Mountain dandelion
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Mountain dandelion ( Scorzoneroides montana ) |
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| ( Lam. ) Holub |
The Mountain dandelion ( Scorzoneroides montana , Syn .: Leontodon montanus Lam. ) Also called mountain milk herb is a plant of the genus shed Dandelion ( Scorzoneroides ) in the subfamily of Cichorioideae within the family of the daisy family (Asteraceae). It is linked to alpine habitats in geomorphologically highly active locations in the high European mountains on limestone .
description
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Vegetative characteristics
The mountain dandelion grows as a perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 3 to 11 centimeters. It has a cylindrical, more or less vertically descending black-brown “rhizome” with numerous strong fiber roots . The mostly one to two, rarely up to four stems are unbranched, upright or ascending and as long or slightly longer than the leaves.
The leaves form a basal rosette that z. T. is pressed. The leaves are at a length of 10 to 90 millimeters and a width of 3-10 millimeters in outline oblong-lanceolate, perforated shallow to deep buchtig toothed or lobed schrotsägeförmig and mostly bald or hand, with fine, occupied simple hair.
Generative characteristics
The flowering period extends from July to August. In general, only a flower basket is present, toward the top gradually thickened (but not at the subspecies Scorzoneroides montana subsp. Illyricus in the Balkan and Scorzoneroides montana subsp. Breviscarpa of the Abbruzzi), and below the flower head dense black villous as well as one or two scale-shaped bracts occupied. The cup-shaped inflorescences are medium-sized, also erect before blooming. The envelope (involucre) of the flower head has a height of 9 to 18 millimeters and a diameter of 9 to 14 millimeters. The bracts are lanceolate, narrowly white-edged, blackish, densely haired with black shaggy hair.
The flowers stand upright from the anthesis , are golden yellow (similar to the stiff-haired dandelion ) with a yellow style.
The achenes, which are all identically shaped, are 6.5 to 7.5 millimeters long, with a short beak at the tip, light brown, almost smooth. The pappus is snow-white, double-rowed with an inner row of feathery and an outer row of a few simple bristles. The pappus can also be completely absent from individual fruits.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 12.
Occurrence
The distribution area of Scorzoneroides montana includes the countries France , Italy , Switzerland , Liechtenstein , Austria , Germany , Slovenia , Serbia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro and Albania .
The mountain dandelion, which is rarely found in the high mountains, is a high alpine pioneer plant that occurs predominantly in the mountain dandelion heap ( Leontodontetum montani ) named after it on solid, fresh limestone scree slopes in the Alps , Dinarides , Apennines-Abruzzi and Carpathians .
In Germany it is quite common in the Allgäu and Berchtesgaden Alps , in the Karwendel only on the western Karwendelspitze and under the Mettlerhütte on the Dreithorspitze. It is common in Switzerland, but not in the primary rock areas such as the Bernina region, Poschiavo and the Grimsel.
In contrast to the data from Flora Europaea , the mountain dandelion is not found in the Pyrenees. Its total area includes the Alps , Carpathians , Dinarides and the Central Apennines (Apennine-Abruzzo).
The mountain dandelion is a pioneer plant that colonizes solid, finely- rich and seepage-damp limestone scree slopes, often around glacier, firn and snow fields , which dry up late and therefore have a short vegetation period. The locations are characterized by a good supply of water and nutrients. It usually occurs in troops on fine-grained debris around snow valleys, rarely also washed down in stream gravel or in avalanches. The mountain dandelion is in the alpine and high alpine altitude levels at altitudes of 1750 to 2300 meters ( Bavarian Alps ), 1800 to 2840 meters (Tyrol), 1700 to 2500 meters ( Styria ), 2000 to 2400 meters ( Canton Glarus ), 2050 to 2820 meters ( Graubünden ), 1800 to 2800 meters ( Valais ) distributed. In the Tatras it can be found from 1400 meters, in Italy it rises to 2925 meters.
The locations of the mountain dandelion heap at heights of the periglacial zone are determined by the prevailing climatic conditions with frequently changing frost cycles and the moist seepage conditions on the rubble heaps through processes of solifluction . The mountain dandelion is adapted to such unstable periglacial soils, characterized by movements of the upper layers of the earth downhill, with a specialized "root stock". The strong, crooked “rhizome” in the rubble forms strong fiber roots that enable anchoring in deeper, more stable soil layers. Due to this ability to grow in agitated solifludial soils, Scorzoneroides montana is one of the debris- retaining species, which gradually declines with increasing plant succession with the establishment of small shrubs.
Systematics
It was first published under the name ( Basionym ) Leontodon montanus by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck . The new combination to Scorzoneroides montana (Lam.) Holub was published in 1977 by Josef Holub .
The species group Scorzoneroides montana is subdivided into six morphologically distinct taxa with up to four subspecies and two related species, which are distributed through geographically fragmented areas in the Abruzzo, Carpathian and Dinarides Alps.
- In the western Alps, the nominate form Scorzoneroides montana (Lam.) Holub subsp. montana common. It occurs as far as northern West Tyrol in the north alpine and in East Tyrol in the south alpine. This is characterized by a dense light gray to white indument of the involucre, white papus hairs and a stem that is strongly thickened below the flower head.
- The subspecies Scorzoneroides montana subsp. breviscapa (DC.) Greuter (Syn .: Scorzoneroides montana subsp. melanotricha (Vierh.) Gutermann ). It is characterized by a black indument and white pappus. Like the western alpine subspecies, this taxon also has a clear thickening of the stem. It occurs in Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Albania. Some authors separate the forms of this subspecies, which come from the central Abruzzo, against Scorzoneroides montana subsp. melanotricha . These forms in Italy are smaller and have more deeply yellowish ray florets. In addition, the stem under the capitula is only indistinctly thickened. The area in Abruzzo is characterized by a 450 km gap to the southernmost southern Alpine region and a 500 km gap to the Dinaric populations.
- In the southeast Dinarides, the subspecies Scorzoneroides montana subsp. illyrica (K.Maly) common Zidorn . This subspecies is found here only from the Čvrsnica to the Prokletije and south to the Korab. The subspecies is similar to the subspecies. melanotricha and subsp. breviscapa . Originally Karl Malý (1904) had described this clan as Leontodon illyricus and thus as an independent species. Some authors also call it Scorzoneroides montana subsp. breviscapa (DC.) Greuter posed.
Individual evidence
- ↑ D. Aeschimann, K. Lauber et al .: Flora Alpina: An atlas of all 4500 vascular plants of the Alps. - Gentianaceae - Orchidaceae. Volume 2, 2004, p. 630.
- ↑ a b c d e Christian Zidorn: Scorzoneroides montana (Lam.) Holub sl (Asteraceae-Cichorieae) and its Relatives. In: Phyton , Volume 48, Issue 1, 2008, pp. 51-59.
- ^ Gustav Hegi: Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Volume VI / 4, 1987, pp. 1020-1021.
- ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 .
- ↑ Leontodon montanus Lam. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved May 24, 2017.
- ↑ a b c d Werner Greuter (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). In: Werner Greuter, E. von Raab-Straube (Ed.): Compositae. : Datasheet Scorzoneroides montana In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
- ↑ Christian Zidorn: Phytochemistry, pharmacology, chemotaxonomy and morphology of Leontodon hispidus L. sl taking into account other taxa of the genus Leontodon. Dissertation at the Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Shaker, Reports from the Pharmacy, Aachen, 1998, ISBN 3-8265-3935-4 .
- ↑ Christian Zidorn: Phytochemistry, pharmacology, chemotaxonomy and morphology of Leontodon hispidus L. sl taking into account other taxa of the genus Leontodon. Dissertation at the Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Shaker, Reports from the Pharmacy, Aachen, 1998, ISBN 3-8265-3935-4 . Here p. 23.
- ↑ Gustav Hegi 1987: p. 1020
- ↑ Christian Zidorn: Phytochemistry, pharmacology, chemotaxonomy and morphology of Leontodon hispidus L. sl taking into account other taxa of the genus Leontodon. Dissertation at the Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Shaker, Reports from the Pharmacy, Aachen, 1998, ISBN 3-8265-3935-4 . Here p. 24.
Web links
- Herbarium Berolinense, Scorzoneroides montanus ssp. illyricus Malý leg. Dörfler 1916 from Northern Albania [1]
- Gustav Hegi : Leontodon montanus. First edition, 1929 VI / 2, p. 1020 (online).
- Thomas Meyer: Schuppenlöwenzahn data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia ).