Dandelion (leontodon)

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dandelion
Leontodon crispus

Leontodon crispus

Systematics
Euasterids II
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Cichorioideae
Tribe : Cichorieae
Genre : dandelion
Scientific name
Leontodon
L.

Dandelion ( Leontodon ), also called milkweed or stem dandelion , is a genus of plants in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). It is not to be confused with the related genus dandelion ( Taraxacum ), to which the common dandelion belongs.

Description and ecology

Illustration of the stiff-haired dandelion ( Leontodon hispidus ), Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach: Icones florae Germanicae , 1858–1860

Vegetative characteristics

Leontodon species are annual to perennial herbaceous plants that reach heights of 10 to 80 centimeters, depending on the species. The simple or branched stems are hairy or smooth.

The winged stalked leaves stand together in basal rosettes. The leaf blade is simple to pinnate. The leaf margin is smooth, serrated or lobed. The leaves are smooth or hairy.

Generative characteristics

The cup-shaped inflorescences are individually or in pairs to five together. The 16 to 20 bracts are in at least two rows; they are smooth or hairy. The convex inflorescence base has no chaff leaves and is smooth. The flower heads are 4 to 15 millimeters in diameter and contain only 20 to 30 ray florets . The ray-florets are yellow to orange, the outer sometimes with reddish or greenish stripes.

The light to dark or reddish-brown achenes have 10 to 14 ribs. In contrast to the more well-known genus Taraxacum , also called " dandelion " , the achenes are not beaked, i. H. the pappus does not sit on a stem, but achenes and pappus are directly connected to one another. However, both types fall into the category of trichometeorochore propagation strategies , which from the different construction types of the two paragliders has no practical distinction in the propagation through wind ( anemochory ). But then it is more important that the pappus in Leontodon is rigid and not hygroscopic , i. H. Has no water binding, in contrast to Taraxacum it is hygroscopic, and as a mechanism with changing atmospheric humidity enables the opening or closing of the bracts of the bracts (involucre). In addition, the bracts in Leontodon are not bent and are straight, in Taraxacum they are always bent. The yellowish-white to light brown feathery bristle hairs of the Pappus are also covered with small hairs (feathered), in Taraxacum they are only bristly and therefore not feathery; they stand in one or two rows. The bristle hairs of the outer ring can be reduced to bristle scales (section Thrincia) (cf. heterocarpy ). An important element of the genus is the position of the heads in front of the anthesis: in Leontodon the heads are always nodding, in Taraxacum upright. Important attention is also paid to the shape of the hairs on rosette leaves, bracts and petioles: Most Leontodon species (Section Asterothrix , all non-bald taxa in Section Leontodon ) feel rough with stiff, dense star hairs (rarely also anchor hairs) . Star hairs of the same kind then also appear on the stems and bracts.

  • For all species of the genus Leontodon , the shape of the star hair can be used to determine. Here at Leontodon crispus

  • Similar to the star hairs of Leontodon crispus are those of Leontodon biscutellifolius . Only the hairs are longer and stiffer and the leaves are rougher

  • Only with a hand lens can Leontodon biscutellifolius clearly by 5-7- and multi-column hairs on the margins of the bracts of Leontodon crispus be distinguished

  • In contrast, in some forms of Leontodon crispus there are only a few fork hairs in the middle of the bracts

  • The hanging flower buds are the main difference to Pippau, Dandelion ( Taraxacum ) and Scorzoneroides

  • Bloom at Leontodon crispus . Involucrum has fork hair, the stem star hair

  • Infructescence, Leontodon crispus

  • The hairs of the pappus sitting at Leontodon at the end of achene, here at Leontodon crispus

Chemotaxonomic Characteristics

The species of the genus were first examined in detail for the chemotaxonomic components at the end of the twentieth century. The main reason for dealing with the secondary metabolites of Leontodon was the previously unsuccessful differentiation between hairless individuals, populations and subspecies between Leontodon hispidus and Taraxacum officinale . The latter is considered a recognized medicinal plant . In earlier centuries the dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale ) was highly valued as an ancient medicinal plant that was used against a large number of diseases. It was used as a diuretic, as a blood purifier and as a stimulant for the biliary function, as well as against cancer, eye infections, hemorrhoids, warts, chronic eczema, rheumatism and liver problems. As Zidorn demonstrated in a dissertation on phytotaxonomy, phytochemistry, pharmacology and morphology of the genus Leontodon , with the exception of the biliary activity and the diuretic effect of the potassium salts contained in Taraxacum officinale , the above-mentioned effects (status 1998) have not yet been experimentally proven. One possibility that the habitually very similar representatives of the genus Leontodon , which bear the same common name in German, were therefore confused in the earlier pharmacological literature, is plausible due to the fact that Linnaeus grouped both in one genus. The Vorlinnéian botanists also did not distinguish the two genera. Therefore, it is not always clearly traceable in the traditional and popular medicine to which species or which members of which genus the medicinally postulated use was ascribed.

Zidorn that still conducted the phytochemical investigations based on the classic grouping sensu Aries (including the section Oporinia), was at Leontodon while the flavonoids luteolin , the caffeic acid derivatives chlorogenic acid , 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, Caffeoylweinsäure and Cichoriumsäure in Leontodon crispus addition coumarin Detect aesculin . In addition, 5,12-guaianolide, as well as a natural product hydroxahypocretenolide-β-D-glucopyranoside-4'-14 '' hydroxhypocretenoate, which was first proven by Zidorn. Sesquiterpene lactones isolated from Leontodon hispidus showed considerable activity in the areas of indication in cytotoxic and inflammatory pharmacological tests. In antileukemic models, Taraxacum extracts were found to be ineffective, those of Leontodon hispidus to be highly active.

In general, the representatives of the Hypochaeridinae are characterized by the occurrence of hypocretenolids from the group of sesquiterpene lactones , which are otherwise only known from Crepis aurea . In the genus Leontodon , the unique occurrence of Hydroxyhypocretenoliden also enables phytochemotaxonomic delimitation within the Hypochaeridinae. In the Hypochaerindinae, derivatives of caffeic acids are the most common secondary metabolites. Rare isoetin derivatives are common among the flavonoids . They are difficult to assign due to their sparse occurrence in the plant kingdom. In addition to their occurrence in the clades of the Hypochaeridinae, they are also described in the tribe of the Cichorieae in other aster family. Zidorn (2006) was able to detect phytohemaglutinin (PHA) (phasein acid) in Leontodon crispus . This lectin, which is otherwise characteristic of legumes, is not present in other species of Leontodon investigated so far , but the most closely related species of Leontodon crispus ( Leontodon asperrimus , Leontodon graecus , Leontodon rossianus ) have not yet been phytochemically investigated (as of March 2017).

ecology

Like the other branches of the daisy family ( Asteraceae ) is also at Leontodon the accumulation of numerous flowers in a Pseudanthium inflorescence called characteristic. The flowers have a reduced ovary and instead of the normal sepals they have scaly or hair-like (the pappus) outgrowths that are continuously formed and serve to spread.

Occurrence

The location of the frilled dandelion is lime-lime grassland (Festuco-Brometea). On the dry, warm, montane site shown on the Bijela gora in Montenegro, Leontodon crispus is associated with, for example, Thymus striatus , Iris pseudopallida and Gentianella crispata .
In the montane limestone grasslands of the Bijela gora, Leontodon crispus occurs occasionally but steadily. Its flowering period extends from June to August.

The genus is distributed from the oceanic western Mediterranean over northwest Africa to the Eurocean flatlands of western Russia , southern Scandinavia , on the British Isles to southern Scotland and east to the southern Caspian Sea. The genus is widely spread in the meridional-submeridional area, where only the stiff-haired dandelion has widened its temperate area over the submeridional mountains also into the flatlands of Europe and anthropogenic lawns. Neosynanthropic Leontodon hispidus has migrated in loosened populations to subboreal Russia and Finland.

The altitude distribution of the species ranges mostly from montane to subalpine and (sub) Mediterranean to Alti-Mediterranean. In the Mediterranean area, among other things, Leontodon crispus is found from the coast to the high altitudes of the Dinarides. In the Alpine region, Leontodon hispidus colonizes practically all altitude levels from the colline, montane and alpine levels and is therefore one of the few alpine plants (alpine species) that do not occur specifically above the tree line . However, it forms genetically clearly differentiated ecotypes or small species, which retain a substantial part of their characteristics when they are transplanted to a different altitude. Leontodon hispidus is promoted in fertilized alpine pastures that are not stocked with cattle for mowing winter forage, and by eliminating tall plants that are sensitive to grazing and species that do not require much light. Since such willows emerge through Leontodon hispidus and Crepis aurea , which are called milkweed in the Alps, it is called " Milchkrautweide " (mountain fat willow).

The range of the species is separated according to the sections:

The species mostly move in in winter. They often colonize pioneering sites such as in the Kalkbach rubble ( Leontodon berninii ) or scree slopes of the high mountains ( Leontodon hispidus subsp. Hyoseroides ) as well as limestone grasslands in light pine dry forests, semi-dry or dry grasslands of the mountainous and limestone-rich rock soils and sunny gravel subalpine lawns on rocky soils rich in limestone ( Leontodon incanus , Leontodon crispus ). In addition to the perennial all-rosette shrubs, short-lived species ( Leontodon tuberosus ) or heterocarpy in Leontodon saxatilis occur in the Thrincia section . The perennial Leontodon saxatilis has evergreen foliage, which is consistent with the lack of endogenous hibernation. The species is also sensitive to frost; it no longer occurs beyond the −1 ° January isotherm. Synanthropic could Leontodon saxatilis outpost in Sweden, Austria, Romania, Switzerland, the oceanic North America, Argentina and New Zealand form.

Most species have a preference for lime; Occurrences on ultra- mafite and ultra- basic serpentenite soils are found on the Balkan Peninsula by Leontodon crispus agg. described.

Anemochory is characteristic of the spread in all species. The fruits of Leontodon hispidus s.lat. a greater speed of fall than comparable fruits of ruderal plants such as the dandelion from the genus Taraxacum . While the regression curve between height of fall and rate of descent in Taraxacum officinale is steep and with a low rate of descent of 0.33 m / s, the regression curves of the achenes of Leontodon hispidus are flat and have a rate of descent of 0.63 m / s that is about twice as high. The decisive factor here, however, are the lower weights of the diaspores of ruderal plants ( Taraxacum ) which, in connection with large quantities of seeds, determine their reproduction strategy . Leontodon species, among which there are hardly any ruderal plants (exceptions are species from the Thrincia section), can be found in poor meadows and on pioneer sites that are weak in terms of competition (rubble heaps). Seed weights including pappus are over 1000 µg in Leontodon hispidus and, despite their high weight, were more widespread in a comparative study than meadow species with similar diasporic weights ( Plantago lanceolata , Poterium sanguisorba and Cirsium acaulon ). Leontodon hispidus is also a highly competitive species in closed limestone meadows in England, which reproduces successfully by spreading diaspores.

Leontodon crispus s. l. (probably Leontodon biscutellifolius ) was found in comparative investigations in Olympus in Thessaly on the plateau of the museums at altitudes above 2,400 meters as the plant most visited by flying insects, although it only appeared in the medium-frequent flowering species and only with a medium degree of coverage in the comparison areas. A flowering period of 30 days could be determined. The most important pollinators were bumblebees (7.5%), hover flies (39.8%) and butterflies (18.8%). For the reproduction of all Leontodon species, cross-pollination is practically always necessary. This distinguishes them from the actual dandelions ( Taraxacum ) or the species of the form-rich genus of the hawkweed ( Hieracium ), in which apomictic seed formation regularly occurs without pollination.

Systematics

Traditional systematics

The genus Leontodon was established by Carl von Linné in 1753 in the first edition of Species Plantarum with originally six species. In addition to Leontodon , Linnaeus also recognized the genera Picris and Hypochaeris as traditional members of the subtribe Hypochaeridinae Less. By assigning Taraxacum officinale (as Leontodon Taraxacum ), Leontodon Bulbosum (a Crepis species and today Aetheorrhiza bulbosa ) and Leontodon Dandelion (today Krigia dandelion ), the genus was extremely confused. Only two species of the original Linnaeus structure are currently still in Leontodon ( Leontodon hispidus and Leontodon tuberosus ). After Michel Adanson had typed the genus name Leontodon on the basis of Leontodon Taraxacum (i.e. for the genus Taraxacum ) for species with folded-back bracts in 1763 and he gave the species with upright bracts that actually belong to Leontodon the new name Virea Adanson , had to change the botanical genus name Leontodon maintain this nomenclature protected. Therefore, Beryl Simpson Vuilleumier applied for protection of the generic name Leontodon in 1969 at the International Botanical Congress in Seattle . In the 1972 Code, the generic name Leontodon was added to the list of "Nomina generica conservanda". Since the genus was undoubtedly typified on the basis of Taraxacum officinale , which is a conserved name as well as a type of the genus Taraxacum , a type Conservandus had to be determined for Leontodon as well. The genus was typified in 1969 with the stiff-haired dandelion ( Leontodon hispidus ), which goes back to a proposal in 1930 by Mary Letitia Green . A typification with Leontodon autumnalis (now Scorzoneroides autumnalis ) made by Widder in 1931 out of ignorance of Green's proposal was corrected in 1975.

The knowledge of the taxonomic confusion within the genus prompted Giovanni Antonio Scopoli to divide Leontodon into three genera in 1772 . In 1777 he nevertheless followed Adanson's view and from now on used the generic name Leontodon for Taraxacum . As a result, the confusion about the demarcation grew again, since Scopoli now Leontodon "autumnale" to Picris , Leontodon "hispidum" to Virea Adans. as well as the closely related species Leontodon "danubiale" to Apargia . Subsequent botanists could no longer untangle the resulting mess. It was not until Widder (1931 and posthumously 1975) that a general subdivision of the genus was made, u. a. due to the nodding or upright flower heads shortly before the anthesis , into the two subgenera Oporinia and Leontodon with a total of five sections. In her dissertation, completed in 1948, a doctoral student at Widders, Helga Pittoni, was able to identify hair types as important diacritical features for unanswered questions about the relationships between the species of the genus. The results were published in abbreviated form in 1974 and offered a better approach than the questionable delimitation made by Finch & Sell (1975) in the Flora Europaea . Although Widder was unable to complete a monograph of the genre that had been announced several times , a collection of manuscripts published posthumously by Helga Pittoni in 1975 shed light on Widder's views on the questionable subdivision into Leontodon . According to this scheme, Leontodon was first edited by Pittoni in the Flora d'Italia edited by Sandro Pignatti in 1982, which remained valid in this form until 2006.

Molecular and phytochemical systematics

Leontondon boryi is endemic to the Sierra Nevada in Andalusia and is one of the three Leontodon species with polyploid chromosome sets for which hybridization is suspected.

When DNA analyzes revealed a diphyletic structure between the representatives of the subgenus Oporinia and Leontodon, the subgenus Oporinia had to be spun off under the reinstatement of the genus Scorzoneroides , which in 2006 was used to delimit the genus Leontodon from the representatives of the taxa of the subgenus Leontodon with the sections Leontodon, Asterothrix and Thrincia led. In 2012, further molecular genetic and phytotaxonomic studies showed that the genus Hedypnois clusters with leontodon . Therefore the former species of the genus were put to Leontodon . In the DNA analysis, the Leontodon species Leontodon boryi , Leontodon rosani and Leontodon villarsii turned out to be sister shops of Hedypnois and Leontodon siculus . After the section Leontodon has thus proven to be paraphyletic in its division from the two sections Leontodon and Asterothrix , the authors proposed that Asterothrix and the genus Hedypnois be incorporated into Leontodon . Whether the section Thrincia sister group or a separate genus of the section Leontodon (including Asterothrix and Hedypnois ) has to be clarified through further investigations.

For the new edition of the Flora d'Italia , a revised taxonomic key is given for the genera Leontodon and Scorzoneroides .

In general, Leontodon is closely related to Picris and Helminthotheca and together with Hypochaeris form a clade. While the morphology of the species with usually unbranched stems is relatively uniform, there is an anomaly in the two Azores representatives Leontodon filii and Leontodon rigens with strongly branched stems. Genetically they are related to the section Leontodon around the group of the stiff-haired dandelion ( Leontodon hispidus s. Lat.). The characteristics of the sections are:

  • Fork or anchor hairs as well as two different rows of feathered and simple papus hairs and a chromosome set of mostly 2n = 14 in Leontodon (including Leontodon hispidus ),
  • Star hairs and a uniform row of pinnate papus hairs with mostly 2n = 8 in Asterothrix (including Leontodon crispus ),
  • Outer pappus reduced to scales, long fork hairs and a chromosome set with 2n = 8 in the species-poor section Thrincia (including Leontodon saxatilis ),
  • In three species belonging to the Asterothrix section with anomalous karyotypes Leontodon boryii (2n = 14, Sierra Nevada), Leontodon villarsii (2n = 14, southwestern France and Spain) and Leontodon rosanii (2n = 22, Italy), an all-polyploid origin is assumed suggests a cross between representatives of the sections Leontodon and Asterothrix .

Species and their distribution

Leontodon caucasicus
The frilled dandelion ( Leontodon crispus agg.) Comes from the sub-Mediterranean-Pontic steppe areas of southern Europe and the Transcaucasus. The taxon is a collective species .
Gray dandelion ( Leontodon incanus )
Leontodon rhagadioloides (Syn .: Hedypnois cretica )
Leontodon rigens
Rock dandelion or nodding dandelion ( Leontodon saxatilis )
Leontodon tenuiflorus
Leontodon tuberosus

The generic name Leontodon is derived from the Greek words leon (stem leont- ) for lion and odous (stem odont- ) for tooth. There are synonyms for Leontodon L .: Apargia Scop. , Microderis A.DC. , Thrincia Roth . The classic taxonomic classification of the species in the genus Leontodon has been shown to be diphyletic according to molecular genetic studies. This made all species of the former subgenus Oporinia and the two sections Oporinia and Kalbfussia with the re-establishment of the genus Scorzoneroides Vaill. outsourced. The genera Leontodon and Scorzoneroides each comprise 25 species, a diversity center of Leontodon is found on the Apennine peninsula with 13 species and 15 taxa including subspecies of the genus Leontodon s. st. Italy is therefore also home to five endemic species: Leontodon anomalus , Leontodon apulus , Leontodon intermedius , Leontodon rosani , and Leontodon siculus as well as three sub-endemic species: Leontodon berinii (also in Slovenia), Leontodon tenuiflorus (also in Switzerland), and Leontodon villarsii (with the main distribution in France). The main criteria for differentiating between species are two features: the shape of the indument, with simple or star hair, and the buds of the heads that are hanging or upright from the anthesis. Further important characters for differentiating the sections are in the definition of Aries (1975):

  • The root / rhizome, which is either a horizontal taproot or a vertical rhizome,
  • The achenes, which have either spreading strategies in the form of homocarpy or heterocarpy as well
  • The basic chromosome sets (2n = 8, 12, 14 or 22).

List of species:

  • Leontodon anomalus Ball : It occurs in Italy.
  • Leontodon apulus (Fiori) Brullo : It occurs in Italy. The taxon has not been adequately researched and will be retained as a species by Zidorn in 2012 until the final taxonomic clarification.
  • Leontodon arenicola (Sennen & Mauricio) Enke & Zidorn (Syn .: Hedypnois arenicola Sennen & Mauricio ): It was first described from Morocco.
  • Leontodon asperrimus (Willd.) Endl. : It occurs in the Crimea and otherwise only outside of Europe in Asia.
  • Leontodon berinii (Bart.) Roth. : It occurs in northeastern Italy and northwestern Slovenia.
  • Leontodon biscutellifolius DC. , Syn .: Leontodon crispus ( ssp.asper ). It occurs from Hungary to the Crimea, in the Caucasus region and to Anatolia and probably in Iran.
  • Leontodon boryi DC. : It occurs in the Sierra Nevada in Spain.
  • Leontodon caspicus (Hornem.) Enke & Zidorn (Syn .: Hedypnois caspica Hornem. )
  • Leontodon caucasicus (M.Bieb.) Fish. (Syn .: Leontodon repens Schur ): It occurs in Georgia, Ukraine and Russia.
  • Curled dandelion ( Leontodon crispus Vill. ). It occurs in Spain, France, Italy, Switzerland, Corsica and the Balkan Peninsula as well as in the Caucasus region. Various taxa have been classified under the taxon as a collective species
  • Leontodon farinosus Merion & Pau : This endemic occurs only in the Cantabrian Mountains in northwestern Spain.
  • Leontodon filii Paiva & Ormonde : This endemic occurs only in the Azores.
  • Leontodon graecus Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in southern Greece and the Peloponnese.
  • Leontodon hellenicus Phitos : It is an endemic which was described from the Kalliakouda Mountains and Chelidon in the Stellerea Ellas in Greece.
  • Leontodon hirtus L .: It occurs in France and Italy.
  • Stiff-haired dandelion or rough dandelion ( Leontodon hispidus L. , Syn .: Leontodon hastilis L. ): With the subspecies:
    • Bald wire-haired dandelion ( Leontodon hispidus subsp. Danubialis (Jacq.) Simonk. ), Syn .: Leontodon danubialis Jacq. , Leontodon hastilis L. , Leontodon schischkinii V.N. Vassil. , Leontodon hastilis var. Glabratus W.DJ Koch , Leontodon hispidus subsp. hastilis (L.) Corb.
    • Doubtful wire-haired dandelion ( Leontodon hispidus subsp. Dubius (Hoppe) Pawl. , Syn .: Leontodon alpinus Jacq. , Leontodon hispidus var. Dubius (Hoppe) Hegi , Leontodon hispidus subsp. Alpinus (Jacq.) Finch & PDSell )
    • Common wire-haired dandelion ( Leontodon hispidus L. subsp. Hispidus )
    • Smooth wire-haired lion tooth or slot leaf dandelion ( Leontodon hispidus subsp. Hyoseroides (Rchb.) Murr , Syn .: Leontodon hyoseroides Rchb. ). Also Leontodon hispidus ssp. pseudocrispus (Sch. Bip. ex Bischoff) Murr
    • Handsome wire haired Dandelion ( Leontodon hispidus subsp. Opimus (WDJKoch) Finch & PDSell )
  • Gray dandelion ( Leontodon incanus (L.) cabinet )
  • Leontodon intermedius Huter, Porta and Rigo : It occurs in Italy and Sicily.
  • Leontodon kotschyi Boiss. : This endemic occurs only in the Elbors in northern Iran.
  • Leontodon maroccanus (Pers.) Ball : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Gibraltar and Spain.
  • Leontodon oxylepis (Boiss.) Heldr. , Syn .: Leontodon libanoticus Boiss. : It occurs in the Middle East.
  • Leontodon rhagadioloides (L.) Enke & Zidorn (Syn .: Hedypnois rhagadioloides (L.) FWSchmidt ): With the subspecies:
    • Leontodon rhagadioloides (L.) Enke & Zidorn subsp. rhagadioloides
    • Leontodon rhagadioloides subsp. tubaeformis (Ten.) Enke & Zidorn (Syn .: Hedypnois cretica subsp. tubaeformis (Ten.) Nyman )
  • Leontodon rigens Paiva & Ormonde : This endemic only occurs in the Azores.
  • Rock dandelion or nodding dandelion ( Leontodon saxatilis Lam. ): With the subspecies:
    • Leontodon saxatilis subsp. mesorhynchus (Maire) Maire : It occurs only in Morocco.
    • Leontodon saxatilis subsp. perennis (Emb. & Maire) Maire : It occurs only in Morocco.
    • Leontodon saxatilis subsp. rothii Maire (Syn .: Leontodon taraxacoides (Villars) Mérat subsp. longirostris Finch & PDSell ): It occurs in Madeira, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Portugal, Spain, France, the Balearic Islands and Albania, and is perhaps also originally in the Canaries and Azores.
    • Leontodon saxatilis Lam. subsp. saxatilis (Syn .: Leontodon nudicaulis J.Banks nom. illeg., Leontodon nudicaulis subsp. taraxacoides (Villars) Schinz & Thellung , Leontodon leysseri (Wallroth) G.Beck ): It occurs in Western Asia and Europe, but is absent in the north .
  • Leontodon schousboei Enke & Zidorn (Syn .: Hedypnois arenaria (Schousb.) DC. ): It occurs in Morocco, Portugal, Spain and Gibraltar.
  • Leontodon siculus (cast.) Nyman : It occurs in Italy and Sicily.
  • Leontodon tenuiflorus (Gaudin) Rchb. (Syn .: Leontodon incanus subsp. Tenuiflorus (Gaudin) Schinz & R.Keller ): It occurs in France, Italy, Switzerland and Slovenia.
  • Leontodon tuberosus L .: It occurs in North Africa, southern Europe and western Asia.
  • Leontodon villarsii (Willd.) Loisel. , It occurs in Italy and France.
Autumn dandelion ( Scorzoneroides autumnalis )

The following are no longer included in this category:

use

The only known use of Leontodon hispidus is an admixture with flower seeds from bee pastures. In Switzerland it is a recommended plant for practically all renaturation measures on road embankments. It is also one of the target species in meadow greening in Swiss agriculture.

etymology

According to Kluge's Etymological Dictionary , in 1533 the name researcher Rösslin set up the Leontodon as a dandelion (1546 "the half of the leaves with the pointed toes"). In the French area he has been noted as the dent de Lion (dandelion) since 1400 .

A peculiarity is that in German there is no difference between two genres in common names. Both the genus Taraxacum and Leontodon are called dandelions in German. Attempts to remove this homonymy have so far failed. Outside of the German-speaking area, a comparable case of homonymous parallelism of the two genera is not known: in English Dandelions ( Taraxacum ) - hawkbits ( Leontodon ), Swedish T. = maskros (or); L. - fibbla; - Czech: T. = pampeliška; L. = máchelka; - Slovenian: T. = regrat; L. = jajcar; - Norwegian: T. = lovetann; L = folblom; - Danish: T. = lovetand; L. = bristle; - Polish: T. = Mniszek; L. = Brodawnik; - Italian: T. = Tarassaco; L. = Dente di leone; - Hungarian: T. = pitypang; L. = Oroszlänfog; - French T. = Taraxacum; L. = leontodon; Dutch: T. = Pissenlit or Paardenbloem; L. = liondent or Leeuwentand.

Cultural history

Leontodon hispidus was probably first depicted in the 15th century Codex Berleburg in the herbarium of Bernhard von Breidenbach as "Phaffenkrudt" . After that, the same illustration was found by Peter Schöffer as printer and Bernhard von Breidenbach as editor, the illustration of "Phaffenkrudt" now named as "Zeitlos" unchanged in the Garden of Health (1485, Chapter CCXII). It shows the plant with its roots, six rosette leaves and a long stem that has a half-bloomed inflorescence that is bright yellow. The plant is presented naturally and comes from nature observation.

In Petri Andrea Matthioli "Opera quae extant omnia, hoc est, Commentarii in VI. Libros Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei De medica materia", both Leontodon and Taraxacum are shown on the same page with their own illustrations. In De medica materia, Matthioli names Taraxacum as Dens Leonis, Leontodon as Cichorium Constantinopolitanum.

In Tabernaemontanus Neuw Kreuterbuch (1588) both images of Matthiolis for Leontodon and Taraxacum are taken over. To distinguish it, Dens Leonis stands for Taraxacum and Dens Leonis altera (The Other Dandelion) for Leontodon, which is referred to by the German name as Pfaffenblat. The common names in the Neuw herb book are Cichorium Constantinopolitanum and Dens Leonis Mompeliaca. He attributes the latter name to the occurrence around Montpellier and the use by doctors in Montpellier. Other names in Tabernaemontanus are u. a. Cichorium Byzantinum, Cichorium bulbosum, Dens Leonis bulbosus, Cichorium Asphodelinum and Cichorium polyrrhizon.

"The second sex has much thicker roots / they are almost similar to the Affodillwurtzeln / except that they are smaller / and almost shaped like the radish pod / The leaves are smaller and not so deeply split / a little gray-blue and hair-fast / the leaflets like the previous ones spread out on the earth / the wild hopping places not vastly unequal / only that they are broader. Otherwise it is not unequal with the thin tubules / that have it instead of the stalks / the tubed herbaceous / beautiful bleychgeele flowers grow on it in the fallow month and hay month / they are bigger then the eyer flowers / they also become hairy / white heads / and when that If they wind up there, they flee from it like the woolly buttons of the little priest's tubes. The taste of this herb is bitter with a sharp / like the taste of the Pfaffenröhrlein. It grows around Mompelier / the same in the Puouinz Franckreich and in Languedock frequently / in the meadows and places suitable for grass and is only planted in our Germany in the Lußtgärten "

- Neuw Kreuterbuch, Tabernaemontanus

  • Leontodon hispidus in the Garden of Health, Mainz 1485. The illustration was taken unchanged from the Berleburg Codex.

  • Matthioli, 1554. Italian translation of Dioscurides "De materia medica" with Leontodon (lower left with straight scales) and Taraxacum (upper right)

  • In Tabernaemontanus (1588), Matthioli's illustration is taken over, Leontodon is the name of the "Other Dandelion" - "Dens Leonis altera" to differentiate it from Taraxacum as "Dens Leonis"

  • Leontodon hispidus (left with nodding basket) as Hieracium VIII in Clusius (1601)

literature

  • Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  • C. Zidorn: Leontodon and Scorzoneroides (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) in Italy. In: Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology. Volume 146, 2012/1, pp. 41-51.
  • Felix Widder : The structure of the genus Leontodon. Edited by Helga Pittoni, In: Phyton. Volume 17, 1975, pp. 23–29 (PDF)
  • H. Pittoni: Leontodon L. In: S. Pignatti (Ed.): Flora d'Italia. Edagricole, Bologna 3, 1982, pp. 242-248.
  • David J. Bogler: Leontodon. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , pp. 294 (English, online ).

Web links

Commons : Dandelion ( Leontodon )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ TJ King: The Plant Ecology of Ant-Hills in Calcareous Grasslands: III. Factors Affecting the Population Sizes of Selected Species. In: Journal of Ecology. Volume 65, Issue 1, 1977, pp. 279-315. Here p. 298.
  2. ↑ JC Sheldon, FM Burrows: The dispersal effectiveness of the achene-pappus Units of selected compositae in stead winds with convection. In: New Phytologist. Volume 72, 1973, pp. 665-675 (PDF) .
  3. ↑ JC Sheldon, FM Burrows: The dispersal effectiveness of the achene-pappus Units of selected compositae in stead winds with convection. In: New Phytologist. Volume 72, 1973, p. 665 (PDF) .
  4. ↑ Christian Zidorn: Phytochemistry, pharmacology, chemotaxonomy and morphology of 'Leontodon hispidus' L. s. l. taking into account other taxa of the genus 'Leontodon'. (= Reports from the pharmacy ). Dissertation at the Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck. Shaker, Aachen 1998, ISBN 3-8265-3935-4 , pp. 1-3.
  5. ↑ Christian Zidorn 1998, p. 210.
  6. ↑ Christian Zidorn 1998, p. 208.
  7. ↑ a b N. Enke, B. Gemeinholzer, C. Zidorn: Molecular and phytochemical systematics of the subtribe Hypochaeridinae (Asteraceae, Cichorieae). In: Organisms, Diversity & Evolution. Volume 12, 2012, pp. 1-16. Here p. 8.
  8. ↑ C. Zidorn, S. Pschorr, EP Ellemerer, H. Stuppner: Occurence of equistumpryone and ohther phenolics in Leontodon crispus. In: Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. Volume 34, 2006, pp. 185-187.
  9. ↑ a b c d H. Meusel, E. Jäger: Comparative Chorology of the Central European Flora. Volume III, Gustav Fischer, 1991. Here p. 130.
  10. ↑ Heinz Ellenberg , Christoph Leuschner : Vegetation of Central Europe with the Alps in an ecological, dynamic and historical perspective. 6th, completely revised and greatly expanded edition. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8001-2824-2 , p. 676.
  11. ↑ Heinz Ellenberg, Christoph Leuschner, pp. 1000–1001.
  12. ↑ dairy willow. In: infoflora.ch .
  13. ↑ Bettina Schulz, Joachim Döring, Gerhard Gottsberger: Apparatus for measuring the fall velocity of anemochorous diaspores, with results from two plant communities. In: Oecologia. Volume 86, Issue 3, 1991, pp. 454-456. Here p. 456.
  14. ↑ TJ King 1977, p. 313.
  15. ↑ Nikolaos Makrodimos, George J. Blionis, Nikolaos Krigas, Despoina Vokou: Flower morphology, phenology and visitor patterns in an alpine community on Mt Olympos, Greece. In: Flora - Morphology Distribution Functional Ecology of Plants. 203 (6), August 2008, pp. 449-468. (PDF)
  16. ↑ BS Vuilleumier: Proposal for the conservation of the generic name (9574) Leontodon L. with L. hispidus L. as typus conservandus against Virea Adanson. In: Taxon. Volume 18, Issue 3 1969, pp. 343-345.
  17. ↑ ML Green, 1930 ("1929") In: Green Hitchcock: The application of Linnean generic names to be determined by means of specified standard species (pp. 155-195). Boarding school Bot. Congr. Cambridge (England) noun cl. Prop. Brit. Bot. - London.
  18. ^ RA Finch, PD Sell: Leontodon L. In: VH Heywood (ed.): Flora Europaea Notulae Systematicae. No. 19. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 71, 1975, pp. 241-248.
  19. ↑ Neela sink, Birgit Gemeinholzer, Christian Zidorn: Molecular and phytochemical systematics of the subtribe Hypochaerindinae (Asteraceae, Cichorieae). In: Organisms Diversity & Evolution. Volume 12, 2012, pp. 1-16.
  20. ^ Neela Enke et al., 2012, p. 10.
  21. ↑ C. Zidorn: 'Leontodon' and 'Scorzoneroides' (Ateraceae, Cichrieae) in Italy. In: Plant Biosystems. 146, 2012, pp. 41-51.
  22. ^ R. Samuel, W. Gutermann, TF Stuessy, CF Ruas, HW. Lack, K. Tremetsberger, S. Talavera, B. Hermanowski, F. Ehrendorfer: Molecular phylogenetics reveals Leontodon (Asteraceae, Lactuceae) to be diphyletic. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 93, 2006, pp. 1193-1205. doi: 10.3732 / ajb.93.8.1193
  23. ^ Leontodon in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
  24. ^ R. Samuel, W. Gutermann, TF Stuessy, CF Ruas, H.-W. Lack, K. Tremetsberger, S. Talavera, B. Hermanowski, F. Ehrendorfer: Molecular phylogenetics reveals 'Leontodon' (Asteraceae, Lactuceae) to be diphyletic. In: American Journal of Botany. 93, 2006, pp. 1193-1205. doi: 10.3732 / ajb.93.8.1193 (PDF)
  25. ^ Christian Zidorn: Leontodon and 'Scorzoneroides' (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) in Italy. In: Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology. Volume 146, 2012/1, pp. 41-51.
  26. ↑ Christian Zidorn 2012, pp. 41–42.
  27. ↑ Helga Pittoni: Hairiness and chromosome numbers of star-haired leotodons. - clans. Phyton , 16, 165-144 1974.
  28. ↑ Helga Pittoni: Leontodon. In: S. Pignatti (Ed.): Flora d'Italia. Volume III, Bologna Edagicole 1982, pp. 242-248.
  29. ↑ C. Zidorn: Leontodon and Scorzoneroides (Ateraceae, Cichrieae) in Italy. In: Plant Biosystems. Volume 146, 2012, pp. 41-51.
  30. ↑ Neela sink, Birgit Gemeinholzer, Christian Zidorn: Molecular and phytochemical systematics of the subtribe Hypochaerindinae (Asteraceae, Cichorieae). In: Organisms Diversity & Evolution. Volume 12, 2012, pp. 1-16.
  31. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Werner Greuter: Compositae (pro parte majore). In: Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (ed.): Compositae. Leontodon. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2006+.
  32. ↑ ww2.bgbm.org
  33. ^ Arne Strid, Kit Tan: Mountain Flora of Greece. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1991, pp. 530-531.
  34. ^ Arne Strid, Kit Tan: Mountain Flora of Greece. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1991, p. 531.
  35. ↑ Ch. Zidorn, 2012, p. 47.
  36. ↑ Werner Greuter, W. Gutermann, S. Talavera: A preliminary conspectus of Scorzoneroides (Compositae, Cichorieae) with Validation of the required new names. In: Willdenowia. Volume 36, 2006, pp. 689-692.
  37. ↑ Graubünden Civil Engineering Department - Guideline Concept for seed mixtures on road embankments
  38. ↑ Mixture of seeds from meadow greening in agriculture
  39. ↑ Manfred A. Fischer: On the typology and history of German botanical genus names with an appendix on German infraspecific names. In: Stapfia. Volume 80, 2001, pp. 125-200. Here p. 143, PDF on ZOBODAT
  40. ↑ Werner Dressendorfer, Gundolf Keil, Wolf-Dieter Müller-Jahncke, older German 'Macer' - Ortolf von Baierland 'Pharmacopoeia' - 'Herbarium' of Bernhard von Breidenbach - dye and painter recipes. The Upper Rhine medical collective manuscript of the Berleburg Codex: Berleburg, Fürstlich Sayn-Wittgenstein'sche Bibliothek, Cod.RT 2/6, color microfiche edition, introduction to the texts, description of the plant images and the manuscripts (Codices illuminati medii aevi 13), Munich 1991 . (PDF)
  41. ^ Biodiversity Heritage Library