Common kale

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Common kale
Common kale (Lapsana communis), illustration

Common kale
( Lapsana communis ), illustration

Systematics
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Cichorioideae
Tribe : Cichorieae
Genre : Lapsana
Type : Common kale
Scientific name of the  genus
Lapsana
L.
Scientific name of the  species
Lapsana communis
L.

The common rain cabbage ( Lapsana communis ), also called common rain cabbage or simply rain cabbage , is the only species of the plant genus Lapsana within the daisy family (Asteraceae). It is an old food and medicinal plant .

description

Lower stem leaf
Habit of fully grown plants
Cup-shaped partial inflorescences and uppermost stem leaves
Flower head viewed from below: envelope with a series of bracts

Vegetative characteristics

The common rain cabbage is an annual , rarely biennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 30 to 100 cm, but mostly around 50 cm. The rain cabbage carries milk juice .

The lower leaves are lyre-shaped pinnate , the lateral pinnate leaves are small and the terminal leaflets are very large. The lateral leaflets then disappear completely on the upper leaves. The leaf margin is wavy or serrated.

Generative characteristics

Several cup-shaped partial inflorescences are arranged in a loose panicle inflorescence . The cup shell consists of a number of elastic bracts that stand almost upright when ripe and possibly two or three very small outer bracts are missing. The flower heads have a diameter of about 1 cm and contain relatively few (eight to 15) ray-flowers . The zygomorphic , yellow ray-florets are trimmed at the front end with five small teeth. The flowering period extends from June to September. The flowers only open in the morning. If the weather is cloudy, they are closed all day.

The about 20-ribbed achenes have no pappus .

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 14 or 16.

ecology

Rain cabbage is a therophyte and a half-rosette plant. It is rooted up to 35 centimeters deep.

From an ecological point of view, these are “cup flowers of the Cichorium type”. In bright weather, the flower heads are only open in the mornings from 6 a.m. to 11 a.m. They are only sparsely visited by bees and hoverflies . Spontaneous self-pollination is possible by curving the marginal flowers over the inner ones, whereby the anthers come into contact with the stigmas, e.g. B. in bad weather.

The common rain cabbage is a self-spreader , as well as a wind and animal spreader . Ants also spread the achenes .

The rust fungus Puccinia lapsanae lives on the common rain cabbage.

Locational conditions in Central Europe

The common rainkohl has been a cultural companion since the younger Stone Age . The common rain cabbage thrives on open, fresh, nutrient-rich, humus-rich, loose loam soils. He is a character species of the Alliarion association. It thrives best on nitrogen-rich soils and is therefore very common in bushes or on roadsides in cities and villages. As it also grows well in the shade, it is also found in nutrient-rich forests. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises to an altitude of around 1000 meters. According to Ellenberg , it is a penumbra plant and a freshness indicator.

Systematics and distribution

Lapsana communis subsp. intermedia

Lapsana communis was first published by Carl von Linné .

Common kale is widespread in the temperate areas of Eurasia , North Africa , Madeira , India and Pakistan . Lapsana communis is a neophyte in North America, Greenland, Hawaii, Chile, Argentina, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Australia, New Zealand, the Azores, Cyprus and Reunion .

Depending on the author, there are some subspecies, for example in Europe and the Mediterranean:

  • Lapsana communis L. subsp. communis
  • Lapsana communis subsp. adenophora (Boiss.) Rech. f. (Syn .: Lapsana adenophora Boiss. ): It occurs in Croatia , Romania , Greece , Turkey and Georgia .
  • Lapsana communis subsp. alpina (Boiss. & Balansa) PDSell (Syn .: Lapsana alpina Boiss. & Balansa ): It occurs in Turkey.
  • Lapsana communis subsp. grandiflora (M.Bieb.) PDSell (Syn .: Lapsana grandiflora M.Bieb. ): It occurs in the Middle East .
  • Lapsana communis subsp. intermedia (M.Bieb.) Hayek (Syn .: Lapsana intermedia M. Bieb. ): It is native to Austria , Eastern and Southeastern Europe and the Middle East and is a neophyte in Great Britain, Belgium, Luxembourg, France and the northwest Russia.
  • Lapsana communis subsp. macrocarpa (Coss.) Nyman (Syn .: Lapsana macrocarpa Coss. ): It occurs in Morocco , Algeria and Tunisia .
  • Lapsana communis subsp. pinnatisecta (Sommier & Levier) Greuter (Syn .: Lapsana pinnatisecta (Sommier & Levier) Ter-Chatsch. ): It occurs in Azerbaijan , Georgia and in the Russian Caucasus region.
  • Lapsana communis subsp. pisidica (Boiss. & Heldr.) Rech. f. (Syn .: Lapsana pisidica Boiss. & Heldr. ): It occurs in Greece, on the islands of the Aegean, in Turkey, in Syria , in Lebanon , in Jordan , in Israel and in Georgia.

use

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

Young kale sprouts and leaves harvested in spring (from April) are edible and can be added to salad , spinach , omelette , scrambled eggs or quiches . Later the plant parts become bitter and too fibrous.

A poultice helps with inflammation. The fresh milky juice should accelerate the healing of (cut) wounds.

literature

  • Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
  • Theodore M. Barkley, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother: Asteraceae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , pp. 257 (English). , Lapsana online with the same text on efloras.org .
  • Christian Heitz: School and excursion flora for Switzerland. With consideration of the border areas: Identification book for the wild growing vascular plants . Founded by August Binz. 19th edition. Schwabe & Co., Basel 1990, ISBN 3-7965-0892-8 .
  • Konrad von Weihe (ed.): Illustrated flora. Germany and neighboring areas. Vascular cryptogams and flowering plants . Founded by August Garcke. 23rd edition. Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1972, ISBN 3-489-68034-0 .
  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). 2nd corrected and enlarged edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2007, ISBN 978-3-8001-4990-2 .
  • Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Heinz Sielmann: The great ADAC guide through woods, fields and meadows . In: ADAC . ADAC Verlag GmbH, Munich 1981, ISBN 3-87003-192-1 , p. 351 .
  2. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 975 .
  3. ↑ a b Common Rain Cabbage . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
  4. ↑ Ernst Gäumann: The rust mushrooms of Central Europe. With special consideration of Switzerland. In: Contributions to the cryptogam flora in Switzerland. Volume 12. Kommissionsverlag Buchdruckerei Büchler & Co, Bern 1959.
  5. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 677.
  6. ↑ a b Lapsana in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h Werner Greuter (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). In: Werner Greuter, E. von Raab-Straube (Ed.): Compositae. : Data sheet Lapsana communis In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  8. ↑ Steffen Guido Fleischhauer, Jürgen Guthmann, Roland Spiegelberger: Encyclopedia Edible Wild Plants . Ed .: at Verlag. 4th edition. at Verlag, Aarau and Munich 2018, ISBN 978-3-03800-752-4 , p. 378 .

Web links

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