandelion grows preferentially on nutrient-rich, mostly lime-poor meadows and pastures , park lawns , dry salt marshes and on roadsides. He is a weak Cynosurion-association in Central Europe characteristic species , but also comes in companies of the associations Agropyro-Rumicion or Polygonion avicularis ago. The subspecies Scorzoneroides autumnalis subsp. borealis particularly thrives in societies of the Poion alpinae association.

In the Allgäu Alps , the autumn dandelions in the Kleinwalsertal on the Upper Zwerenalpe on the Kanzelwand rise to an altitude of 1850 meters.

ecology

The autumn dandelion is a hemicryptophyte and semi-rosette plant.

The marginal flowers only have a UV reflection in the upper part, the baskets are therefore dark inside for the pollinator insects and appear light on the edge. The corolla tube is short, so that different insects can be used as pollinators.

The fruits are achenes , whose pappus rays spread hygrochas when wet . They spread out as an umbrella flyer and watery. Between 165 and 233 fruits are produced per flower head.

Systematics

The first publication took place under the name ( Basionym ) Leontodon autumnalis , which was used for a long time, by Carl von Linné . The combination Scorzoneroides autumnalis (L.) Moench was published in 1794 by Conrad Moench .

Already within the genus Leontodon , the autumn lion came into the sub-genus Leontodon subg, which was recognized on a morphological basis as an independent sub-genus . Oporinia ( D. Don ) Claph. posed. The results of molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that this subgenus does not have a common lineage with the rest of the genus Leontodon and is therefore a separate genus Scorzoneroides Vaill. is to be treated. The autumn dandelion is a type of the genus Scorzoneroides.

The autumn dandelion is a diverse species that is divided into several subspecies:

Scorzoneroides autumnalis ( L. ) Moench subsp. autumnalis
Scorzoneroides autumnalis subsp. borealis ( Ball ) Greuter (Syn .: Leontodon autumnalis . subsp borealis ball , Scorzoneroides autumnalis subsp. pratensis ( Hornem. ) Elven ): It is used in Spain, Andorra, France, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Czech Republic, Finland, Poland, Slovakia, Latvia, Estonia, Ukraine and Romania.

swell

literature

Rudolf Schubert, Klaus Werner, Hermann Meusel (eds.): Excursion flora for the areas of the GDR and the FRG. Founded by Werner Rothmaler. Volume 2: Vascular Plants. 10th edition. People and Knowledge, Berlin 1981, DNB 810881918 .
RA Finch, PD Sell: Leontodon L. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae) . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1976, ISBN 0-521-08717-1 , pp. 310–315 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search). (Description)

Individual evidence

↑ Autumn dandelions. In: FloraWeb.de.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
↑ ^a ^b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 .
^ ^A ^b Scorzoneroides in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 659.
↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 798 (online) .
^ Conrad Moench: Methodus plantas horti botanici et agri Marburgensis. A staminum situ describendi. Volume 2, Libraria Academiae, Marburg 1794, p. 549 ( digitized version ).
↑ ^a ^b ^c Werner Greuter : Compositae (pro parte majore). Scorzoneroides autumnalis In: Werner Greuter & Eckhard von Raab-Straube (eds.): Compositae. at Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
↑ Rosabelle Samuel, Walter Gutermann, Tod F. Stuessy, Claudete F. Ruas, Hans-Walter Lack, Karin Tremetsberger, Salvador Talavera, Barbara Hermanowski, Friedrich Ehrendorfer: Molecular phylogenetics reveals Leontodon (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) to be diphyletic. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 93, No. 8, 2006, pp. 1193-1205, DOI: 10.3732 / ajb.93.8.1193 .
↑ Werner Greuter, Walter Gutermann, Salvador Talavera: A preliminary conspectus of Scorzoneroides (Compositae, Cichorieae) with validation of the required new names (= Notulae ad floram euro-mediterraneam pertinentes. No. 20). In: Willdenowia. Volume 36, No. 2, 2006, pp. 689-692, DOI: 10.3372 / wi.36.36204 .

Web links

Commons : Autumn Dandelion ( Leontodon autumnalis ) - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
Leontodon autumnalis L. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora .
Distribution in the northern hemisphere from: Eric Hultén, Magnus Fries: Atlas of North European vascular plants. 1986, ISBN 3-87429-263-0 at Den virtuella floran. (Swedish).
Thomas Meyer: Dandelion data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )

[FloraWeb-1] Autumn dandelions. In: FloraWeb.de.

[Düll-2] Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .

[Oberdorfer2001-3] Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 .

[GRIN-4] A ^b Scorzoneroides in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 12, 2018.

[Dörr-Lippert-5] Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 659.

[SpPl-6] Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 798 (online) .

[Moench1794-7] Conrad Moench: Methodus plantas horti botanici et agri Marburgensis. A staminum situ describendi. Volume 2, Libraria Academiae, Marburg 1794, p. 549 ( digitized version ).

[Euro+Med-8] Werner Greuter : Compositae (pro parte majore). Scorzoneroides autumnalis In: Werner Greuter & Eckhard von Raab-Straube (eds.): Compositae. at Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .

[Samuel+al2006-9] Rosabelle Samuel, Walter Gutermann, Tod F. Stuessy, Claudete F. Ruas, Hans-Walter Lack, Karin Tremetsberger, Salvador Talavera, Barbara Hermanowski, Friedrich Ehrendorfer: Molecular phylogenetics reveals Leontodon (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) to be diphyletic. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 93, No. 8, 2006, pp. 1193-1205, DOI: 10.3732 / ajb.93.8.1193 .

[Greuter_2008-10] Werner Greuter, Walter Gutermann, Salvador Talavera: A preliminary conspectus of Scorzoneroides (Compositae, Cichorieae) with validation of the required new names (= Notulae ad floram euro-mediterraneam pertinentes. No. 20). In: Willdenowia. Volume 36, No. 2, 2006, pp. 689-692, DOI: 10.3372 / wi.36.36204 .