German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology
| German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (DGPT) |
|
|---|---|
| founding | September 24, 1920 |
| Seat | Mainz |
| main emphasis | Promotion of pharmacology and toxicology in research, teaching and practical application |
| Chair | Lutz Hein |
| Members | 2500 |
| Website | dgpt-online.de |
The German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology e. V. (DGPT) is an "association" of three specialist societies , namely the German Society for Pharmacology (DGP) , the German Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy e. V. (DGKliPha) and the Society for Toxicology (GT) . The aim of the DGPT is to represent pharmacology , clinical pharmacology and toxicology internally and externally, to promote it in research and teaching and to make it useful for the health sector . If the three sub-companies are responsible for their specific aspects, the parent company is responsible for common tasks. Presidents of the DGPT are alternately the chairmen of the three individual companies for one year.
The DGPT is a non-profit association based in Mainz. Today (2010) it has around 2500 members.
history
Until 1920: forerunner
The world's oldest pharmacological journal, the Archive for Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology , today Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology , first appeared in 1873. At that time there was no association of pharmacologists.
The first pharmacologists' association was founded in 1900 on the occasion of the congress of the German Society for Internal Medicine in Wiesbaden . After it was founded in Wiesbaden, it met three more times, the last time in 1907. Later news is missing.
The world's first pharmacological society was founded in 1908: the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics .
The plan of an international society was pursued, for example, by John Jacob Abel from the USA, Arthur Robertson Cushny and Henry Hallett Dale from Great Britain and Walther Straub from Germany, but prevented by the First World War.
1920 to 1932: foundation
Today's DGPT was finally founded as the German Pharmacological Society on September 24, 1920 at the 86th meeting of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors in Bad Nauheim . Founding and first board members were Alexander Ellinger (1870–1923) from Frankfurt am Main, Rudolf Gottlieb (1864–1924) from Heidelberg, Arthur Heffter (1859–1925) from Berlin, and Hans Horst Meyer (1853–1939) from Vienna , Josef Schüller (1888–1968) from Freiburg im Breisgau and Walther Straub (1874–1944) also from Freiburg im Breisgau. After the US, the German is the second oldest national pharmacological society. It always had non-German members, both from German-speaking and non-German-speaking countries, according to the first list from 1924 among a total of 142 members 41 from outside Germany. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archive is today the society's scientific organ, where, among other things, its congress reports appear. The seat was initially Berlin-Charlottenburg.
1932 to 1945: During National Socialism
In 1932 the board of directors of the German Pharmacological Society included Otto Loewi (1873–1961) from Graz (chairman), Ferdinand Flury (1877–1947) from Würzburg (deputy), Werner Lipschitz (1892–1948) from Frankfurt am Main (managing director), Oskar Gros (1877–1947) from Heidelberg, Wolfgang Heubner (1877–1957) from Berlin (until autumn 1932), Poul Edvard Poulsson (1858–1935) from Oslo and Otto Riesser (1882–1949) from Breslau (from autumn 1932) Heubner).
On March 31, 1933, the Berlin pharmacologist and opponent of National Socialism, Wolfgang Heubner, noted in his diary: “Faculty meeting on the basis of an oral discussion of a faculty commission in the Ministry of Culture ...: it is 'recommended' / ordered to terminate all Jewish employees, other Jewish employees Institute inmates to 'take leave'. ”On April 7, 1933, the law to restore the civil service was enacted. The board members Lipschitz, Loewi and Riesser were of Jewish origin.
The board of directors met on October 1, 1933, expanded to include Heubner and the Freiburg pharmacologist Sigurd Janssen (1891–1968). The minutes noted: “In a very detailed discussion, Heubner pointed out that the ministry insisted on changing the board of directors and, if this were rejected, would dissolve the company. Mr. Riesser states that the majority of those present consider the departure of non-Aryan board members to be inevitable. He proposes the following wording: “Under today's conditions, the Pharmacological Society is not in a position to form its board of directors according to the previous statutes. Until a new statute is drawn up, it therefore transfers the responsibility for management to Prof. Dr. Heubner. ' The version was adopted unanimously. ”Accordingly, the entire board resigned, and Heubner and Janssen took over the provisional management. At the next general meeting on September 17, 1934 in Göttingen, the synchronization took place . The protocol notes:
“Then the chairman (Janssen) proposes the amendments to the statutes, which have been imposed on all other German scientific societies and which consist of four points:
1. The executive committee requires the confirmation of the Reich Minister of the Interior (§ 7a).
2. The Reich Minister of the Interior can recall board members at any time (§ 7b).
3. The Reich Minister of the Interior has the right to suspend or revoke resolutions of the board of directors of the society (§ 7c).
4. Changes to the statutes are subject to the approval of the Reich Minister of the Interior (§ 14a). "
All changes were inserted as new paragraphs without changing the text. The new board members were Sigurd Janssen (Chairman), Walther Straub (Deputy), Behrend Behrens (1895–1969) from Berlin (Managing Director), Max Baur (1893–1936) from Marburg, Felix Haffner (1886–1953) from Tübingen and Karl Zipf (1895–1990) from Königsberg was elected.
From April 24 to 28, 1938, the last meeting of the Society before the Second World War took place in Berlin. The Anschluss of Austria took place in March . Otto Loewi was arrested in Graz on the night of March 11th to 12th, only to be released two months later after he had transferred his Nobel Prize money from Sweden to a National Socialist-controlled bank.
During his opening speech on April 25, the chairman, Ferdinand Flury, spoke about the Lingua Tertii Imperii . The following speech by the Berlin host Heubner was in dramatic contrast. He started and ended with aspects of his field, pharmacology. In between, however, he added a plea for humanity, understanding, the rational, insight, wisdom, honesty, conscience - all values that were diametrically opposed to the National Socialist anti-rational worldview. Hardly veiled, he remembered Otto Loewi by saying: "This is how many souls are touched when misfortune falls on an outstanding discoverer of far-reaching relationships."
Excerpts from the two speeches are being discussed for this article.
Behrend Behrens (chairman), Walther Straub (deputy), Hermann Druckrey (1904–1994) from Berlin (managing director), Ferdinand Flury, Ludwig Lendle (1899–1969) from Göttingen and Karl Zipf were elected as the new board of directors .
Conferences planned for 1939 in Cologne, 1940 in Heidelberg, 1942 in Würzburg and 1943 in Bad Nauheim prevented the war and a government ban.
The Würzburg pharmacologist Ullrich Trendelenburg has published short biographies in his book Persecuted German-speaking Pharmacologists 1933-1945 , edited in the 2nd edition by the Mainz pharmacologist Konradöffelholz, 69 - in the 2nd edition 71 - short biographies. The biographies show that the German Pharmacological Society continued to keep the persecuted as members as long as it knew their addresses. For some people, the addresses reveal their fate, namely emigration or at least dismissal, for example Otto Krayer (1899–1982), who worked in Berlin in 1932, in Beirut in 1936, in Boston in 1938, with Paul Pulewka (1896–1989), who worked in Tübingen in 1932, in Ankara in 1936 and 1938, and with Otto Riesser, who held a chair in Breslau in 1932 and 1936, but was dismissed in 1938 and lived in Oberursel.
1947–1990: In two German states
The first conference after the war took place from August 22nd to 24th, 1947 in Hamburg. The chairman of the society, Behrens, in office since 1938, longer than actually possible according to the statutes, welcomed Otto Riesser in particular and asked him to take over the honorary chairmanship of the conference. Riesser said: “By thanking you most sincerely for the great honor you are doing me by transferring the honorary chairmanship, I would like to accept it at the same time on behalf of all those who, driven away by a fanatical political leadership, had to flee abroad; But above all, in memory of those of our colleagues who were robbed of their lives. ... It is a matter of course for us to remember you with warm and friendly sympathy. But I would also like to greet some others who, in the wake of the political upheavals after Germany's defeat, are still being kept away from their scientific professions and whom we wish to rehabilitate and return to scientific work. "
Otto Riesser from Frankfurt am Main (chairman), Hellmut Weese (1897–1954) from Düsseldorf (deputy and managing director), August Wilhelm Forst (1890–1981) from Munich, Ernst Frey (1878–1960) from Göttingen were on the first post-war board , Fritz Külz (1887–1949) from Frankfurt am Main and Josef Schüller (1888–1968) from Cologne.
At the next meeting, from September 10 to 13, 1948 in Düsseldorf, the host Weese was able to announce the resumption of international relations: Henry Hallett Dale , a member of the society since 1932, had accepted honorary membership.
At the same time, these first meetings paved the way for what would determine the next few years: Just as the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic parted, so did the West German and East German pharmacologists. In Hamburg the plan was developed to replace the previous German Pharmacological Society based in Berlin with a new one based in Düsseldorf, official name Deutsche Pharmakologische Gesellschaft, registered office Düsseldorf, e. V. It should take over the tasks of the previous society "as long as it is not in a position to carry out an association activity with its members spread all over Germany and abroad". In fact, the new company was approved and registered by the Düsseldorf District Court on July 29, 1949.
The parallel to the politics of the two German states continued. Just as the Federal Republic claimed sole representation , the West German pharmacologists began to see the Düsseldorf Society as an all-German society and a fully valid successor to the Berlin Society. This was due to the fact that from the beginning the number of West German members far exceeded the number of East German members; of the 190 members in 1948, 44 lived outside Germany and 130 in the three western zones of occupation , but only 16 in the Soviet zone of occupation. Entries from the German Democratic Republic were practically impossible; on the contrary, the members living there resigned from the Düsseldorf society with few exceptions due to state pressure. After all, the Greifswald pharmacologist Paul Wels (1890–1963) was elected chairman for 1953 to 1954 .
In 1959 a working group of pharmacologists from industry and universities was founded in the German Democratic Republic , renamed in 1967 to Pharmacological Society of the GDR and in 1973 to Society for Pharmacology and Toxicology of the GDR .
Visits to western conferences by East Germans and vice versa became more and more difficult, so that the chairman of the Düsseldorf Society Hans Herken (1912-2003) from Berlin in 1962 to open the 27th conference of the Society in Vienna, to which the Viennese pharmacologist Franz Theodor von Brücke (1908 - 1970), had to say: "Unfortunately, our hope has not been fulfilled that the invitation of our colleague von Brücke would give us the opportunity to shake hands with the pharmacologists from the east of our fatherland when they meet again after a long time, which we Berliners are denied even within the city. We send our warmest greetings to those who have separated from us. ”From 1978 there was an agreement that annually enabled three pharmacologists from the German Democratic Republic to take part in congresses in the Federal Republic - and vice versa.
So the two companies worked in parallel. In 1986 the Society for Pharmacology and Toxicology of the GDR had 324 members, in 1988 the German Pharmacological Society, based in Düsseldorf, e. V. 1600 members.
1990–2010: Since German reunification
German reunification began in 1989 and was formally completed on October 3, 1990 with the accession of the German Democratic Republic to the Federal Republic of Germany.
The two pharmacological societies reacted quickly. At the last meeting of the East German Society, from March 21 to 23, 1990 in Erfurt, and at the 31st spring meeting of the West German Society, from March 13 to 16, 1990 in Mainz, they discussed what should happen. From September to November the members of the East German Society voted in a postal vote for their society to join the West German society as a whole - in toto. The West German Society pointed out, however, that according to its statutes, only individuals could be accepted. Therefore every member of the East German society was written to and asked for a statement. 170 members decided in favor of the application for membership, 19 against, and around 160 did not answer. The list of 170 applications for membership was revised, presented to the general assembly of the West German Society chaired by Helmut Greim (* 1935) on March 14, 1991 in Mainz and largely accepted. A reunification commission advised on 8 deferred applications and decided the next general meeting on March 11, 1992 in Mainz.
Wolfgang Klinger (* 1933), the last chairman of the Society for Pharmacology and Toxicology of the GDR, elected in a postal vote in May 1990, and Dieter Müller (* 1942), the simultaneously elected managing director, both from Jena, in their report on the merger : “With the Mainz general meeting on March 14, 1991, a decade-long separation of the German pharmacologists finally came to an end. The spring conference in 1991 was the long-awaited opportunity for many young pharmacologists from the five new federal states and Berlin to introduce themselves as scientists with their own scientific contribution and to get to know the research landscape and its representatives in reunified Germany. "
In the 1980s, the efforts of toxicologists and clinical pharmacologists grew to form their own specialist societies or at least to gain a clearer weight within the German Pharmacological Society. Sections for toxicology, clinical pharmacology and experimental pharmacology were created. In 1986 the society became the German Society for Pharmacology and Toxicology and in 1993 the German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology. V. (abbreviation DGPT) renamed. The development resulted from 2007 to 2008 in the current structure of an association of three sub-companies. The company has been based in Mainz since 1990.
- The logos of the parent company and the three sub-companies
The chairmen (since 1997 presidents)
The first table shows the chairpersons of the German Pharmacological Society based in Berlin-Charlottenburg until 1947, and the chairpersons or presidents of the German Pharmacological Society, based in Düsseldorf, from 1947 to 2006 . V. and the successor resulting from this by naming toxicology and clinical pharmacology, the presidents of the umbrella company for 2007 to 2010.
The second table shows the chairpersons of the working group of pharmacologists of industry and universities of the German Democratic Republic and their renamed successors.
| Years | Chairman | Workplace |
|---|---|---|
| 1959-1964 | Fritz Hauschild | University of Leipzig |
| 1964-1968 | Hansjürgen Matthies | Medical Academy Magdeburg |
| 1969-1973 | Fritz Markwardt | Medical Academy Erfurt |
| 1973-1975 | Horst Ankermann | Academy for Medical Training Berlin |
| 1975-1988 | Wolfgang Oelßner | Humboldt University of Berlin |
| 1978-1982 | Wolfgang Klinger | University of Jena |
| 1983-1987 | Hans-Georg Hüller | Humboldt University of Berlin |
| 1987-1990 | Tillmann Ott | Humboldt University of Berlin |
| 1990 | Wolfgang Klinger | University of Jena |
Congresses
The organization of scientific conferences has always been one of the tasks of society. After the founding meeting in Bad Nauheim in 1920, the next - in the number of the Society, the second - took place in September 1921 in Freiburg im Breisgau. Otto Loewi spoke about the discovery that would bring him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1936 . Heubner noted in his diary: “30.9. Second day of the meeting, ... very important lecture by Loewi (humoral cardiac nerve effect). "
Further conferences followed more or less annually - interrupted by the Second World War - until the increase in the number of lectures and a predominance of the main presentations by established scientists forced additional conferences. A meeting in Mainz in April 1960 opened the series of "Mainz Spring Meetings". At the tenth, the Graz pharmacologist Fred Lembeck (* 1922) recalled: “When celebrations and keynote speeches overshadowed the individual lectures at the 25th annual meeting of our society (1959 in Basel), our 'angry young colleague' Mr Kuschinsky decided to give one to invite a simple working conference to Mainz. From the first spring conference onwards, these conferences in the hospitable city of Mainz were a complete success. Here we spoke frankly and eagerly talked - in this familiar auditorium - in the 'Haus des Deutschen Weines' and in the 'Rebstock'. ”In 2010 the regular series of the Mainz spring conferences reached the number 51. At the same time, those with the Bad Nauheimers took place irregularly Annual meetings, now mostly called “autumn meetings”, took place. In addition, there were seven “winter conferences” in Hanover from 1989 to 1998.
From the end of the Second World War to 1990, these were meetings of the West German, Düsseldorfer Gesellschaft (see above), while the Society for Pharmacology and Toxicology of the GDR organized 28 of its own from 1959 to 1990.
The year 2010 brought a new beginning. It was decided to end the “Mainz Spring Conference” on the 51st, 2010, and to allow “Annual Conferences” to take place at different locations in the future. To quantify the number, it was decided to add the meetings from the first, 1920 in Bad Nauheim, to the 25th, 1959 in Basel, and the Mainz spring meetings from the first, 1960, to the 51st, 2010, i.e. 25 + 51 = 76, and the next annual conference, in spring 2011 in Frankfurt am Main, as “77. Annual Meeting of the DGPT ”.
The unity and diversity of the subject
Substances - pure chemical substances or mixtures of substances, for example in plant extracts - interact with living beings according to the same mechanisms or natural laws, regardless of whether the substances are beneficial or harmful to the living being. This is what constitutes the unity of pharmacology. In practice, however, it is important to distinguish between medicinal effects and harmful effects.
The unity and diversity can be seen historically in the textbook of one of the fathers of pharmacology, namely Oswald Schmiedebergs (1838-1921). In the 1st edition, 1883, he called the book Grundriss der Arzneimittelhrehre , in the later editions Grundriss der Pharmakologie in relation to pharmacology and toxicology - Schmiedeberg tried with the reformulation to reconcile the unity of pharmacology and the practical division into pharmacology and toxicology.
Today's textbooks see it similarly, for example (bold type of the original):
“ Pharmacology is the science of the interactions between substances and living things. ... Pharmacology initially considers the interaction of substances and living beings to be value-neutral , i.e. regardless of whether the interaction is useful, insignificant or harmful for the living being, usually humans. ... In a second step, however, you can evaluate and then differentiate between medicinal effects and harmful effects as well as between medicinal substances and poisons . ... Clinical pharmacology is concerned with the use of drugs in humans . ... It helps to choose the right drug in the right dose for an individual patient. Toxicology deals with the harmful effects of substances and their practical consequences . ... According to the definition of pharmacology, toxicology and clinical pharmacology are parts of pharmacology. They are essential parts. In them, pharmacology gains direct relevance for human life. "
The new structure of the DGPT tries to realize unity in diversity.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Website of the company: http://www.dgpt-online.de/
- ^ A b c E. Muscholl: Founding history and the first 25 years of the German Pharmacological Society. in: DGPT Mitteilungen 1995; No. 16, pp. 29-33
- ↑ a b Klaus Starke : A history of Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology . In: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 1998; 358: 1-109
- ↑ Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archive for Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology 1935; Volume 181, p. 15
- ↑ K.öffelholz and U. Trendelenburg: Persecuted German-speaking pharmacologists 1933–1945. 2nd Edition. Frechen, Dr. Schrör Verlag 2008. ISBN 3-9806004-8-3
- ↑ Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archive for Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology 1949; Volume 208, p. 3
- ↑ Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archive for Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology 1949; Volume 208, Business of the Düsseldorf Conference p. 6
- ^ A b F. Markwardt: On the development of the society for pharmacology and toxicology of the GDR. In: DGPT Mitteilungen 1995; No. 16, pp. 35-37.
- ↑ Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archive for Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology 1963; Volume 245, p. 1
- ↑ a b c W. Klinger and D. Müller: The Association of the Society for Pharmacology and Toxicology of the GDR (GPT-GDR, after October 2, 1990 GPT) with the German Society for Pharmacology and Toxicology (DGPT) 1990/91. In: DGPT Mitteilungen 1995; No. 16, pp. 37-38
- ^ DGPT communications 1991; No. 8, pp. 3-9
- ↑ Loewi (Graz): About humoral transferability of the cardiac nerve effect. In: Archives for Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology 1922; 22: page XXIV
- ^ E. Muscholl: The early years of the DGPT, scientific highlights at conferences and classic works of its members. In: DGPT Mitteilungen 1995; No. 17, pp. 3-10
- ^ Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archiv für Pharmakologie 1969; 264, p. 187
- ^ The most complete list (up to 1997) in Klaus Starke: A history of Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology . In: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 1998; 358: 1-109, here S: 94-95
- ↑ WD Wiezorek: meetings of the Society for Pharmacology and Toxicology of the German Democratic Republic (1959-1990). In: DGPT Mitteilungen 1994; No. 14: pp. 23-24
- ↑ K. Starke: Basic Concepts. In: K. Aktories, F. Hofmann, U. Förstermann and K. Starke: General and special pharmacology and toxicology. 10th edition. Munich, Urban & Fischer 2009, page 3. ISBN 978-3-437-42522-6