Oswald Schmiedeberg

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Oswald Schmiedeberg (1908)

Oswald Schmiedeberg (born September 29, jul. / 11. October  1838 greg. Gut Laidsen at Talsen ( Talsi ) in Kurland , then to Russia belonging today to Latvia ; † 12. July 1921 in Baden-Baden ) was a German- Baltic pharmacologist . With his academic teacher Rudolf Buchheim (1820–1879) he founded pharmacology as an independent medical-biological subject.

Life

Schmiedeberg was the son of a forester. He spent his childhood in Dorpat , today's Tartu, in Estonia. There he attended the humanistic grammar school and then studied medicine. His teachers included the biochemist Carl Schmidt (1822-1894), who discovered hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, the anatomist and physiologist Friedrich Heinrich Bidder (1810-1894) and the anatomist Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer (1829-1902), namesake of the Kupffer- Stellate cells in the liver. He wrote his dissertation with the pharmacologist Rudolf Buchheim, who has been working in Dorpat since 1847: On the quantitative determination of chloroform in blood and its behavior towards it . In 1866 he was promoted to Dr. med. doctorate, then assistant to Buchheim, private lecturer in 1868, and finally, when Buchheim moved to the University of Giessen in 1869 , his successor to the chair for pharmacology, dietetics and the history of medicine in Dorpat. In the same year the internist Bernhard Naunyn (1839-1925) came from Berlin to Dorpat, who became Schmiedeberg's lifelong friend, went to Bern in 1871 and to Königsberg (Prussia) in 1872 . Immediately after taking over the chair, Schmiedeberg spent a year with Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig (1816–1895) in Leipzig in order to perfect his experimental skills. There he met the pharmacologist Rudolf Boehm (1844–1926) and the biochemist and physiologist Friedrich Miescher (1844–1895), with whom he would also be lifelong friends. In 1872 he was appointed to the Kaiser Wilhelm University , which was founded in Strasbourg as the capital of the new Reichsland Alsace-Lorraine after the Franco-German War 1870–1871 . His laboratory was initially housed in a confined space in the old Faculté de Médecine on Spitalplatz, Place de l'Hôpital, but moved into a new, spacious building in 1887, planned by Schmiedeberg in collaboration with the architect Otto Warth (1845-1918). After its founders, the university should become what is nowadays called an “elite university”. Famous physicians were appointed at the same time as Schmiedeberg, including the anatomist Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer (1836–1921), after whom the lymphatic throat ring is named, the physiologist Friedrich Goltz (1834–1902), Felix Hoppe-Seyler (1825–1895), one of the Founder of the field of biochemistry and founder of the journal for physiological chemistry , later Hoppe-Seyler's journal for physiological chemistry , and the pathologist Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen (1833–1910), namesake of the osteodystrophia fibrosa generalisata cystica, a manifestation of hyperparathyroidism , and the neurofibromatosis type 1 . Schmiedeberg was the youngest of them. In 1888 Naunyn came from Königsberg to Strasbourg, and the two worked at the same university until Naunyn's retirement in 1904.

Strasbourg Pharmacological Institute (1887)

Schmiedeberg remained a professor in Strasbourg for 46 years, namely until the end of the First World War. He was the only one of those appointed in 1872 who was still in office in 1918. Now the 80-year-old had to leave Strasbourg, like all Germans who came to Alsace after 1870. All his property was confiscated by the French.

Albert Schweitzer (1875–1965) passed on an anecdote about this. After studying theology and philosophy in Strasbourg, he also studied medicine and was “the well-known researcher of digital substances ” for Schmiedeberg : “After years I should find an opportunity, the Schmiedeberg whom I admire to do a service. When, in the spring of 1919, I happened to be passing the Strasbourg-Neudorf train station, from which Germans had just been deported by train, I saw the dear old man standing among them. When I asked if I could help him save his furniture - he, like the others, had had to leave it behind - he showed me a bundle of newspaper wrapped in newspaper that he was holding in his arms. It was his last work on digital. Since everything the deportees had with them and on them was strictly controlled in the station by French NCOs and he was afraid that he might not be allowed to take the extensive manuscript with him, I took it from him and let him through later secure opportunity to go to Baden-Baden , where he had found accommodation with friends. He died not long after it appeared in print. "

The friend in Baden-Baden was Naunyn, who had lived there since his retirement. The two became neighbors on Baden-Badener Waldstrasse, today August-Schriever-Weg. Schmiedeberg died in 1921, Naunyn in 1925.

research

Schmiedeberg's publications until 1907 are in it's 70th birthday in 1908 as commemorative of dedicated supplement volume archive of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology listed later in the assessment "Schmiedeberg's work" of his student Hans Horst Meyer (1853-1939). Most of the publications have appeared in the Archives of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology and have been reviewed in a history of this journal.

Cardiac glycosides

The cardiac glycosides that "Digitalissubstanzen" Albert Schweitzer were one of Schmiedeberg's research priorities. In 1874, following French researchers, he collected what he called digitoxin from Red Foxglove in the Vosges . His colleague Robert Koppe made a famous self-experiment with it, which led to severe poisoning, including the typical cardiac arrhythmia called pulsus bigeminus (twin pulse) . It is documented for the first time in Koppe's publication, by registering the pulse on the wrist, not by electrocardiography as is common today (picture). Arthur Robertson Cushny (1866–1926), who had worked for Schmiedeberg in Strasbourg for three years and was meanwhile professor of pharmacology at the University of Edinburgh , named Koppes essay in 1925 in his digitalis monograph "the best description of severe digitalis poisoning in a normal person ”and translated it into English.

Robert Koppe's self-experiment. Above the normal pulse before, below pulsus bigeminus after 3.5 mg digitoxin.

Schmiedeberg later placed all of the digitalis-like substances he knew - 19 in number, including strophanthin and the ingredients of oleander , hellebore and lily of the valley - into a pharmacological group that he called the digitalin group. Cushny spoke of a “masterly analysis” and the tuberculosis doctor and cardiac glycoside researcher Albert Fraenkel (Mediziner, 1864) of “Schmiedeberg's great litter when he combined strophanthin and all other glycosides with the same basic effect into the group of digitalis bodies.” “ Schmiedeberg's chemical investigation of the digitalis components, guided step-by-step through the pharmacological test, provided the first important basis of the extremely difficult digital chemistry on which all later investigators have built, and which is still largely valid today. "

Muscarine and nicotine

The poison of the toadstool , Amanita muscaria, was unknown until 1869. That year, a 111-page monograph was published by Schmiedeberg and the assistant doctor Richard Koppe Das Muscarin - the poisonous alkaloid of the fly agaric (Agaricus muscarius L.) . Schmiedeberg's contribution and Koppe's (smaller) contribution are differentiated in the foreword. The authors isolated the poison from mushrooms collected in the vicinity of Dorpat, described its pharmacological effects, named it muscarin and found the antagonistic effect of atropine . It was a job of paramount importance. It finally led to the discovery of chemical information transfer in synapses by Otto Loewi (1873–1961). One of the two groups of receptors through which the neurotransmitter acetylcholine , identified by Loewi, acts, are the muscarinic receptors . The antagonism of atropine versus muscarine became the prototype of the competition between two active substances for one and the same receptor. Finally, as Schmiedeberg and Koppe write: “These effects are not only of great scientific interest, but also of practical interest, since their studies have led to the knowledge of a physiological antidote in the true sense of the word against the toadstool poison in atropine learn that in the event of accidental poisoning with this widespread fungal species, the dangers will be reduced to a high degree, and possibly even be able to eliminate them completely.

Following the muscarine, Schmiedeberg examined the nicotine , first in Dorpat, then in Carl Ludwig's laboratory in Leipzig. Nicotine suppressed the inhibitory effect of the vagus nerve on the heart, and Schmiedeberg correctly interpreted this as a paralysis of "ganglionous elements" in the course of the vagus tract, in today's terminology ganglion blockade . It was a step towards the use of nicotine for the analysis of the switching points in the vegetative nervous system by John Newport Langley (1852–1925).

Sleeping pills

Schmiedeberg's dissertation dealt with the anesthetic chloroform . A work from 1886 continued this theme. Schmiedeberg assumed that alcohols generally had a sleep-inducing narcotic effect and dampened breathing, whereas ammonia stimulated breathing. He suspected that such groups of atoms could retain their pharmacological effects when chemically combined - especially in the case of carbamic acid esters such as urethane . In fact, urethane (NH 2 -CO-OC 2 H 5 ) turned out to be a sleeping and anesthetic agent that even stimulated breathing: “This effect is related to the NH 2 group of the urethane, which is in fact retains its character even in this connection. ”The work is remarkable for three reasons. Firstly, it shows the basic pharmacological and pharmaceutical concept of tracing the biological effect of pharmaceuticals back to their chemical structure. Second, she described a new anesthetic agent, which today is only used in animal experiments. Thirdly, it opened the long line of nitrogen-containing sleeping pills that are supposedly better and better tolerated, such as bromisoval , the barbiturates , glutethimide and the benzodiazepines .

Foreign matter metabolism

The conversion of benzoic acid into hippuric acid was discovered as the first foreign substance metabolism reaction in the 1840s . In 1877, Bunge and Schmiedeberg demonstrated that the reaction in dogs takes place in the kidney. Among other things, they used kidneys removed from the body and then perfused with defibrinated ( fibrinogen- free) blood - a new method. It was even more important for the future than the identification of the place of formation of the hippuric acid: “That with the help of the experiments on the dissected kidney a number of other, important questions about processes of the metabolism in the animal body, especially about the place of urea formation ... could be decided , we hardly need to emphasize. ”Schmiedeberg's pupil Waldemar von Schroeder (1850–1898) later clarified the location of urea synthesis (see below).

During an investigation into camphor, Schmiedeberg and Hans Horst Meyer discovered glucuronic acid , the body's most important coupling partner for foreign substances. Even more: they have also found that the coupling with glucuronic acid is preceded by hydroxylation , and have thus recognized the phase I reaction → phase II reaction , which is fundamental for the handling of foreign substances by animals .

Physiological chemistry

“First and foremost… Schmiedeberg saw himself as a pioneering champion and foreman in pharmacology. … Schmiedeberg's innermost personal inclination was not so much experimental pharmacological as physiological, especially physiological and pathological-chemical research; and science owes the rich fruits of its profound work on the normal and pathologically or pharmacologically altered metabolism and tissue chemistry to it. ”In this area, the contribution by Schmiedeberg and his colleagues to the question of urea formation should be mentioned, according to Naunyn "One of the most important achievements of his school". Schmiedeberg had already observed in Dorpat that the acidic urine of carnivores did not take on an alkaline reaction even after an abundant supply of ammonium carbonate or ammonium acetate , and had suspected that the ammonium was converted into urea. Experiments in Strasbourg confirmed this, and Waldemar von Schroeder finally showed, partly through experiments on excised organs with defibrinated blood flowing through them, that urea synthesis took place in the liver. The 1932 discovery of the urea cycle , for which Hans Adolf Krebs (1900–1981) received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953 , built on this preliminary work of the 19th century . The knowledge of the reduction in the formation of urea in the liver, which is important for the acid-base balance, in favor of an increase in the formation of ammonia in the kidneys in acidosis can also be traced back to experiments in Schmiedeberg's laboratory in Strasbourg.

The first chemical determination of the protein-free basic substance of cartilage comes from Schmiedeberg . He named the basic substance chondroitin sulfuric acid and showed that chondroitin consists of glucuronic acid , glucosamine (a mistake it is galactosamine) and acetic acid. So he found his glucuronic acid as a normal building block outside of pharmacology.

The emergence of pharmacology

Rudolf Buchheim had started in Dorpat to systematically examine the interaction of pharmaceuticals - drugs and poisons - with living things, physically, chemically and biologically. His goal was to understand these interactions as cause-and-effect chains and to make this understanding useful for people. To this end, he set up the world's first pharmacological research institute in Dorpat, where he supervised around 90 doctoral students and disseminated his thoughts in essays and books.

However, Buchheim's initiative might have had no consequences if one of his doctoral students had not become a pharmacologist himself, a brilliant one: Oswald Schmiedeberg. With his own research and that of his 120 or so Strasbourg students from 20 countries, pharmacology had a global impact.

media

What became important for this - next to the teacher-student relationships - Schmiedeberg's magazine, his textbook and a popular science book.

With his friend Bernhard Naunyn and the pathologist and bacteriologist Edwin Klebs (1834–1913), Schmiedeberg founded the Archive for Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology , a company “that was to become extremely important for the development of theoretical medicine in Germany. The association of the editors and the title of the journal expressed the close relationship between pharmacology and pathology, as both sciences have to share in the common task of studying and mastering the processes of life under abnormal conditions. ... Since the archive was the only one for the collection of pharmacological research for a long time and has remained one of the most important up to this point, the greater part of the publications contained therein was and is pharmacological and in this sense justifies the often used short designation as 'Schmiedebergs Archiv'. ”In 1873 the first volume appeared. The journal still exists today as Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology .

In 1883 the first edition of Schmiedeberg's outline of pharmaceutical theory appeared , in later editions the outline of pharmacology in relation to pharmaceutical theory and toxicology . In the introduction, Schmiedeberg places his subject between the sister sciences:

"The physiology of animals is concerned with life under ordinary, and therefore normal, conditions; pathology is concerned with such life-phenomena which appear under extraordinary or abnormal conditions of the most varied kinds. The Pharmacology conveys the knowledge of the design and the processes of life under the influence of poisons. In this division, as in related branches of knowledge in general, it is basically just a division of labor. For the end result, it does not matter whether the pathology is finally absorbed into pharmacology or vice versa, and whether both then flow together with physiology to form a uniform doctrine of life. "

- Oswald Schmiedeberg : outline of the drug theory. Leipzig, published by FCW Vogel 1883

According to Hans Horst Meyer, the book has been translated into most of the cultural languages.

Schmiedeberg addressed himself to a broader public with his book Medicines and Luxury Foods . The interest in such substances is "not a small one in the wider circles of the educated". But the views about the way in which the beneficial influence of these remedies comes about are neither clear nor accurate. The book wants to remedy this.

The Schmiedeberg School

The supplementary volume of the Archives for Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology , published in 1908, gives an impression of Schmiedeberg's charisma . The 59 contributions come from the following - alphabetically listed - authors, with the cities in which they worked (spelling at that time) and possibly their first pharmacology chair in the (then) German-speaking area:

Authors city First chair in
John J. Abel and
William W. Ford		 Baltimore, USA
Manfredi Albanese Pavia
Pietro Albertoni
and Felix Rossi		 Bologna
Carl L. Alsberg Boston, USA
Alessandro Baldoni Roma
A. Benedicenti Messina
Albrecht Bethe Strasbourg
Johannes Bock Copenhagen
J. Theodore Cash Aberdeen
Vincenzo Cervello Palermo
H. Chiari Strasbourg
M. Cloetta Zurich Zurich
Arthur R. Cushny London
H. Dreser Elberfeld
Alexander Ellinger Koenigsberg Koenigsberg
J. Rich. Ewald Strasbourg
Edwin Stanton Faust Wurzburg Wurzburg
W. Fornet and
W. Heubner		 Strasbourg
and Berlin		 Heubner:
Göttingen
Sigmund Fraenkel Vienna
A. Fränkel and
G. Schwartz		 Badenweiler
and Colmar
E. Friedmann
and H. Mandel		 Berlin
Hermann Fühner Naples Koenigsberg
O. v. Fürth and
M. Friedmann		 Vienna
Gaetano Gaglio Roma
D. Gerhardt Basel
R. Gottlieb and
A. vd Eeckhout		 Heidelberg Gottlieb:
Heidelberg
Erich Harnack and
Hermann Hildebrandt		 Halle (Saale) Harnack:
Halle (Saale)
A. Heffter Marburg
and Berlin		 Bern
Dionys Hellin Warsaw
Authors city First chair in
W. Heubner
and M. Reeb		 Strasbourg
F. Hofmeister Prague
Igersheimer Heidelberg
C. Jacobj and Golowinski Goettingen Jacobj:
Göttingen
M. Jaffe Koenigsberg
A. Jaquet Basel Basel
NP Krakow St. Petersburg
JB Leathes London
L. Lewin Berlin
W. Lindemann Kiev
Otto Loewi and Hans Meyer Vienna Loewi: Graz; Meyer: Dorpat
Riccardo Luzzatto Camerino
P. Marfori Padova
CR Marshall St. Andrews, Scotland
O. Minkowski Greifswald
K. Morishima and J. Fujitani Kyoto, Japan
Ugolino Mosso Genova
Paul Pellacani Bologna
Julius Pohl Prague Prague, Karl Ferdinand University
L. Popielski Lviv
E. Poulsson Christiania
C. Raimondi Siena
L. Riess Berlin
CG Santesson Stockholm
Ed. Schaer Strasbourg
F. Siegert Cologne
A. von Siewert and W. Heubner Berlin
K. Spiro Strasbourg
S. Because
N. van Westenrijk Petersburg
Festschrift for the 70th birthday (1908)
The festive assembly on Schmiedeberg's 70th birthday in front of his Strasbourg institute; Pharmacology professors in bold.

Direct pupils of Schmiedeberg among the holders of pharmacology chairs in the (then) German-speaking area represented in the Festschrift were Max Cloetta (1868-1940; chair in Zurich), Edwin Stanton Faust (1870-1928; chair in Würzburg), Rudolf Gottlieb (1864 –1924; chair in Heidelberg), Erich Harnack (1852–1915; chair in Halle an der Saale), Arthur Heffter (1859–1925; first chair in Bern, later Marburg and Berlin), Wolfgang Heubner (1877–1957; first chair in Göttingen, later Düsseldorf, Heidelberg and Berlin), Carl Jacobj (1857–1944; first chair in Göttingen, later Tübingen), Alfred Jaquet (1865–1937; chair in Basel) and Hans Horst Meyer (1853–1939; first chair in Dorpat, later Marburg and Berlin).

In addition - not in the Festschrift - Schmiedeberg's direct students professor of pharmacology Rudolf Kobert (1854–1918; first chair in Dorpat, later Rostock) and Hermann Wieland (1885–1929; 1920 first chair in Königsberg, 1925 full professor in Heidelberg) .

The large number of authors outside the German-speaking area, especially Italians (see below), is impressive. The American John Jacob Abel (1857–1938) had worked with Carl Ludwig and Rudolf Boehm in addition to Schmiedeberg. In 1891 he founded the first US institute for pharmacology in Ann Arbor , Michigan . In 1893 he became professor of pharmacology at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore , Maryland , and in 1909 - 36 years after the beginning of the Archives of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology - he established the American Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics . He is considered the father of US pharmacology. The picture shows the guests gathered in front of his Strasbourg institute to celebrate Schmiedeberg's 70th birthday.

Judgments for posterity

“Schmiedeberg's laboratory in Strasbourg soon became the meeting point for numerous young scholars who flocked to him from home and abroad: they formed the pioneering group who, under his leadership, helped to develop the vast, as yet undeveloped areas of pharmacology. ... Around forty of the pharmacological chairs at home and abroad were or are currently occupied by his immediate students - a success that perhaps only K. Ludwig or R. Koch experienced from the teachers of a theoretical subject in medicine . This rapid and fruitful development of pharmacology as a science and teaching subject is at the same time proof of the insight that has penetrated the medical faculties into the importance and indispensability of pharmacological research and teaching, and of the awakened need for a physiological understanding of the effects of medicinal products and the experimental justification for their use . This achievement, however, is largely the work of Schmiedeberg . "

This judgment by Hans Horst Meyer in 1922 was followed by later ones. "While it was Buchheim who established the basic principles of pharmacology, it was Oswald Schmiedeberg who brought world-wide recognition to this discipline. ... Schmiedeberg, as a strong personality and eminent scientist, played a decisive role in the establishment of pharmacology as a biological discipline within the academic world. In that respect, Schmiedeberg was not surpassed by any of his contemporaries. "

"Given the favorable environment of Strasbourg, Schmiedeberg's scientific vision, purposeful energy and inspiring leadership produced a veritable outburst of imaginative and successful experimentation that silenced those who had seen no substance in pharmacology. ... A bust of Schmiedeberg stands in the pharmacologic institute of the University of Freiburg, but his real memorial is the scientific discipline of pharmacology. "

The human being

No letter from Schmiedeberg has survived, let alone an autobiography. However, we learn something about people through Naunyn and Hans Horst Meyer.

At work

In his institute, says Naunyn, “his life was played out in this creation of his. After preparing for the day's work at home, he was to be found in his institute, only to leave it late in the evening, usually the last, after a short break from the lunch break. "

Meyer on the style of Schmiedeberg's writing and speaking: “It is not easy to read Schmiedeberg's scientific work. Despite all the clarity and purity of the form, his style is extremely strict, the presentation is factual; so that the reader is forced to strained attention and concentration. … In the lecture for students, Schmiedeberg gave his teaching with great seriousness, more dogmatic than arguing, always in free, well-thought-out speech; Like his style, the lecture was sober, compact, very rich in content and of superior and very determined judgment; Therefore, despite the renunciation of all speech adornment and glamor, he was always extremely impressive and had a lasting effect. When discussing a scientific or political question in conversation, as far as I can remember, Schmiedeberg did not embark on extensive refutation of opposing views or objections, but instead gave decisive expression in a few succinct sentences of his well-considered and recorded opinion. It was not his business, nor was it his intention to enter into foreign lines of thought - in this one-sidedness, not to say rigidity, lay part of his purposeful strength and also of his success. "

In life outside of work

Schmiedeberg remained single. His students told each other that he once had plans to marry and even bought a top hat. A rival got ahead of him, however, and the top hat stayed on the stake for the rest of its long life. Naunyn attributes to Schmiedeberg a "strict view of life less inclined to the joke and humor of existence". However, Schmiedeberg turned very carefully and with full attention to the non-scientific areas of culture.

In Strasbourg, writes Naunyn, he quickly settled in. “The old, fertile cultivated land soon fell in love with him, with its beauty and wellbeing. Excursions to the neighboring mountains were on the agenda at that time and no one more cared for and enjoyed these Sunday hikes through the Vosges, much more often through the much more accessible Black Forest. … Meetings with friends from neighboring universities also played a major role on these excursions; Schmiedeberg seized every opportunity to meet with Hüfner (the biochemist Gustav von Hüfner , 1840–1908) in Tübingen and Miescher (see above) in Basel; the unfortunately early death of the noble and excellent Swiss left a wound that was difficult to heal in Schmiedeberg's emotional life.

The holidays were dedicated to art and his family in the Far East. He liked going south on the Easter holidays, mostly with friends or relatives, he also visited Greece and Spain, but above all he was drawn to Italy. Many Italian pharmacologists were his students and he was warmly welcomed by all of them, he liked the country and its people, but above all the painting of the Renaissance attracted him. This hobby, too, 'condensed' into serious study for him, to use his own words; which he would then also fill his leisure time worthily at home. He liked to spend his long holidays with his brother in the Estonian countryside. This, too, was an 'otium cum dignitate', which benefited the work of the semester not a little. What came to light in Strasbourg was often conceived or completed in rural leisure there. "

Similar to Meyer: “Schmiedeberg had a receptive sense for smell and taste pleasures, but the higher level of satisfaction granted him the fine intellectual ability to differentiate and cognize, which was consciously practiced and developed in his disposition. In his relationship to art, namely architecture and painting, for which Schmiedeberg showed a lively and deep interest since his early youth, the immediate joy of enjoyment was combined with the thorough knowledge that he gained through often repeated in-depth studies in the art establishments of Italy and Spain had acquired. On the good basis of humanistic training and education, which has proven itself time and again for all natural sciences, Schmiedeberg has also preserved the respect and understanding of the ancient languages ​​and their literature. In his work there are manifold proofs of his historical and linguistic source studies, and even at the age of eighty Schmiedeberg had in the writings of the Scientific Society in Strasbourg (1918) an in-depth, learned and critical, historically and factually instructive as well as attractive treatise on the pharmaceuticals in the Iliad and Odyssey published. "

The word pharmacon appears for the first time in Homer, writes Schmiedeberg there. Since pharmacology as a science takes its name from this, it may be justified to take a closer look at Homer's pharmaceuticals, which have often been researched linguistically and botanically, also pharmacologically. He then dealt one after the other with the drugs used to treat wounds in the Trojan War; the famous Nepenthes of Helena, νηπενθές, "a means to erase grief and the memory of resentment and all suffering", without a doubt opium, says Schmiedeberg; the arrow poison from Ephyre, most likely a hellebore, he thinks; and the herb moly, which is said to protect Odysseus from the magic of the church. On the occasion of the arrow poison he added (1918): “Instead of the modest poison from Ephyre, which was shot at arrowheads against animals and probably also people, enormous masses of terrible poisons are currently being filled in bombs and grenades, with tremendous force against the enemy hurled. This is undoubtedly a great step forward, but in what sense? "

Meyer sums up: "Unrivaled as a pioneering and creative spirit, the master is to us in his tireless zeal, his deep, even the smallest worthy conscientiousness and in the thorough contempt of all appearances and all petty vanity - Schmiedeberg in his simple, simple reality is to all of us who were fortunate enough to work under his eyes, remained a role model for awe and followers. "

Even if given by a friend and a student, this characteristic agrees with everything that can be learned about Schmiedeberg after about a hundred years. She agrees with Albert Schweitzer's words about the "revered" Schmiedeberg. Schmiedeberg's ability to be friends can be documented: After Friedrich Miescher's death, he published his scientific papers.

Bust of Schmiedeberg in the lecture hall of the Otto Krayer House of the University of Freiburg im Breisgau

Honors

In 1906 Oswald Schmiedeberg was unanimously made an honorary member of the Society of Doctors in Vienna .

The Festschrift and the bust have been preserved in the Pharmacological Institute of the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg , today in the Otto Krayer House in Freiburg. The renaming of the Archive for Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology in 1925 - when both died - in Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archive for Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology has been preserved .

The German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology has been awarding the Schmiedeberg plaque as its highest honor since 1956 .

Web links

Commons : Oswald Schmiedeberg  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c B. Naunyn: Oswald Schmiedeberg † . In: Archives for Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology 1921; 90: I-VII
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Hans H. Meyer: Schmiedebergs work . In: Archives for Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology 1922; 92: I-XVII
  3. ^ A b E. Muscholl: The evolution of experimental pharmacology as a biological science: the pioneering work of Buchheim and Schmiedeberg . In: British Journal of Pharmacology 1995; 116: 2155-2159
  4. ↑ a b K. Starke: A history of Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 1998; 358: 1-109
  5. ^ Jacques Héran: Histoire de la médecine à Strasbourg . Strasbourg, La Nouée Bleue 1997. ISBN 2-7165-0219-6
  6. ↑ Albert Schweitzer: From my life and thinking . Frankfurt, Fischer library 1954
  7. ↑ Arthur R. Cushney: The action and uses in medicine of Digitalis and its allies . London, Longmans Green 1925
  8. ↑ A. Fraenkel: Strophanthin Therapy . Berlin, Julius Springer 1933
  9. ^ Günther Stille: The way of medicine . Karlsruhe, G. Braun 1994. ISBN 3-7650-1717-5
  10. ↑ Oswald Schmiedeberg and Richard Koppe: The muscarin, the poisonous alkaloid of the fly agaric (Agaricus muscarius L.), its presentation, chemical properties, physiological effects, toxicological significance and its relation to mushroom poisoning in general . Leipzig, published by FCW Vogel 1869
  11. ↑ O. Schmiedeberg: Investigation of some poisonous effects on the frog heart . In: Reports on the negotiations of the Royal Saxon Society of Sciences in Leipzig, Mathematical-Physical Class 1870; 22: 130-141
  12. ↑ O. Schmiedeberg: About the pharmacological effects and therapeutic use of some carbamic acid esters . In: Archives for Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology 1886; 20: 203-216
  13. ↑ G. Bunge and O. Schmiedeberg: About the formation of hippuric acid . In: Archives for Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology 1877; 6: 233-255
  14. ^ O. Schmiedeberg and Hans Meyer: About metabolic products after camphor feeding . In: Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie 1879; 3: 422-450
  15. ↑ Outline of pharmacology in relation to drug theory and toxicology . 5th edition Vogel, Leipzig 1906 ( digitized version )
  16. ↑ Medicines and luxury foods . Leipzig 1912 ( digitized version )
  17. ↑ B. Holmstedt and G. Liljestrand: Readings in Pharmacology . New York, MacMillan 1963
  18. ↑ Dietrich Henschler : On the development of pharmacology and toxicology. In: Peter Baumgart (Ed.): Four hundred years of the University of Würzburg. A commemorative publication. Degener & Co. (Gerhard Gessner), Neustadt an der Aisch 1982 (= sources and contributions to the history of the University of Würzburg. Volume 6), ISBN 3-7686-9062-8 , pp. 1030-1047; here: p. 1037.
  19. ^ Jan Koch-Weser and Paul J. Schechter: Schmiedeberg in Strasbourg 1872-1918: the making of modern pharmacology . In: Life Sciences 1978; 22: 1361-1372
  20. ↑ About the pharmaceuticals in the Iliad and Odyssey . - Strasbourg: Trübner, 1918. Digitized edition of the University and State Library of Düsseldorf
  21. ^ O. Schmiedeberg: About the pharmaceuticals in the Iliad and Odyssey . In: Writings of the Scientific Society in Strasbourg 1918; No. 36
  22. ↑ O. Schmiedeberg: Physiological-chemical studies on salmon milk. From Dr. F. Miescher. Edited and edited according to the author's notes and test protocols . In: Archives for Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology 1896; 37: 100-155
  23. ↑ Staff news . In:  Neue Freie Presse , April 5, 1906, p. 7 (online at ANNO ).Template: ANNO / Maintenance / nfp
personal data
SURNAME Schmiedeberg, Oswald
SHORT DESCRIPTION German pharmacologist of Baltic origin
DATE OF BIRTH October 11, 1838
PLACE OF BIRTH Talsi , Courland
DATE OF DEATH July 12, 1921
PLACE OF DEATH Baden-Baden