Upright brim

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Upright brim
Upright bromus erectus

Upright brome ( Bromus erectus )

Systematics
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sweet grasses (Poaceae)
Subfamily : Pooideae
Tribe : Bromeae
Genre : Brome ( Bromus )
Type : Upright brim
Scientific name
Bromus erectus
Huds.

The Upright brome ( Bromus erectus ), also mountain brome called, is a species of the genus of brome ( Bromus ) within the family of the sweet grasses (Poaceae).

description

Illustration from Flora Batava , Volume 20

The upright Trespe is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 40 to 120 centimeters. This tall meadow grass grows in loose to dense clumps and can take root up to 60 centimeters deep. The thin to strong, rarely hairy stalks grow stiffly upright and have three to four nodes . The yellowish-green to gray-green basal leaves are narrow with up to 30 centimeters long and 2 to 3 millimeters wide blades . The upper leaves are mostly flat and up to 6 millimeters wide. These are long and finely pointed and loosely hairy or bald. The basal leaves are often rolled up when dry and ciliate on the edge. The serrated ligule reaches 1 to 3 millimeters in length. The rounded leaf sheaths on the back are closed, tubular and hairy or glabrous at the bottom, and almost always glabrous at the top. There are no auricles at the transition between leaf sheath and leaf blade.

The flowering period is between June and July. The 10 to 25 centimeters long, purple to reddish or green panicles grow upright or, more rarely, nodding and have upright panicle branches dense in clusters or loosely. The panicle branches are rough and have one to four spikelets . The light brown-reddish spikelets are slender and slightly compressed. They reach 15 to 40 millimeters in length and have four to fourteen flowers. The 7 to 12 millimeter long glumes are different. The lower one is narrow, finely pointed and one-nerved; the upper one is broader and three-nerved. The narrow-lanceolate, seven-veined lemmas overlap, reach 8 to 15 millimeters in length, are pointed or slightly bidentate and keeled at the tip and on the back. They are branded from the top. The awn becomes about 2 to 8 millimeters long. The palea are shorter than the lemma. The two keels are rough. The anthers ( anthers ) are orange or reddish-orange, 5 to 7 millimeters long.

The fruits ( caryopses ) are hairy at the top and are tightly enclosed with the hardened cover and palea.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 42.56.

Systematics and distribution

The first publication of Bromus erectus was in 1762 by William Hudson .

There are about four subspecies of Bromus erectus :

  • Bromus erectus subsp. condensatus (Hack.) Ash. & Graebn. (Syn .: Bromus condesatus Hack. ): Central and Southeastern Europe
  • Bromus erectus subsp. erectus : Europe, North Africa, temperate Asia, Caucasus
  • Bromus erectus subsp. stenophyllus (Link) Ash. & Graebn. : Southeast Europe
  • Bromus erectus subsp. transsilvanicus (Steud.) Asch. & Graebn. : Southeast Europe

ecology

This grass is an intensive rooter and can root up to 60 centimeters deep.

Occurrence

The Upright Trespe is common in Europe, with the exception of Northern Europe , in North Africa and Southwest Asia and is also found in Tibet. It occurs from the lowlands to the mountains at altitudes of 1300 meters. In North America and South America it is a neophyte . In the Allgäu Alps, it rises up to 1,100 meters above sea level.

The Upright Trespe often grows in a stand-forming manner in lime-poor grassland , on drained bog meadows and on stony, sunny slopes, on roadsides and on dams. It prefers well-drained, loose, moderately dry, base-rich, moderately acidic and nutrient-poor loam , limestone, marl and loess soils . It also occurs on limestone, basalt, porphyry or gneiss.

The Upright Trespe is a low-yielding grass of extensively used limestone grasslands (Festuco-Brometalia) and dry oat meadows (Arrhenatherion). It is promoted by mowing but pushed back by grazing. Together with the feathery twinkle ( Brachypodium pinnatum ), the upright trespe mainly spreads in fallow, formerly grazed limestone grasslands. Due to their hard and crude fiber-rich stalks and leaf material, a felt that is difficult to decompose or that is indestructible forms, which causes a decline in plant species that require light. This particularly affects numerous species typical of grasslands, which are considered endangered due to the rarity and endangerment of the biotope and also has a demonstrably poor effect on the diversity of herbivorous insects . Measures such as grazing with sheep or cattle are intended to ensure the continued existence of the poor grasslands in their natural and characteristic plant species composition.

As a lean indicator, it focuses on low-nitrogen, mostly lime-rich soils. It is a half-light to full-light plant and can only tolerate little shade. It is a moderate heat pointer, which means that it has a heavy weight in submontane temperate areas in the heat gradient from the cold snow-covered (nival) altitude level to warm lowlands. Its ecological behavior can be summarized using the pointer values ​​according to Ellenberg as follows: L-8, T-5, K-2, F-3, R-8, N-3, S-0 .

swell

  • Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora . With the collaboration of Theo Müller. 7th, revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1994, ISBN 3-8252-1828-7 .
  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
  • CE Hubbard: Grasses - Description, Distribution, Uses. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1985. ISBN 3-8001-2537-4 .
  • E. Klapp & WO von Boberfeld: Pocket book of grasses. Recognition, determination, location and socialization, evaluation and use. Paul Parey Publishing House, Berlin, Hamburg, 1990. ISBN 3-489-72710-X .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  206 .
  2. ↑ Bromus erectus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 13, 2006.
  3. ↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Bromus erectus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved November 5, 2016.
  4. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 201.
  5. ↑ Dominik Poniatowski, Florian Hertenstein, Nadja Raude, Kathrin Gottbehüt, Herbert Nickel, Thomas Fartmann: The invasion of Bromus erectus alters species diversity of vascular plants and leafhoppers in calcareous grasslands . In: Insect Conservation and Diversity . tape 11 , 2019, pp. 578-586 , doi : 10.1111 / icad.12302 .

further reading

  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe. Volume 5: Swan flowers to duckweed plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-440-06195-7 .

Web links

Commons : Upright Trespe ( Bromus erectus )  - album containing pictures, videos and audio files