Bristles

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Bristles
Rye bromus (bromus secalinus)

Rye bromus ( bromus secalinus )

Systematics
Monocots
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sweet grasses (Poaceae)
Subfamily : Pooideae
Genre : Bristles
Scientific name
Bromus
L.

The brome ( Bromus ) are a plant kind from the family of the sweet grasses (Poaceae). The genus is distributed worldwide.

features

Tresps are annual , annual overwintering or perennial grasses. The annuals grow in tufts or with individual stems, the persistent ones are lawn or clump- forming. Subterranean runners are rare . The stems are mostly upright or knee-ascending, they have several nodes .

The leaf sheaths are fused almost up to the top and are mostly hairy. The ligule is a membranous border. The leaf blades are rolled in the bud position , only rarely folded. Later they are flat, hairy and can have ears that encircle the stem.

Unbegrannte brome ( Bromus inermis ) in bloom

The inflorescence is usually a panicle , but can also be racemose or even reduced to a spikelet . The panicle is spread or contracted, erect or drooping. The panicle branches stand out in two rows from the main axis, are branched or unbranched. The spikelets consist of several to many flowers and are usually compressed laterally. The flowers are hermaphroditic, the uppermost florets are often reduced and sterile. The two glumes are mostly unequal, shorter than the spikelet and have a thin skin margin. On the back are rounded, less often they have a keel. The outer glume is one to seven-nerved, the inner one is three- to nine-nerved (rarely up to 13-nerved). The lemmas have 5 to 7 (rarely 13) nerves, are membranous to coarse and have a thinner edge. Above they are entire and pointed or - mostly - notched. Mostly they carry an awn that attaches slightly below the upper edge of the husk or at the notch. The palea have two nerves, are usually shorter than the lemmas, are delicate and ciliate on the keels. There are three, rarely only one or two stamens , the anthers are 0.5 to 6 mm long. The ovary is grown from 2 or 3 carpels. The pistil has a membranous, white, densely hairy appendage at the tip, also called secondary branches or stigmae. The stylus is very short and wears long, dense feathery scars .

Spike grass-like bromus ( bromus catharticus )
Meadow brome ( Bromus commutatus )

When the seeds ripen, the florets fall out individually, the glumes remain. For this purpose, the spikelet axis disintegrates above the glumes and between the individual florets. The caryopsis has an elongated-elliptical shape. At the top it has a membranous, short-haired appendage. The caryopsis is deepened on the navel side and rounded on the embryo side. It is fused with cover and palea. The embryo is one eighth to one sixth as long as the fruit. The umbilicus is linear and extends almost the length of the fruit.

Upright brome ( Bromus erectus )
Soft Trespe ( Bromus hordeaceus )
Unbegrannte brome ( Bromus inermis )
Bromus sterilis ( Bromus sterilis )
Roof brome ( Bromus tectorum )

Systematics

The genus Trespen ( Bromus ) is placed within the family in the subfamily Pooideae , Tribus Bromeae. If - as here - the Zerna, Anisantha, Bromopsis and Ceratochloa , which are sometimes treated as genera of their own , are left as sections in the genus, Bromus comprises around 150 species.

The species found in Central Europe are:

  • Acker-brespe ( Bromus arvensis L. ): It is originally found from southern and eastern Europe to Iran.
  • Rough forest brisket ( Bromus benekenii (Lange) Trimen ); Home: North Africa, Europe to China.
  • Short-spiked brome ( Bromus brachystachys Hornung ); Home: West Asia, now extinct in Germany
  • Ardennes bromideus ( Bromus bromoideus (Lej.) Crép. ); Homeland: Northern France, southern Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, extinct everywhere since 1935.
  • Flat-eared brusque ( Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn. ); Home: From Yukon to Central America, also Venezuela and Peru, naturalized on the British Isles and in the Netherlands.
  • Spike-grass-like Trespe or Pampas Trespe ( Bromus catharticus Vahl ; Syn .: Bromus unioloides Kunth ); Homeland: South America, naturalized in North America and Southern Europe and abducted worldwide.
  • Meadow Trespe or Confused Trespe ( Bromus commutatus Schrad. ); Home: Europe, North Africa to Iran.
  • Dense flower bristle ( Bromus condensatus Hack. ) It is also put by some authors to Bromus erectus . Other authors count them as Bromopsis condensata (Hack.) Holub in the genus Bromopsis . It occurs in France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia and Albania.
  • Great Trespe , High Trespe or Gussone Trespe ( Bromus diandrus Roth ); Home: Mediterranean area to Iran and the Arabian Peninsula.
  • Upright bristle ( Bromus erectus Huds. , Syn .: Bromus transsilvanicus Steud. ); Home: Western Europe and Central Europe to the Mediterranean and Iran, also occurs in Tibet. Is naturalized in North America.
  • Thick brisket ( Bromus grossus Desf. Ex DC. ); Home: Belgium, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy and the Czech Republic.
  • Soft Trespe ( Bromus hordeaceus L. ): With four subspecies. Home: Macaronesia, from the Mediterranean area to temperate Eurasia. Is naturalized in America, Japan, Hawaii, Australia, and New Zealand.
  • Ungrated Trespe or Defenseless Trespe ( Bromus inermis Leyss. ); Home: temperate zones of Eurasia, naturalized in America, South Africa and Australia.
  • Japanese brim ( Bromus japonicus Thunb. Ex Murray ): With two subspecies. Home: Mediterranean to moderate Eurasia, naturalized in North America.
  • Delicate Trespe ( Bromus lepidus Holmb. ): Home is north-western Europe, central Europe and north-western China.
  • Mediterranean brisket ( Bromus madritensis L. ); Home: Mediterranean region to Tibet and Eritrea, Macaronesia.
  • Hungarian brimstone ( Bromus pannonicus Kumm. & Sendtn. ); Home: Slovakia to Romania. With two subspecies.
  • False rye broth ( Bromus pseudosecalinus P.M. Sm. ): Home is Great Britain, Ireland, France and Germany.
  • Grape Trespe or Grape Trespe ( Bromus racemosus L. ); Home: Europe to China, Azores.
  • Common forest brisket ( Bromus ramosus Huds. ); Home: Europe to Iran, from Tibet to the Indian subcontinent.
  • Transylvania Trespe ( Bromus riparius Rehmann ; Syn .: Bromus transsilvanicus Schur non Steud. ); Home: Northern Italy, Balkan Peninsula, Romania.
  • Rye brine ( Bromus secalinus L. ); Home: Europe to Iran, Siberia to China. Is a neophyte in North America.
  • Chunky brach ( Bromus squarrosus L. ); Home: Mediterranean area to Iran, Central Europe to Mongolia. Is a neophyte in North America and Chile.
  • Pigeon Trespe ( Bromus sterilis L. ); Home: Europe, the Mediterranean area to Central Asia. Is a neophyte in America, Australia and New Zealand.
  • Roof brome ( Bromus tectorum L. ); Home: Mediterranean area to China and the Arabian Peninsula, Europe to Mongolia. Is a neophyte in America, Greenland, Australia, the Philippines, New Zealand, and Hawaii.
  • Dune Trespe ( Bromus thominei Hardouin ): It is also known as the subspecies Bromus hordeaceus subsp. thominei (Hardouin) Maire to Bromus hordeaceus . Origin: Azores, coasts from Western Europe to the Mediterranean area, naturalized in North America.

Other species (outside of Central Europe, selection):

  • Bromus aegyptiacus exchange : Home is northern Egypt.
  • Bromus alopecuros Poir. : The home is the central and eastern Mediterranean region. With two subspecies.
  • Snake Brisket ( Bromus briziformis fish. & CA Mey. ); Home: from the Caucasus to Northern Iran. Is a neophyte in North America.
  • Bromus danthoniae Trin. : Home: Turkey to Tibet and the Arabian Peninsula.
  • Bromus elidis H.Scholz : The home is Greece.
  • Long-awned brach ( Bromus lanceolatus Roth ; Syn .: Bromus macrostachys Desf. ); Home: Mediterranean region to northwestern China and Pakistan. Is a neophyte in North America and South America.
  • Stiff Trespe ( Bromus rigidus Roth ); Home: Macaronesia to the Mediterranean region, from Hungary to Iran.
  • Foxtail brisket ( Bromus rubens L. ); Home: Mediterranean area to the Sahara, Canary Islands, Caucasus to Central Asia and Afghanistan. With two subspecies.
  • Squat bristle ( Bromus scoparius L. ); Home: Mediterranean area to northwestern China and northwestern India.
  • Bromus sinensis Keng f. : The homeland is Tibet and China.
  • Bromus vulgaris (Hook.) Shear : Home to western Canada and the western United States.

supporting documents

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Bromus , in: WD Clayton, KT Harman, H. Williamson: GrassBase — The Online World Grass Flora . 2006ff., Accessed July 23, 2008
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.) : Bromus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  3. ^ A b Manfred A. Fischer , Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
  4. ↑ Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive (CD-Rom), Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2001/2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6
  5. ↑ a b B.Valdés & H.Scholz; with contributions by E. von Raab-Straube & G. Parolly (2009): Poaceae. - In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Datasheet Bromopsis

Web links

Commons : Trespen  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Trespe  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations