Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg

Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg
motto	Veritati - "Committed to the Truth"
founding	1402 (first establishment) 1582 (re-establishment)
place	Wurzburg
state	Bavaria
country	Germany
president	Alfred Forchel
Students	28,277 (WS 2019/20)
Employee	4410 (university only)
Annual budget	EUR 486.6 million (excluding the university clinic, 2018) EUR 146 million third-party funding (including the clinic, 2019)
Networks	CG , DFH , German U15
Website	www.uni-wuerzburg.de

The New University on Sanderring, the main building of the University of Würzburg built in 1896

Panorama view of the university library on Hubland

The Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg ( University of Würzburg or JMU for short ), Latin Universitas Herbipolensis (also Alma Julia Maximilianea ), is one of the oldest German universities. In 1402, Pope Boniface IX. the Würzburg Bishop Johann von Egloffstein the privilege of founding a university in Würzburg . The establishment of the University of Würzburg was the fourth in what is now Germany and is the oldest university establishment in Bavaria . However, the foundation did not last for the time being. On January 2nd, 1582, the university was reopened by Prince-Bishop Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn . "Julius" in the name Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, which has existed since 1814, goes back to him. The second part comes from the Bavarian Elector and later King Maximilian I Joseph . The Bavarian full university is a member of the Coimbra Group . A total of 14 Nobel Prize winners have researched and taught at the University of Würzburg - at least temporarily. The JMU also produced 11 Leibniz Prize winners . The Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg is among the 15 best German universities and the 200 best worldwide. The university enjoys an excellent reputation, especially in subjects such as psychology , biology , chemistry , computer science , medicine , pharmacy and physics .

Number of students

In the 2018/2019 winter semester , 28,375 students were enrolled, 16,278 of them women and 4,291 new students in the first semester .

courses

At the full university , courses such as theology, law, philosophy and medicine can be studied. Many new courses have been added to this “classic” offer, including biomedicine, functional materials, games engineering, aerospace informatics, media communication, human-computer systems, modern China, museology and nanostructure technology. With around 5,800 teacher training students (winter semester 2018/19), Würzburg is the largest location for teacher training in Northern Bavaria. Since 2018, the state of Bavaria has been funding, among other things, the establishment of two elite courses -  Translational Medicine and Translational Neuroscience .

Faculties

When it was re-established in 1582, there were initially the faculties of theology and philosophy , which were soon followed by the faculties of law and medicine . In the further development, a mathematical and natural science faculty (emerged from the philosophy faculty) was added in 1937 and an economics faculty in 1968. Education followed in 1972 as the seventh faculty. During the university reform in 1974, the structure was completely changed; 13 faculties were created before education was dissolved in 1977 and assigned to other faculties.

For the 2007/08 winter semester, the faculties were partially reorganized: The Faculty of Geosciences was dissolved and the Institute of Geography was assigned to the new Philosophical Faculty I, which arose from the merger of the previous Philosophical Faculties I and II. The previous Philosophical Faculty III became the Philosophical Faculty II. In 2014, it was renamed the Faculty of Human Sciences in the form of a new foundation. The Philosophical Faculty I is now only the Philosophical Faculty and combines the historical, philological, cultural and geographical sciences.

The university currently has ten faculties. They can be assigned to the areas of humanities, law and economics, life sciences, natural sciences and technology.

1. Catholic Theological Faculty
2. Faculty of Law (with Institute for Notary Law at the University of Würzburg)
3. Medical school
4. Philosophical Faculty (historical, philological, cultural and geographical sciences)
5. Faculty of Human Sciences
6. Faculty of Biology
7. Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
8. Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science
9. Faculty of Physics and Astronomy
10. Faculty of Business and Economics

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  Portal of the new church with the coat of arms of the bishops Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn and Philipp Adolf von Ehrenberg

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  Inner courtyard of the Old University, Neubaustraße / Schönthalstraße / Domerschulstraße with the new church

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  Neo-Baroque university building on Wittelsbacherplatz (formerly school teacher seminar and later pedagogical university)

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  New "Biozentrum" building on Hubland

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  Sports center at Hubland

history

First foundation in 1402

The university was founded as the "High School of Würzburg" on an initiative launched in 1401 by Prince Bishop Johann von Egloffstein . He wanted to turn the "Gymnasium herbipolense" into a university with four faculties and hoped that this would cover the need for qualified lawyers and clergy in his domain as well as a boom in the urban economy through the influx of teaching staff and students. He bought the buildings necessary for teaching from members of his cathedral chapter .

On December 10, 1402 he received the necessary privilege from Pope Boniface IX. Würzburg joined the group of cities with the oldest universities in what was then German-speaking countries - Prague (1348), Vienna (1365), Heidelberg (1386), Cologne (1388) and Erfurt (1392). In this respect, Würzburg is also the oldest university in Bavaria . The teachers at the university included Winand von Steeg , Johannes Ambundi and Bartholomäus Fröwein .

However, teaching was suspended shortly after the death of Prince Bishop Egloffstein, before 1430. The reason for the decline was primarily the lack of funding, as it was not possible to establish a foundation with its own benefices . On November 30, 1413, the rector of the university, Johann Zantfurt , was murdered by his valet; the circumstances were never cleared up. The university building was later bought by Lorenz Fries . In 1427 the "High School" had not yet been closed and was mentioned for the last time in a document, but had now become meaningless. Friedrich von Wirsberg , who reigned as Prince-Bishop from 1558, first expressed his thoughts on rebuilding the university . Due to problems with the clergy and administration, however, he was unable to realize his plans in this regard.

From the re-establishment in 1582 to 1945

Old University of Würzburg, "Collegium of the University of Würzburg" with university church. Engraving by Johann Leypolt, 1591

Inner courtyard of the old university with the ground floor arcades, in the background the university church

Tower of the Neubaukirche, the former church of the Julius Maximilians University. Today the building is used as a ballroom and auditorium.

University seal

After teaching in some subjects was resumed in 1551 and the first doctorates had already taken place in 1567, the Würzburg prince-bishop Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn received the imperial and 1576 the papal privileges to re-establish the university in the course of the Counter-Reformation (see also Erasmus Neustetter called Stürmer ) . This time, however, the funding was more secure and the regulations for students were stricter. In January 1582, deans were appointed for the faculties of the new university. The university seal was not created until the following year, which is why the year 1583 can be seen there. After the university was (re) opened on January 2, 1582, only the theological and philosophical faculties were initially opened for cost reasons. The statutes for the medical faculty followed in 1587 and the lecturers were fully available in 1593 (the first medical student there, Georg Leyerer from Ebersbrunn, was matriculated on October 2nd, 1585).

In 1591 the four-winged university building commissioned by Julius Echter was completed with the associated church (new church) , today called the Old University . Theologians, lawyers and humanities scholars were housed there. The medical faculty found its home in the Juliusspital . The architect of the building with the new church integrated into a corner was almost certainly Georg Robin .

The university was initially only open to students of the Catholic denomination. With the new study regulations issued by Prince-Bishop Friedrich Karl von Schönborn in 1734, the university also opened up to non-Catholics. Adam Friedrich von Seinsheim hired supporters of the Enlightenment for the Theological Faculty from 1773, the year the Würzburg Jesuit College was dissolved, and laid the foundation for the further reorientation of theology (previously determined by Jesuits) under his successor Franz Ludwig von Erthal and the Enlightenment theologians now increasingly working in Würzburg. However, the establishment only lost its ecclesiastical-Catholic character in the early 19th century, after Würzburg came under Bavarian rule.

The more modern development of the medical disciplines began in the 18th century with the establishment of the medical clinic (1767 with the "internist" and chemist Franz Heinrich Meinolf Wilhelm as the first director of the clinic in the Juliusspital ) and the surgical university clinic built in 1769 (under Carl Caspar von Siebold ). In 1796, the doctor and court medic Anton Müller (1755-1827) began his work at the Würzburg Juliusspital, where he became the hospital's first psychiatrist to publish on his subject, although he never belonged to the university. It was Franz Heinrich Meinolf Wilhelm, who as a professor held lectures in German for the first time from 1785, who was the first to demonstrate experimental chemistry at the University of Würzburg.

Scientific dentistry began in Würzburg with Carl Joseph Ringelmann and his appointment as professor in 1807.

In 1822 the university was given a political science faculty.

The Welzhaus in Klinikstraße 6. The former gynecological clinic and later medical polyclinic in Klinikstraße 8 and the connecting corridor have already been demolished here.

From 1850 the university grew very rapidly. Numerous new buildings were built: for medicine in the vicinity of the Juliusspital and the Pleicherwall, for the natural sciences at today's Röntgenring and in Koellikerstraße, for dentistry at the Pleichertor (demolished in 1879) and for the mental hospital on Schalksberg. Basic medical subjects were taught and researched in the Kollegienhaus, which was completed in 1853 and was Germany's first modern “bio center”. The first full professor for ophthalmology, appointed by the Bavarian king, was Robert Ritter von Welz , a student of Albrecht von Graefe , in 1866 . In 1857 the doctor, who has been teaching ophthalmology and dentistry in Würzburg since 1850, had a private eye clinic in the former birthing center, founded in 1805 as the first maternity clinic in Würzburg and a training center for midwives and obstetricians ( moved to a new building in Klinikstrasse 8 in 1857 under Friedrich Wilhelm Scanzoni von Lichtenfels , from 1938 onwards which is connected to a corridor on the first floor with the Welzhaus medical clinic), of Adam Elias of Siebold in the Klinikstraße 6 as Würzburg first eye clinic opened (and) acquired January 4, 1858 which then by donation of welzschen Marie Foundation for poor eye diseases in accordance with Welz's will in 1878 became the first Würzburg University Eye Clinic. As assistant to the surgeon Cajetan von Textor, Robert von Welz was also one of the pioneers of ether anesthesia in the German-speaking world, for which he developed an inhalation device and, after trying out himself and others in the winter of 1846/47, wrote the first publication on modern anesthesiology in Würzburg.

The old eye clinic at Röntgenring with the portrait of Robert von Welz

A new eye clinic was opened at Röntgenring 12 in 1901, with a portrait of Welz carved over the portal. The Welzhaus in Klinikstrasse 6 was then attached to the gynecological clinic in Klinikstrasse 8, which existed there until 1934, and connected to it by a corridor on the first floor, which was destroyed in the Second World War and restored in 1974. The Welzhaus itself was rebuilt after the destruction on March 16, 1945 using the external facade in 1953/1954. The Mathematical Institute was housed there until 1974 before the building was attached to the Medical Polyclinic.

On December 20, 1857, the university was approved for a history seminar with Franz Xaver Wegele as chairman.

In the winter semester of 1876/77 the number of students at the Würzburg University exceeded the 1000 mark for the first time. In 1888 the university, whose medical faculty was one of the most important after Vienna and Prague from 1850 to 1880, got its own pharmaceutical institute .

A new main building was inaugurated on October 28, 1896 on Sanderring as the New University (construction began in 1892); it is still the seat of the university management today.

In October 1899 a woman was admitted to the Würzburg Medical Faculty for the first time. The first woman to do her habilitation at Würzburg University was the psychologist Maria Schorn in 1929.

The Nobel Prize awarded between 1901 and 1911 to five Würzburg researchers , whose appointment was mainly due to the mathematician Friedrich Prym (dean and rector), contributed to the achievement of international importance, especially to the Philosophical Faculty of the Würzburg University.

The medical faculty separated from the Juliusspital and in 1921 moved to the new Würzburg University Hospital on the outskirts of the city and was called the “Luitpold Hospital ”. The Luitpold State Hospital was ceremoniously handed over on November 2, 1921, and the various clinics were moved into over the course of a year. In the summer semester, the proportion of students enrolled in medicine was 60 percent.

Between 1933 and 1945, the University of Würzburg revoked 184 scientists from their doctoral degrees . Especially scholars of Jewish origin were degraded as a result. After processing these incidents in 2010, the university rehabilitated these people posthumously in a public ceremony at the end of May 2011.

In 1934, under its director Carl Joseph Gauß , the university gynecological clinic with the attached midwifery school moved from the Welzhaus in Klinikstrasse to the Grombühl district .

In the above-mentioned Welzhaus at Klinikstrasse 6, the Institute for Hereditary Science and Race Research was established in November 1938 and inaugurated in May 1939.

post war period

After the Second World War , the theological faculty began on October 1, 1945, the medical faculty (dean: Jürg Zutt) was officially reopened with the constituent faculty meeting on January 11, 1947, and lectures began again in the winter semester of 1946/47. On March 12, 1947, the ceremony for the reopening of the university took place.

According to a report by Rector Josef Martin (philologist), the military government had dismissed 123 of 150 professors who had worked before 1945 and only allowed 27 to teach at the university again.

In 1955, Julius Büdel created the former Institute for American Studies at the Geographical Institute, the department for African Studies, which dates back to 1923 . Mainly due to the results of Büdel's and Horst Mensching's research trips , Würzburg became an important center of geographical Africa research until the late 1970s.

On May 11, 1965, the university laid the foundation stone for the 111 hectare area on the Hubland , on a hill in the city of Würzburg, acquired by the Free State of Bavaria from the City of Würzburg for the purpose of its expansion in 1962, when over 6,000 students were already enrolled at Alma Julia East of Würzburg . Numerous new buildings were built there in the following years, including the chemistry center (from 1965 to 1972 the premises for organic chemistry, pharmacy and food chemistry, inorganic chemistry and a central building were built), the philosophy building, the university library, the bio center (1992), sports facilities (such as the new sports center on Mergentheimer Strasse, which was inaugurated in 1977), physics, mathematics and computer science, computer center, new cafeteria and student dormitories. In 2011, the central lecture hall and seminar building Z6 was put into operation on the Hubland campus for all faculties, as well as a new building for the natural sciences.

Starting from the existing surgical clinic led by Ernst Kern , new subjects, departments and clinics developed around 1970: under Hubert Frohmüller in 1970 the urological university clinic, under the extraordinary professor HJ Viereck in 1978 the department for special thoracic surgery, under extraordinary professor G. Viehweger in 1978 for Surgical X-ray Diagnostics and under Associate Professor D. Wiebecke in 1978 the Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology. In addition, the first Bavarian chair for anesthesiology was established in the Medical Faculty on June 16, 1969, headed by his full professor Karl-Heinz Weis (* 1927), who had been the anesthesiologist since 1966 under Kern's predecessor Wachsmuth , who in February coincided with Ernst Kern held his inaugural lecture, The original Chair for Hereditary Science and Race Research, which Gebsattel had taken over, was renamed the Chair for Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy in 1965 and was filled in 1968 by Dieter Wyss . In 1979 Holger Höhn was appointed to the Institute of Human Genetics that had emerged from this chair. In 1978 the Institute for X-ray Diagnostics was established in the Medical Clinic and Professor H. Braun.

In 1973 over 10,000 students were enrolled at the Würzburg University and the former conservatory became a music college . The University Library of Würzburg moved into its new building on Am Hubland in 1981 .

On January 31, 1983, a poisoned drink attack was perpetrated at the university. The drinks, which were mixed with thallium , were set up in front of a lecture hall and provided with a note, according to which it was the remains of a carnival party that would be donated to the new students. One medical student died as a result of the poisoning, eleven others had to be treated in hospital; one of them suffered permanent damage. The perpetrator could not be identified.

On April 12, 2011, the university opened its new North Campus, right next to the Hubland campus: an additional 39 hectare area offers space for the future development of the university. The North Campus used to be a US military base (Leighton Barracks). After the Americans withdrew in January 2009, the university had the opportunity to use part of the former barracks for itself. This conversion from military to civilian area, the so-called conversion, took place very quickly in Würzburg. The Mensateria was inaugurated in 2014 .

University and city

Today around 28,000 students are enrolled here at the university. In addition, there are more than 8,600 students at the Würzburg-Schweinfurt University of Applied Sciences, which was founded on August 1, 1971, and around 750 students at the University of Music. Statistically speaking, every fourth Würzburger is a student at the same time.

With a total of over 10,000 employees, the university and its clinic are among the largest employers in the region.

Due to the historical growth, the institutes and clinics of the Julius Maximilians University are spread over the entire city area. Facilities are located at the following locations, among others:

• Dallenberg (botany with botanical garden , pharmaceutical biology),
• Grombühl (medicine, university clinics ),
• At Hubland with Campus South and Campus North (on the area of ​​the former Leighton Barracks) ( university library, computer center, biocenter, German, English, Romance studies, history, art history, chemistry, pharmacy, food chemistry, physics, nanostructure laboratory, astronomy, geography, Geology, mineralogical museum, mathematics, computer science, parts of pedagogy, new sports center, robotics hall),
• Wittelsbacherplatz (sociology, political science, education, special education),
• New University at Sanderring ( economics , theology),
• Residency (Classical Philology, Egyptology, Oriental Studies, Philosophy, Ancient History, Prehistory and Early History, Classical Archeology),
• Domerschulstrasse: Old University (Jura) and Domerschulstrasse 13 building (Institute for Music Research),
• Downtown and Pleich (geology, palaeontology, center for infection research, dentistry),
• Röntgenring (until 1909 " Pleicher Ring "; anatomy, physiology, psychology, chemical technology of material synthesis),
• Versbacher Straße (pharmacology, toxicology, Rudolf Virchow Center, virology, medical radiation science).
• Judenbühlweg (sports center)
• Paradeplatz (including parts of the law and theological faculty)

Scientific institutions

• German Center for Heart Failure (DZHI)
• Institute for University Studies (IfH)
• Adolf Würth Center for the History of Psychology (EEZ)
• Mineralogical Museum Würzburg
• Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB)
• Martin von Wagner Museum
• Rudolf Virchow Center (RVZ)
• Theodor Boveri Institute for Biosciences
• Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (ZEMM)
• Center for Infection Research (ZINF)
• Center for Telematics (ZFT)
• Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI)
• Max Planck Research Group for Systems Immunology
• Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE)
• Interdisciplinary Biomaterials and Database Würzburg (ibdw)

Nobel Prize Winner

For research at the university

• 1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (Physics: X-rays ), Philosophical Faculty
• 1902 Emil Fischer (Chemistry: Glucose - synthesis ), Faculty of Philosophy
• 1907 Eduard Buchner (chemistry: cell-free fermentation ), Philosophical Faculty
• 1911 Wilhelm Wien (Physics: Thermal Radiation ), Philosophical Faculty (1900–1920)
• 1935 Hans Spemann (medicine or physiologist: experimental developmental physiology), Zoological Institute until 1908
• 1985 Klaus von Klitzing (Physics: Quantum Hall Effect ), until 1980 in Würzburg
• 1988 Hartmut Michel (Chemistry: Research into the reaction center of photosynthesis ), PhD in Biochemistry in 1977 in Würzburg
• 2008 Harald zur Hausen (medicine or physiology: cervical cancer caused by human papilloma viruses ), until 1972 virologist in Würzburg

At least partially active at the university

• 1903 Svante Arrhenius (chemistry)
• 1909 Ferdinand Braun (physics)
• 1914 Max von Laue (physics)
• 1919 Johannes Stark (physics: splitting of spectral lines ), 1920 to 1922 in Würzburg
• 1920 Walther Nernst (chemistry)
• 1930 Karl Landsteiner (medicine or physiology)

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  Lecture hall construction of the natural sciences

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  University library

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  Center for Operative Medicine

criticism

The university management carries out name sponsorship for its lecture halls; there is a “Sparkasse lecture hall”, a “ Brose lecture hall” and an AOK lecture hall. The student representatives criticized the fact that the university threatened to become dependent on its sponsors because the state was reluctant to renovate lecture halls.

Others

• In the tower of the Neubaukirche (auditorium of the university), which at 91 meters is the highest church tower in the city, there is one of four carillons in Bavaria. Public concerts (approx. 30 minutes) are played on it every Wednesday at 5:30 p.m. between Easter and Christmas.
• In March 2016, JMU was the first university in Bavaria to be awarded the “Bavaria barrier-free” seal. The award was given for the removal of structural barriers, especially in new buildings and for the establishment of the information center for people with disabilities and chronic illnesses (KIS), which took place in 2008.
• On January 7, 2019, the WueStudy University of Würzburg's online portal was launched after several unsuccessful attempts. It replaces the previous portal sb @ home and runs using the HISinOne software , developed by the Hochschul-Informations-System .

people

• List of well-known personalities from the Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg

See also

• List of student associations in Würzburg
• List of universities in Germany
• List of the rectors of the Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg

literature

• Peter Baumgart (ed.): Life pictures of important Würzburg professors. Degener, Neustadt an der Aisch 1995 (= sources and contributions to the history of the University of Würzburg. Volume 8), ISBN 3-7686-9137-3 .
• Peter Baumgart (Ed.): Four Hundred Years of the University of Würzburg - A Festschrift. Degener, Neustadt an der Aisch 1982 (= sources and contributions to the history of the University of Würzburg. Volume 6), ISBN 3-7686-9062-8 .
• August Lommel: The University of Würzburg. Your institutions, institutes and clinics. Düsseldorf 1927.
• Michaela Neubert : Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg has been Bavarian for two hundred years. Depicted on valuables from Würzburg collections. In: Once and Now - Yearbook of the Association for Corpsstudentische Geschichtsforschung eV Volume 59. Schmidt, Neustadt an der Aisch 2014, ISBN 978-3-87707-919-5 , pp. 131–203.
• Heike Nickel, Marcus Holtz: Between Reform and Crisis. From the Prince-Bishop to the Royal Bavarian University of Würzburg. In: Once and Now - Yearbook of the Association for Corpsstudentische Geschichtsforschung eV Volume 59. Schmidt, Neustadt an der Aisch 2014, ISBN 978-3-87707-919-5 , pp. 103–129.
• Peter A. Süß: Fundamentals of the Würzburg University History 1402–2002. A synopsis. Degener, Neustadt an der Aisch / Rothenburg ob der Tauber 2007 (= sources and contributions to the history of the University of Würzburg. Volume 10), ISBN 978-3-7686-9312-7 .
• Peter A. Suss: A short history of the Würzburg Julius Maximilians University. Ferdinand Schöningh, Würzburg 2002, ISBN 978-3-87717-707-5 .

Web links

Commons : Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Official website of the University of Würzburg
• Website of the Universitätsbund Würzburg eV
• Peter Baumgart: University of Würzburg (1402-1420 / 1582-1814) . In: Historisches Lexikon Bayerns , published on June 13, 2013

Individual evidence

1. ↑ https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/uniarchiv/universitaetsgeschichte/
2. ^ Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg: University management> President. Retrieved August 2, 2019 . 
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Facts and Figures. University of Würzburg, accessed on May 25, 2020 . 
4. ↑ Network. List of universities in the DFH network. In: www.dfh-ufa.org. Franco-German University, accessed on October 5, 2019 .  
5. ↑ Magdalena Frühinsfeld: Anton Müller. First insane doctor at the Juliusspital in Würzburg: life and work. A short outline of the history of psychiatry up to Anton Müller. Medical dissertation Würzburg 1991, pp. 9–80 ( Brief outline of the history of psychiatry ) and 81–96 ( History of psychiatry in Würzburg to Anton Müller ), pp. 85 f.
6. ^ History of the University of Würzburg. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; accessed on February 29, 2016 . 
7. ^ Nobel Prize Winners - University Archives. Retrieved September 24, 2018 . 
8. ^ Leibniz Prize Winners - University Archives. Retrieved September 24, 2018 . 
9. ↑ ARWU World University Rankings 2017 | Academic Ranking of World Universities 2017 | Top 500 universities | Shanghai Ranking - 2017. Accessed September 24, 2018 . 
10. ^ World University Rankings . In: Times Higher Education (THE) . August 18, 2017 ( timeshighereducation.com [accessed September 24, 2018]).
11. ↑ QS World University Rankings by Subject 2016 - Psychology . In: Top Universities . March 17, 2016 ( topuniversities.com [accessed September 24, 2018]).
12. ↑ Rankings - University of Würzburg. Retrieved September 24, 2018 . 
13. ↑ Andreas Beck oven: Science Minister Dr. Ludwig Spaenle announces funding for five new elite courses and six international junior research groups as part of the Bavarian Elite Network. Press release No. 261.Bavarian State Ministry for Education and Culture , July 6, 2017, accessed on June 3, 2018 . 
14. ^ Rainer Leng : The university was first founded in 1402. In: Blick. Special edition 2002, pp. 11–16. (PDF)
15. ^ Georg Sticker : History of the development of the medical faculty at the Alma Mater Julia. In: Max Buchner (Ed.): From the past of the University of Würzburg. Festschrift for the 350th anniversary of the university. Berlin 1932, pp. 383-799, here: p. 412.
16. ↑ ^{a b c d} Horst Brunner (Ed.): From the Großer Löwenhof to the University . Reichert, Wiesbaden 2002.
17. ↑ Ralf Vollmuth , Gundolf Keil : Persistence and progress: The Würzburg medicine in the mirror of the centuries. A contribution to the first founding of the University of Würzburg 600 years ago. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 22, 2003, pp. 7-20, here: pp. 8 f.
18. ^ Georg Sticker: History of the development of the medical faculty at the Alma Mater Julia. 1932, p. 449 f.
19. ^ Gundolf Keil : Juliusspital and University. Juliusspital Foundation, Würzburg 1994, p. 2.
20. ^ Georg Sticker : History of the development of the medical faculty at the Alma Mater Julia. In: Max Buchner (Ed.): From the past of the University of Würzburg. Festschrift for the 350th anniversary of the university. Berlin 1932, pp. 383-799, here: pp. 450 f. and 452 f.
21. ↑ Stefan Kummer : Architecture and fine arts from the beginnings of the Renaissance to the end of the Baroque. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes; Volume 2: From the Peasants' War in 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1814. Theiss, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8062-1477-8 , pp. 576–678 and 942–952, here: pp. 592–596.
22. ^ Anton Schindling : The Julius University in the Age of Enlightenment. In: Peter Baumgart (Ed.): Four hundred years of the University of Würzburg. A commemorative publication. Degener & Co. (Gerhard Gessner), Neustadt an der Aisch 1982 (= sources and contributions to the history of the University of Würzburg. Volume 6), ISBN 3-7686-9062-8 , pp. 77–127; here: p. 90 f. and 94 f.
23. ↑ Anton Schindling (1982), pp. 95-119.
24. ↑ See also Anton Schindling (1982), pp. 119–127.
25. ↑ Martin Sperling: The development of the medical subjects at the Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg. In: Peter Baumgart (Ed.): Four hundred years of the University of Würzburg. A commemorative publication. Degener & Co. (Gerhard Gessner), Neustadt an der Aisch 1982 (= sources and contributions to the history of the University of Würzburg. Volume 6), ISBN 3-7686-9062-8 , pp. 811–826, here: pp. 814 f . and 817.
26. ↑ Ernst Kern : Seeing - Thinking - Acting of a surgeon in the 20th century. ecomed, Landsberg am Lech 2000, ISBN 3-609-20149-5 , p. 243 f.
27. ↑ Magdalena Frühinsfeld: Anton Müller. First insane doctor at the Juliusspital in Würzburg: life and work. A short outline of the history of psychiatry up to Anton Müller. Medical dissertation Würzburg 1991.
28. ^ Klaus Koschel: The development and differentiation of the subject chemistry at the University of Würzburg. In: Peter Baumgart (Ed.): Four hundred years of the University of Würzburg. A commemorative publication. Degener & Co. (Gerhard Gessner), Neustadt an der Aisch 1982 (= sources and contributions to the history of the University of Würzburg. Volume 6), ISBN 3-7686-9062-8 , pp. 703–749; here: p. 708.
29. ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. Volume 2, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 1225-1247; here: p. 1226.
30. ^ Horst-Günter Wagner : The urban development of Würzburg 1814-2000. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. Volume 2, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , p. 1299, note 26.
31. ↑ uni-wuerzburg.de ( Memento of the original from April 29, 2013 on WebCite ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
32. ^ Werner E. Gerabek : Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen and his discovery of X-rays. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 13, 1995, pp. 87-96; here: p. 87.
33. ^ Karl-Heinrich Wulf : The University Women's Clinic and Midwifery School Würzburg (1932–1982). In: Peter Baumgart (Ed.): Four hundred years of the University of Würzburg. A commemorative publication. 1982, p. 921-926, here: p. 921.
34. ↑ Ute Felbor: Racial Biology and Hereditary Science in the Medical Faculty of the University of Würzburg 1937–1945. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1995, ISBN 3-88479-932-0 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Supplement 3.) - At the same time: Dissertation Würzburg 1995), pp. 13-23.
35. ^ Heinz Fischer: History of the eye clinic in Würzburg. Würzburg 1971, p. 12.
36. ↑ Thomas Sauer, Ralf Vollmuth : Letters from members of the Würzburg Medical Faculty in the estate of Anton Ruland. Sources on the history of medicine in the 19th century with short biographies. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 9, 1991, pp. 135-206, here: pp. 201 f.
37. ↑ Martin Sperling: The development of the medical subjects at the Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg. In: Peter Baumgart (Ed.): Four hundred years of the University of Würzburg. A commemorative publication. Degener & Co. (Gerhard Gessner), Neustadt an der Aisch 1982 (= sources and contributions to the history of the University of Würzburg. Volume 6), ISBN 3-7686-9062-8 , pp. 811–826, here: pp. 818 and 821.
38. ^ Herbert Baar: On the development of anesthesiology at the University of Würzburg. In: Peter Baumgart (1982), pp. 951-956; here: p. 951 f.
39. ↑ Robert Ritter von Welz: The inhalation of the ether vapors in their different modes of action, with images of their own apparatus. 1846.
40. ^ Georg Sticker : History of the development of the medical faculty at the Alma Mater Julia. In: Max Buchner (Ed.): From the past of the University of Würzburg. Festschrift for the 350th anniversary of the university. Berlin 1932, pp. 383-799; here: p. 691.
41. ↑ Martin Sperling (1982), p. 825 f.
42. ↑ Ute Felbor: Racial Biology and Hereditary Science in the Medical Faculty of the University of Würzburg 1937–1945 1995, pp. 19–23.
43. ^ Jürgen Petersohn : Franz Xaver Wegele and the founding of the Würzburg Historical Seminar (1857). With source supplements. In: Peter Baumgart (Ed.): Four hundred years of the University of Würzburg. A commemorative publication. Degener & Co. (Gerhard Gessner), Neustadt an der Aisch 1982 (= sources and contributions to the history of the University of Würzburg. Volume 6), ISBN 3-7686-9062-8 , p. 483–537, here: p. 500– 525 and 533-535.
44. ^ Heinz Otremba: Rudolf Virchow. Founder of cellular pathology. A documentation. Echter-Verlag, Würzburg 1991, p. 18 f.
45. ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. 2007, p. 1231 f.
46. ^ Robert Emmerich: Foray through the 110-year history of the New University. In: Tempora mutantur et nos? Festschrift for Walter M. Brod on his 95th birthday. With contributions from friends, companions and contemporaries. (= From Würzburg's city and university history. Volume 2). Edited by Andreas Mettenleiter , Akamedon. Pfaffenhofen 2007, ISBN 978-3-940072-01-6 , pp. 257-262.
47. ↑ Winfried Schenk, Rüdiger Glaser , Moritz Nestle: Würzburg's environment in the transformation from the pre-industrial era to the service society. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2 (I: From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasant War. 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 ; II: From the Peasant War 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria 1814. 2004, ISBN 3 -8062-1477-8 ; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, Volume III (2007), Pp. 351-368 and 1295 f., Here: p. 354.
48. ↑ www.uni-wuerzburg.de: University management
49. ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. 2007, pp. 1234 and 1238.
50. ^ Otto Volk : Mathematics, astronomy and physics in the past of the University of Würzburg. In: Peter Baumgart (Ed.): Four hundred years of the University of Würzburg. A commemorative publication. Neustadt ad Aisch 1982, pp. 751-785; here: p. 764.
51. ↑ uk-wuerzburg.de  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )
52. ^ Helmut Röckl: The University Clinics in the State Luitpold Hospital in Würzburg. In: Peter Baumgart (Ed.): Four hundred years of the University of Würzburg. A commemorative publication. Degener & Co. (Gerhard Gessner), Neustadt an der Aisch 1982 (= sources and contributions to the history of the University of Würzburg. Volume 6), ISBN 3-7686-9062-8 , pp. 975–984, here: p. 976.
53. ↑ Peter A. Süß: The development of the Würzburg universities in the 19th and 20th centuries. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. Volume 2, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , p. 1311, note 97.
54. ↑ Ute Felbor: Racial Biology and Hereditary Science in the Medical Faculty of the University of Würzburg 1937–1945 1995, p. 20.
55. ↑ Ute Felbor: The Institute for Hereditary Science and Race Research at the University of Würzburg 1937–1945. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 11, 1993, pp. 155-173.
56. ↑ Ute Felbor: Racial Biology and Hereditary Science in the Medical Faculty of the University of Würzburg 1937–1945 1995, pp. 13 f., 20 and 23.
57. ^ Inauguration of the Institute for Hereditary Science and Race Research in Würzburg. In: Würzburger General-Anzeiger from May 11, 1939.
58. ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. Volume 2, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 1225-1247; here: p. 1240.
59. ↑ Ute Felbor: Racial Biology and Hereditary Science in the Medical Faculty of the University of Würzburg 1937–1945. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1995 (= Würzburg medical historical research. Supplement 3; also dissertation Würzburg 1995), ISBN 3-88479-932-0 , p. 188.
60. ↑ Werner Wachsmuth : Memories of the new beginning 1946 to 1947. In: Peter Baumgart (Hrsg.): Four hundred years University of Würzburg. A commemorative publication. Degener & Co. (Gerhard Gessner), Neustadt an der Aisch 1982 (= sources and contributions to the history of the University of Würzburg. Volume 6), ISBN 3-7686-9062-8 , pp. 1047-1058, here: pp. 1052 f .
61. ↑ Werner Wachsmuth: A life with the century. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York / Tokyo 1985, ISBN 3-540-15036-6 , pp. 173-175.
62. ^ University of Würzburg: Chronicle ( Memento from August 25, 2017 in the Internet Archive ).
63. ↑ Peter A. Süß: The development of the Würzburg universities in the 19th and 20th centuries. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. Volume 2, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , p. 1312, note 136.
64. ^ Helmut Jäger : Geography at the University of Würzburg 1593–1981. In: Peter Baumgart (Ed.): Four hundred years of the University of Würzburg. A commemorative publication. Degener & Co. (Gerhard Gessner), Neustadt an der Aisch 1982 (= sources and contributions to the history of the University of Würzburg. Volume 6), ISBN 3-7686-9062-8 , pp. 637–664, here: pp. 656– 660.
65. ↑ Peter A. Süß: The development of the Würzburg universities in the 19th and 20th centuries. Volume III / 2, p. 1313, note 152.
66. ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. 2007, p. 1243.
67. ↑ uni-wuerzburg.de ( Memento from April 29, 2013 on WebCite )
68. ^ Klaus Koschel: The development and differentiation of the subject chemistry at the University of Würzburg. In: Peter Baumgart (Ed.): Four hundred years of the University of Würzburg. A commemorative publication. Degener & Co. (Gerhard Gessner), Neustadt an der Aisch 1982 (= sources and contributions to the history of the University of Würzburg. Volume 6), ISBN 3-7686-9062-8 , pp. 703–749; here, p. 748 f.
69. ^ University of Würzburg: Chronicle ( Memento from August 25, 2017 in the Internet Archive ).
70. ↑ uni-wuerzburg.de ( Memento from February 1, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
71. ↑ Ernst Kern: On the history of surgery at the University of Würzburg. In: Peter Baumgart (1982), pp. 827-839; here: p. 839.
72. ^ Herbert Baar: On the development of anesthesiology at the University of Würzburg. In: Peter Baumgart (Ed.): Four hundred years of the University of Würzburg. A commemorative publication. Degener & Co. (Gerhard Gessner), Neustadt an der Aisch 1982 (= sources and contributions to the history of the University of Würzburg. Volume 6), ISBN 3-7686-9062-8 , pp. 951–956, here: p. 955.
73. ↑ Ernst Kern : Seeing - Thinking - Acting of a surgeon in the 20th century. ecomed, Landsberg am Lech 2000. ISBN 3-609-20149-5 , p. 320 f.
74. ↑ Ute Felbor: Racial Biology and Hereditary Science in the Medical Faculty of the University of Würzburg 1937–1945 (=  Würzburg medical historical research. Supplement 3). Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1995, ISBN 3-88479-932-0 (also: Dissertation Würzburg 1995), p. 199 f.
75. ^ Burkhard Schmidt, Karl-Ernst Bühler: Brief outline of the history of the Würzburg University Institute for Psychotherapy and Medical Psychology. In: Peter Baumgart (Ed.): Four hundred years of the University of Würzburg. A commemorative publication. Neustadt ad Aisch 1982 (= sources and contributions to the history of the University of Würzburg. Volume 6), pp. 927–933.
76. ^ Helmut Röckl: The University Clinics in the State Luitpold Hospital in Würzburg. In: Peter Baumgart (1982), pp. 975-984, here: pp. 979 f.
77. ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. 2007, p. 1244 f.
78. ↑ Franz Barthel: Death came in orange juice. In: Wertheimer Zeitung. 2nd / 3rd February 2012.
79. ↑ uni-wuerzburg.de ( Memento from October 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
80. ↑ presse.uni-wuerzburg.de ( Memento from April 21, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
81. ↑ students Würzburg: topping Mensateria North Campus .
82. ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. 2007, p. 1244.
83. ↑ uni-wuerzburg.de ( Memento from October 25, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
84. ↑ presse.uni-wuerzburg.de ( Memento from February 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
85. ↑ https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/aktuelles/einblick/single/news/aok-uebernehmen-patenschaft-fuer-hoersaal/
86. ↑ Moritz Honert: Off to the brand university! In: time online. April 27, 2007, accessed January 27, 2013.
87. ↑ From Monday »Brose Lecture Hall«. In: Wertheimer Zeitung. 26./27. January 2013.
88. ^ First university with the signet "Bavaria barrier-free". (No longer available online.) University of Würzburg, March 10, 2016, archived from the original on March 11, 2016 ; accessed on March 11, 2016 . 
89. ↑ University of Würzburg paves the way. Main-Post , March 10, 2016, accessed on March 11, 2016 . 
90. ↑ website .

Coordinates: 49 ° 47 ′ 17 ″  N , 9 ° 56 ′ 7 ″  E