Stiff-haired dandelions
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Stiff-haired dandelion ( Leontodon hispidus ) |
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The casting Hairy dandelion ( Leontodon hispidus ), also ordinary Rough Saltwort , Rough or Rough dandelion called, is a plant from the genus Leontodon (dandelion) within the family of Compositae (Asteraceae).
description
The stiff-haired dandelion is a perennial herbaceous plant and a hemicryptophyte that reaches heights of between 10 and 60 centimeters. The stem is single or multiple and unbranched. It is one-headed with up to two scale leaves . The leaves are arranged in a basal rosette and are elongated in many forms, with entire margins to pinnate and from grass-green to greyish-green in color. The leaves are not hairy or very densely hairy in the individual subspecies.
The species blooms from June to October, with the flowers open from around 5 a.m. to 3 p.m. The inflorescence reaches a diameter of 12 to 17 mm and consists of lanceolate, dark green to blackish bracts. The actual flower is yellow and significantly longer than the shell. The pappus is dirty white or brownish. The inner row is feathery, the outer bristly.
The chromosome number of the species is 2n = 14.
distribution
The species is native to Europe , Western Asia and the Caucasus. It was introduced to North America . There it occurs in Ontario , Connecticut , Kansas , New York , Ohio , Georgia and Pennsylvania .
The nominotypical subspecies of the genus occurs on nutrient-rich grassland, on wet meadows and on semi-arid grassland. The plant is often found on roadsides and roadsides. Important companion species are common yarrow , ribwort or common stalk grass . The subspecies hyoseroides prefers limestone rocks, scree and debris heaps. Important companion species here are lime blue grass , coltsfoot and mountain riding grass . In the Allgäu Alps the species rises in its subspecies Leontodon hispidus subsp. montanus in the Tyrolean part on the Rothornspitze up to 2300 m above sea level.
Systematics
The stiff-haired dandelion was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum .
Within the genus it is the species with the greatest variability. However, it is not equally variable in all of its distribution areas; Leontodon hispidus is particularly variable in the Alpine and foothills of the Alps, where it is divided into numerous subspecies . According to De Groot (1977), however, they are only of poor stability. These subspecies are probably not genetically fixed, but rather site modifications. In culture experiments at least most of the characteristics were found to be highly variable. The only exception is probably Leontodon hispidus subsp. hyoseroides (Rchb.) Murr , which shows a certain constancy, especially in terms of leaf thickness and shape. The delimitation of Leontodon hispidus subsp. hispidus and Leontodon hispidus subsp. glabratus is based solely on the density of the hairs and should be viewed with extreme caution.
The following subspecies can be distinguished:
- Leontodon hispidus subsp. brumatii (Rchb.) Wraber (Syn .: Leontodon brumatii Rchb. ): It occurs only in Italy and Slovenia.
- Loentodon hispidus subsp. dubius (Hoppe) Pawłowska (Syn .: Leontodon scaber Miel. ex Hoppe ): It occurs in the Northern and Southern Limestone Alps between Bavaria, Austria, Slovenia and N-Italy (Dolomites).
- Leontodon hispidus subsp. hastilis (L.) Corb. (Syn .: Leontodon hastilis L. ): It occurs in Europe and in the Middle East.
- Leontodon hispidus subsp. hispidus
- Leontodon hispidus subsp. hyoseroides (. Rchb) Murr (Syn .: Leontodon hyoseroides . Rchb , Leontodon hyoseroides . subsp pseudocrispus . (Bisch) Greuter ): It is used in France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein, Italy, Slovenia and Slovakia in front.
- Leontodon hispidus subsp. montanus (Ball) Greuter (Syn .: Leontodon hastilis subsp. montanus Ball , Leontodon hispidus subsp. alpinus (Jacq.) Finch & PD Sell ): It occurs in France, Switzerland, Austria, Poland, Slovakia and Romania .
- Leontodon hispidus subsp. opimus (WDJ Koch) Finch & PD Sell : It occurs in Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Liechtenstein, Austria, Montenegro, Bulgaria and Romania.
- Leontodon hispidus subsp. pseudoincanus (Hayek) Soó : It only occurs in Hungary.
Compared to European collections, plants from the Near East (Iran) offer a much more uniform picture. Bald forms are completely absent, the plants vary in size and leaf length. The Iranian plants have leaf hairs with two-strand hairs (fork hairs), which is rare in Europe. The only variety recognized from northern Iran is the var. Mazanderanicus Rech. With particularly conspicuous long-stemmed and small-headed plants.
Culture
The roots of the stiff-haired dandelion contain inulin . In times of war these were used as a substitute for coffee . The plant is eagerly eaten by cattle, whereby the tongue of the cattle can pick up the pressed leaf rosettes, but mostly leaves the tough flower stem standing.
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literature
- Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi, Arno Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . tape 6 : Special part (Spermatophyta, subclass Asteridae): Valerianaceae to Asteraceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1996, ISBN 3-8001-3343-1 , p. 313-316 .
- Christian Zidorn: Phytochemistry, pharmacology, chemotaxonomy and morphology of Leontodon hispidus. Shaker, Aachen 1998, ISBN 3-8265-3935-4 (dissertation University of Innsbruck).
- David J. Bogler: Leontodon. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , pp. 295 (English, online at efloras.org ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Leontodon hispidus s. st.
- ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001. ISBN 3-8001-3131-5
- ^ Leontodon in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
- ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 659.
- ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 799, digitized
- ↑ Helga Pittoni 1977: Leontodon L. In: KH Rechinger (ed.): Flora Iranica. Compositae II - Lactuceae, Lfg. Cont. No. 112, June 1977. Academic printing u. Publishing house, Graz. Here p. 125
- ↑ De J. De Groot: Variation and reproductive behavior in some Swiss populations of Leontodon hispidus sl - a preliminary report. In: Reports of the Geobotanical Institute of the Federal Institute of Technology, Rübel Foundation. Volume 44, 1977, pp. 147-180, DOI: 10.5169 / seals-377688 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Werner Greuter (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). - In: W. Greuter & E. von Raab-Straube (ed.): Compositae. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Datasheet Leontodon hispidus In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
- ↑ Wolfgang Lippert & Solveig Maria Tietz 2000: Contribution to the knowledge of the Leontodon hispidus L. - Leontodon hispidus L. subsp. dubius (Hoppe) Pawłowska, a misunderstood clan. Preslia, 72: 519-528
- ↑ Helga Pittoni 1977: p. 125
- ↑ Annette Saitner: Plant stories, traditions, legends and folk medicine to 283 plants. Deutscher Alpenverein eV, Munich, May 2002, (PDF file; 2.2 MB).
Web links
- Stiff-haired dandelions. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Distribution map for Germany. In: Floraweb .
- Leontodon hispidus L. s. l. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora .
- Distribution in the northern hemisphere from: Eric Hultén, Magnus Fries: Atlas of North European vascular plants. 1986, ISBN 3-87429-263-0 at Den virtuella floran. (swed.)
- Thomas Meyer: Dandelion data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
