Field brisket

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Field brisket
Field Brachio (Bromus arvensis), illustration

Field Brachio ( Bromus arvensis ), illustration

Systematics
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sweet grasses (Poaceae)
Subfamily : Pooideae
Tribe : Bromeae
Genre : Brome ( Bromus )
Type : Field brisket
Scientific name
Bromus arvensis
L.

The Bromus arvensis ( Bromus arvensis ) is a plant from the genus of brome ( Bromus ) within the family of grasses (Poaceae). It is common in Eurasia .

description

Section of a panicle inflorescence with the spikelets and awns

Appearance and leaf

The arable brine grows as a wintering green, annual herbaceous plant and reaches heights of usually 40 to 100 (30 to 130) centimeters. Loose clumps are formed. The stalks have two to five nodes.

The alternate arranged on the stalk leaves are divided into leaf sheath and blade. The lower leaf sheaths are dense, softly hairy when pressed and the upper ones are hairy protruding ( indument ). The 1.5 to 4 millimeters long and 1.5 to 5 millimeters wide ligules are fringed. The parallel-veined, simple leaf blades are 10 to 20 cm long and 3 to 6 millimeters wide, hairy and rough.

Inflorescence, flower and fruit

The flowering time is in Switzerland in June and July, in Germany between May and July. The relatively large, all-round, paniculate inflorescence is loose and usually 15 to 20 (10 to 30) centimeters long and 10 to 20 cm wide. The entire inflorescence consists of relatively long, thin branches with a length of 3 to 10 centimeters, which are much longer than the many spikelets . There are five to eight spikelets on each branch. The 15 to 22 millimeters long and 3 to 4 mm in diameter, elongated-lanceolate or narrow-lanceolate, mostly purple-tinged spikelets are also spread out at the fruiting time and nod slightly in the late phase. The straight or slightly upwardly curved, thin awns are 7 to 10 millimeters long and emerge more or less at the upper end of the lemma. The spikelets usually contain five to eight, more rarely up to twelve flowers that overlap. The lower glume is 3.2 to 5 millimeters long and usually three, rarely up to five-nerved and the upper is 5.2 to 6 millimeters long and five to nine-nerved. With a length of 7 to 9 millimeters, the lanceolate lemmas are at most as long as the awns and have two tiny teeth. The palea is about as long as the lemma and its keel is ciliate. The anthers are 3 to 5 millimeters long.

In China, the fruits ripen between June and August. The blackish-brown caryopses are 7 to 9 millimeters long and about 1 millimeter in diameter.

Chromosome set

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 14.

ecology

The Acker-Brespe is a therophyte and hemicryptophyte .

The pollination is carried by the wind. There is wind spread and Velcro spread.

Occurrence and endangerment

The distribution area of the Acker-Trespe extends from Eastern and Southern Europe to Iran. It includes the meridional and boreal zones . In China it occurs in the provinces of Gansu and Jiangsu . The field brine is a neophyte in many areas of the world, for example in the northeastern United States and California .

The Acker-Trespe occurs in Germany scattered on ruderal areas and nutrient-rich fields. It is considered an archaeophyte in Germany . It is a species of the genus Chenopodietea. In Germany, the Acker-Trespe is considered endangered. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in the Tyrolean part near Holzgau up to 100 meters above sea level.

In Switzerland it thrives from the colline to the montane, rarely to the subalpine altitude . In the Red List of Endangered Species in Switzerland, Bromus arvensis is endangered in the western Jura, Central Plateau, on the northern flank of the Alps, in the western central Alps, eastern central Alps and in the Bergell; it is considered vulnerable on the southern flank of the Alps, in Ticino and Poschiavo; in the East Jura it is regionally extinct.

Systematics

The first publication of Bromus arvensis was in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 77. Synonyms for Bromus arvensis L. are: Avena arvensis (L.) Salisb. , Bromus arvensis var. Phragmitoides (A.Nyár.) Borza , Bromus billotii F.W.Schultz , Bromus erectus var. Arvensis (L.) Huds. , Bromus fragilis Schur , Bromus hyalinus Schur , Bromus japonicus Houtt. , Bromus mollissimus Hornem. , Bromus multiflorus Weigel , Bromus patulus Mert. & WDJ Koch , Bromus phragmitoides A. Nyár. Pollich , Bromus versicolor , Bromus verticillatus Cav. , Forasaccus arvensis (L.) Bubani , Serrafalcus arvensis (L.) Godr. , Serrafalcus billotii (FWSchultz) Rouy , Serrafalcus duvalii Rouy , Serrafalcus verticillatus (Cav.) Amo . Many of the subtaxa described today are all synonyms.

The following subspecies can be distinguished from Bromus arvensis :

  • Bromus arvensis subsp. arvensis
  • Bromus arvensis subsp. parviflorus (Desf.) H.Scholz : It occurs in France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Greece and Croatia.
  • Bromus arvensis subsp. segetalis H.Scholz : It has disappeared in most areas. It occurred in Germany, Austria and maybe also in Italy.

Common names

Another common German-language name that has been documented for this plant species is hudgrass for the Carinthia region . A French common name is Brome des champs and an Italian Forasacco dei campi. An English common name is Field Brome. A Chinese name is 田 雀 麦 tian que mai.

literature

  • Jeffery M. Saarela, Paul M. Peterson: Bromus Brome, Chess : Datasheet at Jepson eFlora .
  • Liang Liu, Guanghua Zhu, Klaus Ammann: Bromus. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 22: Poaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2006, ISBN 1-930723-50-4 , Bromus arvensis , p. 383 (English, online ). (Sections Description and Distribution)
  • Bromus arvensis L. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora .
  • Rudolf Schubert , Klaus Werner, Hermann Meusel (eds.): Excursion flora for the areas of the GDR and the FRG . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 14th edition. tape 2 : vascular plants . People and knowledge, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-06-012539-2 , pp. 570 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Acker-Trespe. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bromus arvensis. In: Info Flora (the national data and information center for Swiss flora).
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Liang Liu, Guanghua Zhu, Klaus Ammann: Bromus. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 22: Poaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2006, ISBN 1-930723-50-4 , Bromus arvensis , p. 383 (English, online ).
  4. ↑ a b c d e f Jeffery M. Saarela, Paul M. Peterson: Bromus Brome, Chess : Datasheet at Jepson eFlora .
  5. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  203-204 .
  6. ↑ a b c data sheet at Blumen in Swabia
  7. ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Bromus arvensis. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved November 5, 2016.
  8. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 205.
  9. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 77 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D1%26issue%3D%26spage%3D77%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  10. ↑ Bromus arvensis at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  11. ↑ Bromus arvensis at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of New World Grasses . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  12. ↑ a b c B. Valdés, H. Scholz, with the assistance of E. von Raab-Straube, G. Parolly: Poaceae (pro parte majore). Bromus arvensis . In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2009.
  13. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 68, online.

Web links

Commons : Acker-Brespe ( Bromus arvensis )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files