Soft brim

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Soft brim
Soft Trespe (Bromus hordeaceus)

Soft Trespe ( Bromus hordeaceus )

Systematics
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sweet grasses (Poaceae)
Subfamily : Pooideae
Genre : Brome ( Bromus )
Type : Soft brim
Scientific name
Bromus hordeaceus
L.

The Soft Trespe or Fluff Trespe ( Bromus hordeaceus ) is a species of the genus Trespen ( Bromus ) within the sweet grass family (Poaceae).

description

Underground part and lower part of the stalk
Illustration from storm
inflorescence
The lower leaf sheaths are hairy.
The ligule is hairy and fringed.
Fanned spikelet with lower and upper glume (Glu) and several flowers. The lowest flower is open and the hairy lemma (Lem) and palea (Pal) are visible.
Spikelets with anteriorly bidentate lemmas and awns attached just below the tip.
Open flower (right) with stamens and stigmas, the palea (left) is ciliate towards the tip and widest in the middle.

Vegetative characteristics

The Trepse soft grows as an annual , mostly winter annual grass - it usually germinates in autumn and blooms and produces fruit in the following year. The plant grows in tufts or with individual stalks and is gray-green as a whole. The stalks reach heights of 10 to 90 centimeters and are hairy below the inflorescence and at the nodes .

The leaf sheaths are grooved, the lower ones are usually densely soft and hairy, the hairs are 1 to 1.5 millimeters long. The upper leaf sheaths are often hairy only on the edges or completely bare. The ligule is a densely hairy, membranous border 2 to 2.5 millimeters long. The leaf blades are 5 to 25 inches long and 2 to 5 (rarely 7) millimeters wide, flat-spread and soft and short hairy on both sides.

Generative characteristics

The paniculate inflorescence is 2 to 15 inches long, erect and contracted. The lower side branches are usually upright, soft-haired and up to 5 centimeters long. The stalks of the spikelets are rough and usually shorter than the spikelets. The spikelets contain six to twelve flowers and are 14 to 22 millimeters long without awns . The glumes are membranous, short and densely hairy, and rough on the nerves. The lower glume is three to five-nerved (rarely seven-nerved), 5 to 8 millimeters long, of elongated, pointed shape. The upper glume is five to seven-veined, 6 to 10 millimeters long, ovate and pointed. The lemma is seven to nine-veined, 8 to 11 millimeters long, oblong to ovate, curved at the top and thin-skinned with narrow, white-transparent margins. In the upper two thirds it is densely hairy. It bears a straight awn 5 to 10 millimeters long. The palea are two-veined and 1.5 to 2 millimeters shorter than the lemma. On the keels they have around 0.5 millimeters long, stiffly protruding eyelashes. The anthers are 0.3 to 2 millimeters long. The flowering time is from May to July, with summer annual plants until October.

The caryopses are 6 to 7 millimeters long and slightly shorter than the palea. At its upper end it has a membranous, hairy appendage. In cross section it is thin and flat bent into a U-shape.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 28.

ecology

Because of the noticeable dependence of the height of growth on the nutrient content of the soil, the Soft Trespe is a vivid example of modifications; so in extreme cases stunted forms can only have one spikelet. The Soft Trespe is mainly spread by humans. That is why the Trespe soft has now been dragged around the world and is a nuisance in many places, for example in Australia .

Distribution and locations

The soft Trespe is native to the temperate zones of Eurasia as well as to North Africa and Macaronesia . It is a neophyte in North and South America and Australia .

The Soft Trespe is common and common in Central Europe. It rises from the plains to the middle mountain ranges. At altitudes above 500 meters it becomes rarer, but in the Alps it occurs up to 1000 meters, adventurously up to 1680 meters. In the Allgäu Alps in Bavaria, it rises up to 1,400 meters above sea level on the Riedberg Pass .

It grows in weed communities, especially in the vicinity of built-up areas, in dry meadows, in grain fields, on sand fields, grass fields, on dunes, on embankments, paths and fences, railway systems and debris areas. It prefers moderately dry, nutrient-rich sandy and loamy soils. The Soft Trespe is a nutrient indicator. In dry locations it tends to grow much less, the plants then often only form a single spikelet.

The soft Trespe is a characteristic of the fertilized fresh meadows and pastures ( Arrhenatheretalia ), especially in smooth oat meadows (Arrhenatherion), as well as in the mouse barley society (Hordeetum murini) and other arugula societies (Sisymbrion).

Systematics

The soft Trespe was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . The extent of the species Bromus hordeaceus is defined differently by different authors. Some clans are either classified as subspecies of Bromus hordeaceus or as separate species within the species group Bromus hordeaceus agg. understood.

The following are largely listed as subspecies:

  • Actual Soft Trespe ( Bromus hordeaceus subsp. Hordeaceus ), the nominate form . It is a tetraploid clan, widespread in Macaronesia and from the Mediterranean to the temperate zones of Eurasia and very common in Central Europe.
  • Wrong dune brome ( Bromus hordeaceus subsp. Pseudothominei (PMSM) H. Scholz. ): Also a tetraploid clan, with main distribution in Northwest Europe. But it also occurs in France, Central Europe and Southeastern Europe. It is considered by some authors to be the hybrid Bromus × ferronii Mabille .
  • Upright beach bristle ( Bromus hordeaceus subsp. Divaricatus (Bonnier & Layens) Kerguélen ): native to the Mediterranean and Macaronesia, only sporadically in Central Europe.
  • Bromus hordeaceus subsp. longipedicellatus split tone . This subspecies was not described again until 2001; it occurs in Great Britain, France, Belgium, Germany and Austria.
  • Also sometimes referred to as the subspecies Bromus hordeaceus subsp. thominei (Hardouin) Maire- led dune bristle is classified by some authors as a separate species Bromus thominei Hardouin . It occurs in the Azores and from the Mediterranean to Western Europe. It thrives in the dry sand grass of the coastal dunes in companies of the Koelerion albescentis association.

A long common synonym for Bromus hordeaceus L. is Bromus mollis L. , which has no priority due to its later first publication in 1762.

Common names

Another common German-speaking name for this plant species is the name scent for Tyrol in Pinzgau and Pongau .

meaning

The Soft Trespe can appear as a weed in gaps in fat meadows and in fields. Since it grows out before the first mowing , it is difficult to control. Because the leaves turn yellow early, the grass is poor in yield and agriculturally inferior. Control measures include good fertilization and the maintenance of a closed sward. In the past weiche Trespe was sometimes recommended as "German ryegrass" for field forage cultivation, in northern Germany there was even seed cultivation.

supporting documents

In addition to the sources listed in the individual references, the article is based on the following documents:

  • Hans Joachim Conert: Parey's grass book. Recognize and determine the grasses of Germany . Parey, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-8263-3327-6 , pp. 138 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  204-205 .
  2. ↑ Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of the plants of Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  3. ^ CE Hubbard: Grasses. A Guide to their Structure, Identification, Uses and Distribution in the British Isles . Penguin, London 1992, ISBN 0-14-013227-9 , p. 77.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Bromus hordeaceus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved November 5, 2016.
  5. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 204.
  6. ^ A b c d Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
  7. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae 1753, p. 77, digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D1%26issue%3D%26spage%3D77%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D
  8. ^ Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
  9. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 68, online.
  10. ^ Ernst Klapp , Wilhelm Opitz von Boberfeld : Pocket book of grasses. Recognition and determination, location and socialization, evaluation and use . 13th revised edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2006, ISBN 3-8001-4775-0 , p.  185 f .

Web links

Commons : Soft Trespe ( Bromus hordeaceus )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files