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The term primary rock (also primeval mountain range ) is an outdated term in geology . It comes from their exceptionalist phase and was used particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries. Due to the widespread use of metamorphic rocks, it was assumed at that time that such rocks were formed by a process at the beginning of the formation of the earth, which can no longer be observed today. Only with the discovery that younger rocks can also be affected by metamorphosis, this idea was given up. In a slightly modified sense, one speaks today of basement .

Abraham Gottlob Werner (1750–1817) was the first to distinguish between primeval mountains (here also primeval mountains ) from other, younger rock formations such as the transition mountains or the seam mountains and regardless of how they were formed. All of these terms are no longer used today.

history

The concept of the primary rock emerged in the course of the recent modern times, in which one gained an initial overview of the inner structure of the earth . For example, Robert Bakewell (1768–1843) wrote in his respected standard work Introduction to Geology 1813:

“If any rocks can with propriety be denominated primary or primitive, they are those which are most widely spread over the globe in the lowest relative situation, and which contain no remains of organic existence. Primary rocks are supposed by geologists to constitute the foundation on which rocks of all the other classes are laid; and, if we take an enlarged view of the structure of the globe, we may admit this to be the fact, […]. The structure of primary rocks is crystalline; they orm the central parts of the most elevated mountain chains, and they occur also at the lowest depths that have yet been explored, and are hence believed to be the most ancient of rock formations. "

According to Bakewell, the first basic class of rocks is that of primary rocks - a term that is reproduced in the German edition of the 2nd edition of the work with 'Urgestein'. Granite , gneiss and mica (mica slate) are in his sense Principal Rocks denominated primary , i.e. rocks designated as primary rock . From these he differentiates Subordinate Rocks which occur among Primary - the subordinate rocks occurring in the middle of the primary rock - namely hornblende rocks , serpentines , limestone and quartz rocks .

The early geologists admit that not all occurrences of the rock class are “primary”, but can also have arisen through more recent rock metamorphoses, i.e. there is no direct connection between the type and age of the rock.

Today's use in geology

In the course of the 20th century, the term primary rock was more or less blurred for:

The use of the term is generally avoided in technical terminology. In today's geology and petrology , the term does not play a role either as a rock typological or a class term related to mountain or rock formation processes , but is still very popular in literature and the press and is also often used to depict particularly old rocks - such as those of the Hadaikum  - or even to describe extraterrestrial rocks.

Metaphorical use

The term is also used in a figurative sense - as a metaphor : Primeval rock can be related to (abstract) things, institutions or people (especially in sport and politics) and then means that something or someone was present at the very beginning of a process and / or that very early events are based on it. In the case of people, it can be understood as pathetic.

Web links

Wiktionary: Primeval rock  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b H. Murawski, W. Meyer: Geological dictionary. 11th edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, 2004, ISBN 3-8274-1445-8 , 262 pp.
  2. ^ Robert Bakewell: An introduction to geology . 5th edition. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans, 1838, Chap. V On rocks denominated primary, and the slopes to which they have been subjected. , S. 83 ff . (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  3. ↑ " [...] but the admission requires certain limitations. The same causes that have produced granite and the other primary rocks in immense masses below all other rocks, have in some situations reproduced them in smaller masses, covering rocks belonging to the transition or secondary classes. "Bakewell: An introduction . S. 84 .
  4. ↑ Primeval Mountains . Entry 2). In: dtv-Brockhaus . 19 Tus – Wek, 1988, p. 62 .
  5. ↑ Examples: Moon meteorite
    primary rock from the "time of hell" discovered. In: Geology. Welt online, June 25, 2009, accessed September 12, 2009 . Real veteran. In: Wissenschaft.de. Image of Science, August 23, 2007, accessed September 10, 2019 . The first contemporary witnesses . In: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Ed.): The natural history . Summer 2003, p.

     8 ( online [PDF; accessed September 12, 2009]).
  6. ↑ Example: German tracked down a meteorite in Denmark. In: Geosciences. Der Standard, March 15, 2009, accessed September 12, 2009 .
  7. ↑ Duden Online: Primeval Rock
  8. ↑ Herbert Stettberger: What the Bible tells me: current exegetical and religious didactic highlights on selected Bible texts; Festschrift for Prof. Dr. Franz Laub . LIT Verlag Münster, 2005, ISBN 978-3-8258-8694-3 , p. 89.
  9. ^ Kai Teichmann: Strategy and success of football companies . Springer, 25 January 2007, ISBN 978-3-8350-0665-2 , p. 87. , footnote 373
  10. ↑ Axel Wolfsgruber: Raúl - "El de siempre" takes a look , Focus Online, August 11, 2010
  11. ^ Theodor Wieser: Politisches Urgestein , Die Zeit, February 26, 1971
  12. ^ Otto Büsch: The 19th Century and Great Subjects in the History of Prussia . Walter de Gruyter, January 1, 1992, ISBN 978-3-11-083957-9 , p. 22.