Curly dandelions

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Curly dandelions
Krauser dandelion (Leontodon crispus) at the natural site in Orjen (Montenegro)

Krauser dandelion ( Leontodon crispus ) at the natural site in Orjen (Montenegro)

Systematics
Euasterids II
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Cichorioideae
Genre : Dandelion ( leontodon )
Type : Curly dandelions
Scientific name
Leontodon crispus
Vill.

The frilled dandelion ( Leontodon crispus ), also called frizzy-leaved dandelion , is a species of the genus dandelion ( Leontodon ).

description

Illustration by Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach, 1859–1860

Vegetative characteristics

The Krause dandelion is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 10 to 30 centimeters. It forms a long spindle, strong, vertical taproot . The fiber roots are sparse and hairless. The 1-6 stems are erect and more or less club-shaped at the top. The numerous leaves are arranged in a basal rosette, 20-140x3-15 (-20) mm in size, inverted lanceolate, gradually narrowing into the short stalk, roughly dentate to pinnate, with triangular-lanceolate spaced apart, often wavy at the edge. frizzy sections. The end section is lanceolate and occupied on both sides by strong, rigid, forked and three-part serrated hairs (especially on the stems).

Due to the taxonomically important differentiation of the index in the genus Leontodon , studies by Helga Pittoni (1974) are available. In the frilled dandelion, the multicellular star hairs (2-), 3- to (4-) are straight, stiff and unequal in length; The length of the star hairs is 500–980 μm, the length of the rays 200–390 μm. The indument looks stiff-haired and feels rough. On the bracts there are often star hairs similar to those on the leaves (in the subsp. Asperrimus and subsp. Asper subspecies ). They are on the edge and in a middle line on the back of the bracts; sometimes there are only a few forked hairs along the middle (in the subspecies crispus ), or star hairs with few rays as the edge and long forked hairs on the median.

  • Rosette leaves with 3 to 4-strand star hairs

  • The shape and size of the star hairs is used to correctly identify the species in the genus

  • The long fork hairs on the median of the bracts occur in the subspecies Leontodon crispus ssp. crispus on

  • The cotyledons are hairless, the first leaf shows the typical stiff-haired indument

  • Phenological spring aspect of Leontodon crispus with Viola chelmea , Viola riviniana in the Pinus heldreichii stage

Generative characteristics

The curly-leaved dandelion has medium-sized heads that nod in front of the anthesis . The 12 to 15 millimeter long flower envelope is hairy at the base somewhat frizzy; the inner bracts are glabrous or hairy on the central nerves, smooth on the edge and sometimes lightly pressed down with hairy hair. The yellow flowers are twice as long as the shell and often red-striped underneath. Under the individual terminally standing cup-shaped inflorescences, the upright stalk is somewhat thickened and it is sometimes covered with one or two (rarely more) lanceolate bracts. He has short stiff hair. The 15 to 20 millimeter long achenes are all the same shape, drawn together from the middle into a short-haired, rough 5 to 7 millimeter long beak and short bristly haired. The dirty-white pappus is about half as long as the achenes and is made up of two rows of bristles that are densely feathered to the base; those in the outer row are shorter than the inner ones.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 8.

The flowering period extends from June to July.

  • blossom

  • Herbarized flower. Leontodon crispus ssp. crispus

  • Herbarized flower with fruits

  • Achene and pappus

variability

One of Hayek's as Leontodon crispus subsp. rossianus from the Velebit Mountains falls within the morphological range of variation of the species in the characteristics according to Helga Pittoni, while the Flora Europaea still lists it as a subspecies in the treatment of the genus by Finch & Sell (1976).

The species group around Leontodon crispus is assessed differently. In general, the delimitation and subdivision of Leontodon crispus is the most complex within the Asterothrix section . Two contradicting views of the species-specific version of the Asterothrix section were given by Finch and Sell in 1975 in Flora Europaea and by Pittoni (1974) and in Flora d'Italia (Pittoni 1982). Morphological, chemotaxonomic and molecular genetic comparisons of the Leontodon representatives of the Asterothrix section , however, justify a general recognition of numerous taxa previously listed as subspecies in the new classification made by Pittoni in the first edition of the Flora d'Italia . This has replaced the classification of Finch & Sell in Flora Europaea. For the new edition of the Flora d'Italia , it has been adapted to the new results in a summary of the more recent results by Zidorn, in which the former subgenus Oporinia was also separated out as the genus Scorzoneroides .

Within the Leontodon crispus aggregate belong Leontodon asperrimus , Leontodon anomalus , Leontodon crispus , Leontodon graecus as well as Leontodon farinosus and others. a. together, which are often only rated as subspecies. According to the updated Euro + Med Plantbase, the following species group around Leontodon crispus is widespread in the European Mediterranean and the Middle East: Leontodon apulus (Fiori) Brullo , Leontodon asperrimus (Willd.) Endl. , Leontodon biscutellifolius DC. , Leontodon crispus Vill. and Leontodon graecus Boiss. & Hero. Divided we Leontodon graecus and Leontodon biscutellifolius (syn. Leontodon crispus ssp. Asper ), so is Leontodon crispus today is not divided more by subspecies (the forms described for the Velebit rossianus and visianii have no reliable and important distinctions and were greeted by Helga Pittoni put in synonymy).

Differentiation to similar species

The frilled dandelion differs from the similar stiff-haired dandelion ( Leontodon hispidus ) by the long spindle-shaped, vertically growing rhizome (in the stiff-haired dandelion it grows obliquely or +/- superficially). This growth form differentiation is coupled with a south-north area differentiation, in which the species occurring in the north has not developed any special adaptation of the rhizome to dry locations. In addition, the feathery bristles of the pappus (in the stiff-haired dandelion there is an outer row of short, coarse bristles), as well as the conspicuous thickening of the stalk below the flower heads in the frizzy dandelion. In the stiff-haired dandelion, the stem passes into the flower head without thickening.

The number of chromosomes is also different with 2n = 14 in the stiff-haired dandelion.

distribution

The main distribution of Leontodon crispus s. st. According to H. Pittoni 1974: Map 3 (p. 187) lies in the circumadtiatric area. Subareas in the Eastern Pyrenees and the Western and Marine Alps are not included in the map. The Leontodon biscutellifolius , which was formerly a subspecies and today sensu Pittoni as a valid species, adjoins the area of Leontodon crispus in the more continental east . It still occurs in the Van Gölü area in the Armenian highlands.
The curly dandelion is widespread from the seashore to high mountain regions. In the sub-Adriatic Orjen it even occurs in snow valleys.
In rock strips of the cryoro-Mediterranean level in the sub-Adriatic Orjen, the delicate chessboard flower ( Fritillaria messanensis ssp. Gracilis ) and Rhinanthus serotinus are associated with the frizzy dandelion.

According to Hegi, the frilled dandelion is a "Mediterranean element". In contrast, Meusel & Jäger (1992) point out that the distribution of Leontodon crispus s. lat. lies in the northern Iranian-Anatolian-east-central sub-Mediterranean region. So he is with the subspecies subsp. crispus central sub-Mediterranean, with the subspecies subsp. asper an Illyrian-Anatolian-Eastern Sub-Mediterranean-Pontic floral element .

The southeastern distribution center and the outposts in the west-central Pontic, Danubian and Transylvanian areas as well as the synanthropic occurrences in Valais indicate the subcontinental character of the area. In its wide area, the Leontodon crispus clan is polymorphic, especially in the southeastern Mediterranean region, and is divided into several vicarious clans, the sensu Pittoni (1974) as valid species of Leontodon crispus s. st. are to be separated. In the nominate form Leontodon crispus ssp. crispus to the exclusion of Leontodon crispus ssp. asper reaches the area of the Pyrenees to Montenegro. The conception of the separation of Leontodon crispus ssp., Which was increasingly established by Pittoni (1974) . asper (Waldst. & Kit.) Poir. as Leontodon biscutellifolius , the furthest and most northerly widespread clan of the group around Leontodon crispus , the area is now limited to the European continent.

Including the small species, the area thus extends over southern France (from the eastern Pyrenees , from the Ardèche and Lot to the Ain and Maritime Alps ), (Valais), Corsica , as well as on the northern Balkan peninsula (south to Montenegro), Banat and up to Asia Minor . Leontodon crispus s. l. still occurs in Armenia and Eastern Turkey and probably also in Iran.

In Greece its distribution area extends to the Aegean ( Peloponnese , Chalkidiki and Mount Athos , Euboea , Attica ); absent on the Greek islands with the exception of Euboea.

The Krause dandelion is absent in Germany, in northern Italy up to the Apennines, in South Tyrol, around Trento (especially between the Kalisberg and the Doss San Rocco), near Vezzano, Castel Toblino, in Val Lagarina, near Serrada, Camoghen near Mori, Nago, Arco and Torbole. In Switzerland the species is probably only introduced in the Valais near Siders, Forèt de Claivaz and Riddes; for Ticino it is questionable.

Habitat

The frilled dandelion thrives on dry, grassy slopes, stony, sunny pastures, on rocks and in rock debris, in undeveloped locations. As a xerophilic species, it is particularly well adapted to stony slopes and rocky dry grasslands in full sun. In Stipa calamagrostis inventories directly thrives together with the melica ciliata ( Melica ciliata ), anopetalum Sedum , the ocher sedum ( Sedum ochroleucum ), Dianthus inodorus , Austrian hair strand ( Peucedanum austriacum ), Bupleurum falcatum , Teucrium montanum , Galium purpureum , Lactuca perennis , Crupina vulgaris . In addition, the species thrives in karst heaths and rock strips with Stipa pennata , Carex halleriana , Ranunculus illyricus , Aethionema saxatilis , Linum flavum , Ferula galbanifera , Gentiana tergestina , Scabiosa gramuntia , Centaurea incompta and Centaurea rupestris .

As height distribution for the subsp. crispus : Southern Alps up to 1250 m, Italy 0-1200 (-1900) m, Macedonia 500-1700 m, Turkey (460-) 800-3655 m, for the subsp. asperrimus : Turkey 600-2000 m, Iran (800-) 1100-2650 (-3200) m and for the subsp. graecus : Aegean 700-1600 m indicated.

Plant-sociological classification

In its occurrence in Switzerland in Valais, the Krause dandelion from continental semi -arid grasslands is described in the plant-sociological association Cirsio-Brachyopodion . It falls into the class of basophilic limestone grasslands of the Festuco-Brometea class in the order Brometalia erecti . It is heat-loving semi-arid grass that no longer occurs north of the Alps. Character types are the Upright brome ( Bromus erectus ) and Brachypodium pinnatum ( Brachypodium pinnatum aggr.), Both common grass species of dry grasslands ( Brometalia ). In Valais, the semi-arid grasslands traditionally serve as pasture for migrating flocks of sheep. They have their main distribution on the north-facing Rhone valley flank between Turtmann and Charrat. Here they climb up to 800 m.

Leontodon cripus is a common type of south-facing hilly landscape in xerothermal montane grass communities in Bulgaria, but also occurs in collin in subcontinental dry shrub communities . From western Bulgaria, Leontodon crispus was described from the newly established association - Hieracio pilosellae-Festucetum dalmaticae - in the association Cirsio-Brachypodion , which ecologically stands between the xero-mesophytic Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati and the xerothemic associations Festucion valesiacae and Saturejion . Leontodon crispus is one of the character species here, whereby as a transgressive species it marks the transition character to the xerothermal association Saturejion montanae .

In the sub-Adriatic Dinaric Mountains in Montenegro, the Krause dandelion from the oro-Mediterranean high mountain lawns of the Carici-Seslerietum robustae was described. Here it is a companion species of the dry grassland dominated by Sesleria robusta and Festuca pungens in the stage formed by Pinus heldreichii .

ecology

In comparative studies in the Thessalonian Olympus on the plateau of the museums at over 2400 m, the Krause dandelion was the most frequently visited plant by flying insects, although it only appeared in the medium-frequent flowering species and only with a medium degree of coverage in the comparison areas. A flowering period of 30 days could be determined. The most important pollinators were bumblebees (7.5%), hover flies (39.8%) and butterflies (18.8%). Cross-pollination is practically always necessary for the multiplication of the Leontodon species. This distinguishes them from the actual dandelions ( Taraxacum ) or the species of the form-rich genus of the hawkweed ( Hieracium ) in which apomictic seed formation occurs regularly without pollination.

Taxonomy

The species was first described in 1779 by Dominique Villars in "Prospectus de l'hisroire des plantes de Dauphiné", Volume 3, p.

The stiff-haired dandelion is a collective species in the Leontodon crispus agg. u. a. The following taxa, in particular but also clearly different in their DNA, are mostly classified as subspecies: Leontodon asperrimus , Leontodon anomalus , Leontodon graecus , Leontodon farinosus . Some authors also have Leontodon apulus and Leontodon biscutellifolius DC. (as Leontodon asper Waldst. and Kit.) under Leontodon crispus subsp. crispus enlisted. In addition, Leontodon crispus subsp. rossianus (Degen and Lengyel) Hayek listed as a distinct subspecies, but it is generally used as a synonym for Leontodon crispus s. st. viewed. Furthermore, Leontodon intermedius became Leontodon crispus subsp. graecus (Boiss. and Heldr.) Hayek. Mostly, however , Leontodon intermedius is viewed as distinct from Leontodon graecus . The latter species are mostly considered valid taxa today. Molecular studies show that Leontodon intermedius with Leontodon crispus s. st. is more closely related than to Leontodon graecus .

literature

  • Helga Pittoni: Leontodon L. In: S. Pignatti (Ed.): Flora d'Italia. Volume 3, Edagricole, Bologna 1982, pp. 242-248.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Gustav Hegi : Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Volume VI / 4, 1987, pp. 1025-1026.
  2. ^ D. Dimitrova, V. Vladimirov, I. Apostolova: Leontodon saxatilis (Asteraceae) a new species for the Bulgarian flora. In: Fl. Medit. 15, 2005, pp. 219-223. ISSN  1120-4052 .
  3. ^ H. Pittoni: Hairiness and chromosome numbers of star-haired Leontodon clans. In: Phyton. 16, 1974, pp. 165-188.
  4. ^ A b Rosabelle Samuel, Walter Gutermann, Tod F. Stuessy, Claudete F. Ruas, Hans-Walter Lack, Karin Tremetsberger, Salvador Talavera, Barbara Hermanowski, Friedrich Ehrendorfer: Molecular phylogenetics reveals Leontodon (Asteraceae, Lactuceae) to be diphyletic. In: American Journal of Botany. 93 (8), 2006, pp. 1193-1205, here p. 1202.
  5. ^ Christian Zidorn: Leontodon and Scorzoneroides (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) in Italy. In: Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, Official Journal of the Societa Botanica Italiana. Volume 146, 2012/1, pp. 41-51.
  6. ^ Arne Strid, Kit Tan: Mountain Flora of Greece . Vol. 2, Edinburgh University Press, 1991, pp. 529-531.
  7. ^ Christian Zidorn: Leontodon and Scorzoneroides (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) in Italy. 2012, p. 45.
  8. ↑ Helga Pittoni: Hairiness and chromosome numbers of star-haired Leontodon clans. In: Phyton. 16, 1974, pp. 165-188.
  9. ^ Arne Strid: Atlas of the Aegean Flora . Part 1: text. (= Englera. Volume 33). Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-921800-97-3 , p. 118.
  10. ^ Oleg Polunin: Flowers of Greece and the Balkans . Oxford University Press, 1981, p. 477.
  11. ↑ H. Meusel, E. Jäger: Comparative Chorology of Central European Flora . Volume III, Gustav Fischer, 1991, p. 130.
  12. ↑ a b c H. Meusel, E Jäger 1991, p. 305.
  13. ^ Arne Strid: Atlas of the Aegean Flora . (= Englera. 33). Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Berlin 2016, Part 1: Text & Plates. ISBN 978-3-921800-97-3 ; Part 2: Maps. ISBN 978-3-921800-98-0 .
  14. ↑ Raymond Delarze, Yves Gonseth, Stefan Eggenberg, Mathias Vust: Habitats of Switzerland - Ecology - Endangerment - Kennarten. 3rd, completely revised edition. hep Verlag, Bern 2015, ISBN 978-3-7225-0149-9 , pp. 166–167.
  15. ↑ Rossen Tzonev, Veska Roussakova: Xerothermic meadows and pastures of Chrysopogon gryllus, Bothriochloa ischaemum and Festuca valesiaca.   ( e-ecodb.bas.bg ( Memento from March 6, 2017 in the Internet Archive ))
  16. ↑ Chavdar Gussev, Dimitar Dimitrov: Communities of Astracantha thracica.   ( e-ecodb.bas.bg ( Memento from March 6, 2017 in the Internet Archive ))
  17. ↑ Kiril Vassilev, Iva Apostolova, Hristo Pedashenko: Festuco-Brometea in Western Bulgaria with an emphasis on Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati. In: Hacquetia. 11/2, 2012, pp. 227-248. (degruyter.com; PDF)
  18. ↑ K. Tomic-Stankovic: Vegetacija Lovcena u Crnoj Gori. (= Studije Knjiga. 17). Zajednica naucnih ustanova Kosova, 1970, pp. 47-49.
  19. ↑ Nikolaos Makrodimos, George J. Blionis, Nikolaos Krigas, Despoina Vokou: Flower morphology, phenology and visitor patterns in an alpine community on Mt Olympos, Greece. In: Flora - Morphology Distribution Functional Ecology of Plants. 203 (6), August 2008, pp. 449–468 (researchgate.net; PDF)
  20. ↑ Dominique Villars: Leontodon crispus. In: Prospectus de l'hisroire des plantes de Dauphiné. 1779, p. 34. Leontodon crispus
  21. ↑ C. Zidorn: Leontodon and Scorzoneroides (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) in Italy. In: Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology. 146, 1, 2012, pp. 41-51. doi: 10.1080 / 11263504.2012.710272

Web links

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