Grape brine

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Grape brine
Grape bromus (bromus racemosus)

Grape bromus ( bromus racemosus )

Systematics
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sweet grasses (Poaceae)
Subfamily : Pooideae
Tribe : Bromeae
Genre : Brome ( Bromus )
Type : Grape brine
Scientific name
Bromus racemosus
L.

The Grape Trespe or Grape Trespe ( Bromus racemosus ) is a species of the genus Trespen ( Bromus ) within the sweet grass family (Poaceae). It is widespread in Eurasia .

description

Illustration from Flora Batava , Volume 7.
Section of an inflorescence: spikelets on panicle branches, the awns are recognizable.

Appearance and leaf

The grape brine is an annual, mostly winter annual herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 25 to 60 (-100) centimeters. It grows in clusters or in individual stalks. The upright to kneeling stalk is glabrous or at most briefly hairy and has three to five nodes .

The alternate leaves on the stalk are divided into leaf sheath and leaf blade. The lower leaf sheaths are mow densely pubescent, the upper slightly hairy to glabrous. The leaf sheaths are almost closed at the top. The membranous, frayed ligule (ligula) is 1 to 3 mm long and is not ciliate. The flat leaf blades are 5 to 20 cm long and 2 to 5 mm wide. The blades are weakly grooved on both sides and hairy, especially on the edges up to 1 mm long.

Inflorescence and flower

The flowering period extends from June to July. The inflorescence stem is downy hairy in the upper area. In the open, nodding, panicle inflorescence is elongated in outline with a length of 15 to 50 cm and in it there are many panicle branches. The lower panicle branches hang and are curved; the higher up the panicle branches are, the more upright they are. The 0.5 to 3 cm long panicle branches are alternately on opposite sides of the square inflorescence axis. There are one to nine spikelets on the panicle branches, only one on the top. The fertile spikelets stand individually on filiform, 6 to 30 mm long stalks. The spikelets, which are elongated in outline, 2 to 4.5 cm long and 4 to 6 mm wide, are laterally flattened and break open during anthesis . In the spikelets there are usually four to eight, rarely up to eleven, flowers close together. The top flowers of a spikelet are reduced. The uppermost spikelets are sterile, but look like the fertile ones, except that their flowers are not fully developed.

The flowers have the typical structure of the grass flowers . The two unequal, keeled glumes are durable, parchment-like and shorter than the spikelets. The lower glume is 0.6 to 0.7 times as long as the upper. The lower glume is 6 to 9 mm long, linear with a pointed upper end and only one recognizable nerve. The upper glume is 9 to 12 mm long, lanceolate with a pointed upper end and has three to five recognizable nerves. The upper glume is 0.7 to 0.9 times as long as the adjacent lemma. The 10 to 15 mm long, elongated lemma is bristly haired, parchment-like, much thinner at the edge, five-nerved and it may not be keeled to a greater or lesser extent; its upper end is whole. The lemma has a 4 to 11 mm long awn slightly below its upper end . The palea is 0.8 times as long as the lemma and its keel is scaly. There are two free membranous cavernous bodies (lodiculae). The anthers are 3 mm to 4.5 mm long. The ovary has a fleshy appendage above the point of attachment of the style and is downy hairy in the upper area.

fruit

The linear caryopsis has a hairy, fleshy upper end and the pericarp is adherent. The linear hilum is the same length as the caryopsis.

Chromosome set

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 14, 28 or 56.

ecology

The pollination is carried by the wind ( anemophily ).

Occurrence

The Eurasian distribution area extends from Europe and North Africa over the Caucasus and Western Asia to Siberia and from Afghanistan and Bhutan to India and the Chinese provinces of Gansu , Qinghai , Xinjiang and Xizang . The grape brine is a subatlantic to submediterranean floral element that occurs in Europe from northern Spain to central England and southern Scandinavia through all of Europe to Turkey. Occurrences are also found, for example, in the area of ​​the lower Volga and in the river plains of the Volga to Terek in the northeast of the Caspian Sea, in Northern Iran and in Central Asia. Bromus racemosus is a neophyte in North America (especially the northwestern United States) and New Zealand .

In the European lowlands west of the Elbe it is rare, to the east and north it occurs scattered, also on the northern threshold of the low mountain range; In lower elevations of the low mountain range with limestone-poor rock, in Upper Swabia, in the Swiss Central Plateau and in Austria outside the Alps, it is rare and is completely absent in some areas. It is also absent in the Alps and at the northern foot of the Alps.

The grape brine needs groundwater or seepage moist , fairly nitrogen and alkaline , but often low-lime clay soils . It thrives best with spring warmth and suffers from late frosts. It colonizes moist, greasy meadows . It is a character species of the Calthion association, but also occurs in wet societies of the order Arrhenatheretalia.

Systematics

The first publication of Bromus racemosus was in 1762 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , Editio Secunda, 1, p. 114. Synonyms for Bromus racemosus L. are: Bromus arvensis var. Racemosus (L.) Neilr. , Bromus hordeaceus var. Racemosus (L.) Fiori , Bromus leptostachys (Pers.) Steud. , Bromus mollis fo. leiostachys (Hartm.) Fernald , Bromus mollis var. leiostachys Hartm. , Bromus mollis var. Racemosus (L.) Fiori , Bromus multiflorus Roth , Bromus popovii Drobow , Bromus pratensis Ehrh. , Bromus squarrosus var. Racemosus (L.) Regel , Bromus tuzsonii Pènzes , Forasaccus racemosus (L.) Bubani , Michelaria hirsuta Davr. , Serrafalcus racemosus (L.) Parl.

Bromus racemosus belongs to the subgenus Bromus from the genus Bromus .

There are at least two subspecies of Bromus racemosus L .:

  • Bromus racemosus L. subsp. racemosus
  • Bromus racemosus subsp. lusitanicus (Sales & PMSm.) H.Scholz & Spalton , Syn: Bromus lusitanicus F.Sales & PMSm.

The Bromus racemosus subsp. commutatus (Schrad.) Maire & Weiller is a separate species, the meadow brisket ( Bromus commutatus Schrad. ).

literature

  • WD Clayton, M. Vorontsova, KT Harman & H. Williamson, November 16, 2012: Datasheet at GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora . (Sections description and distribution - there Bromus commutatus as a separate species)
  • Liang Liu, Guanghua Zhu, Klaus Ammann: Bromus. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 22: Poaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2006, ISBN 1-930723-50-4 , Bromus racemosus , p. 383 (English, online ). (Sections description and distribution - including Bromus racemosus subsp. Commutatus )
  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). 2nd corrected and enlarged edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2007, ISBN 978-3-8001-4990-2 .
  • Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi, Arno Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . tape 7 : Special part (Spermatophyta, subclasses Alismatidae, Liliidae part 1, Commelinidae part 1): Butomaceae to Poaceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1998, ISBN 3-8001-3316-4 .
  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : Swan flowers to duckweed plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
  • Grape brine. In: FloraWeb.de. (Sections description and ecology - there Bromus commutatus as a separate species)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Liang Liu, Guanghua Zhu, Klaus Ammann: Bromus. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 22: Poaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2006, ISBN 1-930723-50-4 , Bromus racemosus pages = 383 (English, online ).
  2. ↑ a b grape broth. In: FloraWeb.de.
  3. ↑ a b c d WD Clayton, M. Vorontsova, KT Harman & H. Williamson: Datasheet at GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora .
  4. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  204 .
  5. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  6. ↑ Bromus racemosus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed June 26, 2013.
  7. ↑ Bromus racemosus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  8. ↑ a b Benito Valdés, Hildemar Scholz, with contributions by Eckhard von Raab-Straube, Gerald Parolly: Poaceae (pro parte majore). Bromus racemosus . In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2009 ( Bromus commutatus as a separate species).

Web links

Commons : Grape Brine ( Bromus racemosus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files