Klaus Starke

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Klaus Starke

Klaus Starke (born November 1, 1937 in Castrop-Rauxel ; full name Franz Wilhelm Nikolaus Starke ) is a German pharmacologist .

Life

Starke comes from a family in the Sauerland . His parents were the pharmacist Franz Wilhelm Starke and his wife Elisabeth, b. Böddecker. After graduating from high school and after two years as a pharmacist intern, the son studied pharmacy and medicine in Freiburg im Breisgau, Erlangen, Tübingen and Heidelberg. With a dissertation “ Substance P content and permeability-increasing effects in different brain areas”, prepared in the Pharmacological Institute of the University of Tübingen under the supervision of Fred Lembeck , he was awarded a doctorate in 1965. med. PhD. The time as a medical assistant followed for further years at the Pharmacological Institute in Tübingen and then at the Pharmacological Institute of the Essen Clinic of the University of Bochum with Hans-Joachim Schümann . Here Starke completed his habilitation with the thesis "Investigations on the effect of angiotensin on postganglionic sympathetic nerves ".

In 1977 he was appointed to the Department of Molecular Pharmacology at the University of Freiburg , which was newly incorporated into the Pharmacological Institute . After a call to the University of Bonn , the department was transformed into a second chair in 1979, next to the older Chair I by Georg Hertting . Calls to Essen (1986) and Würzburg (1990), which he also refused, led, among other reasons, to a joint new building for the Pharmacological Institute and the Pharmaceutical Institutes of the University of Freiburg, the Otto Krayer House , which was inaugurated in 2001 . He retired in 2003. His successor at Chair II was Lutz Hein .

With his wife, the doctor Milica Starke, geb. Protić, he has a daughter.

Research and Teaching

A lot of Tübingen's work with Lembeck focused on substance P, which at the time was uncertain whether it even existed as a uniform chemical compound. Their effects on exocrine glands such as the salivary glands have been studied in particular . This led to the identification of substance P with a peptide discovered at Harvard University that stimulates saliva secretion and thus indirectly to its structure elucidation.

The Essen habilitation thesis demonstrated a relationship between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and the sympathetic nervous system: Angiotensin II increased the release of the neurotransmitter noradrenaline from postganglionic sympathetic neurons. Shortly before, Erich Muscholl's group in Mainz had discovered physiologically active presynaptic receptors for the first time , namely presynaptic muscarinic receptors . The angiotensin receptors of the sympathetic nerve cells, soon secured with the help of antagonists , were another example.

Around 1970 several groups of pharmacologists, including the one in Essen, succeeded in solving a fourteen-year-old riddle: How substances that block α-adrenoceptors increased the release of noradrenaline from nerve cells. The answer was: They blocked α-adrenoceptors on the presynaptic endings through which noradrenaline normally inhibits its own release. The answer remained controversial for a number of years, but is now widely accepted, and analog negative feedback has been demonstrated for other neurotransmitters as well. The receptors - presynaptic receptors again  - are called autoreceptors .

Differences between presynaptic α-autoreceptors and the long-known postsynaptic α-adrenoceptors led to the realization that there are two pharmacological groups of α-adrenoceptors, α 1 and α 2 . The autoreceptors are α 2 , mostly α 2A . Experiments on transgenic animals confirmed this. Strong successor Lutz Hein showed that genetic defects of the α 2 -autoreceptors increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. This line of research also helped to understand the mode of action of some antihypertensive drugs such as clonidine and methyldopa .

In Essen, presynaptic opioid receptors were also found in the brain , which may contribute both to pain relief from morphine and to the withdrawal syndrome . In Freiburg, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was detected as a cotransmitter with noradrenaline in the sympathetic nerves of blood vessels. As with noradrenaline, there are presynaptic autoreceptors for adenosine triphosphate, namely P 2 -purinoceptors.

In 1977, Starke summarized the knowledge about presynaptic receptors on noradrenaline nerve cells in a review article, which made the interest in this area a Citation Classic . With Thomas C. Südhof he edited the volume Pharmacology of Neurotransmitter Release of the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology .

A preference for intersections between pharmacology and other cultural areas led to the essays "Poetic Medicines", "The Antonius Window in Chartres", "The Pharmacology of Ergot", "Thomas Mann's Medicines" - Starke's farewell lecture on June 15, 2004, "The encounter of Antonius and Paulus in eleven hundred years of visual art ”,“ There can be traces of our earthly days… ”and“ Stories from Freiburg pharmacology. ”According to the Badischer Zeitung , Starke also installs“ literary appetizers ” in his lectures.

Since 1992 he has been co-editor of the textbook “General and Special Pharmacology and Toxicology” founded by Wolfgang Forth , Dietrich Henschler and Walter Rummel . Since then there have been poetic mottos over many chapters. “Why poetic mottos in a pharmacology book? There are a number of reasons. And who would want to contradict Friedrich Freiherrn von Hardenberg, known as Novalis, who wrote in his romantic encyclopedia 'Das Allgemeine Brouillon': 'Medicines are poetic.' ”In the chapter“ Basic Concepts ”, Starke writes on the pharmacology of doping, the psyche and alluding to sexuality: "The members of the health professions ... should do their part to ensure that medicines remain medicines and are not misused by ignorance, hubris or contempt for human beings."

Research organization

In the academic year 1986/87 Starke was dean of the Medical Faculty in Freiburg. From 1986 to 1988 he was the founding spokesman of the Collaborative Research Center “Modulation and Learning Processes in Neuron Systems” (SFB 325) of the German Research Foundation (DFG) and from 1992 to 1998 he was a member of the Senate Committee for Collaborative Research Centers .

From 1976 to 2003 he was co-editor and from 1986 to 1994 Managing Editor of the journal Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology , the history of which he summarized in 1998 on the occasion of its 125th birthday. From 1999 to 2007 he was series editor, from 2002 to 2007 Editor-in Chief of the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology .

student

James R. Docherty, in Division II of the Freiburg Institute from 1979 to 1981, later became Professor in the Department of Pharmacology at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland . Harry Majewski, in the department from 1981 to 1983, later became director of the School of Medical Sciences at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology in Australia. Peter Illes , in the department from 1981 to 1995, completed his habilitation in 1983, took over the chair for pharmacology at the University of Leipzig in 1995 . Bela Szabo, who has been in the department since 1984, became a professor there in 1995 after completing his habilitation. Ivar von Kügelgen, who joined the department in 1986, also completed his habilitation in 1995 and became Professor of Pharmacology in Bonn. Wolfgang Nörenberg, who joined the institute in 1987 and worked for Peter Illes, completed his habilitation in 1996 and followed Peter Illes to Leipzig.

recognition

Starke has been a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina since 1987, a member of the Academia Europaea since 1991 and a member of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences since 1994 . He is an honorary member of the British Pharmacological Society (2006), the German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (2008) and the Hungarian Pharmacological Society (2010). In 1991 he received the Feldberg Foundation for anglo-german scientific exchange and the Ernst Jung Prize , in 1997 the Hudson Hoagland Fellowship of the Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research in Melbourne , Australia, and in 2003 the Medal of Honor from the University of Freiburg.

Publications (selection)

literature

  • Klaus Starke: Inaugural address at the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences. In: Volker Sellin, Sebastian Zwies (eds.): The Heidelberg Academy of Sciences as reflected in its inaugural speeches 1944–2008. Universitätsverlag Winter , Heidelberg 2009, ISBN 978-3-8253-5568-5 . Pp. 741-745.
  • Klaus Starke: The History of the Pharmacological Institute of the University of Freiburg. 2nd Edition; Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg 2007, pp. 68–70; uni-freiburg.de (PDF)

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ F. Lembeck and K. Starke: Substance P content and effect on capillary permeability of extracts of various parts of human brain. In: Nature 199, 1963, pp. 1295-1296. PMID 14074603 ; K. Strong: Substance P content and permeability-increasing effect in different areas of the brain. In: Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archive for Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology 247, 1964, pp. 149-163. PMID 14214588 .
  2. ^ F. Lembeck and K. Starke: Substance P and saliva secretion. In: Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archive for Pharmacology and Experimental Pathology 259, 1968, pp. 375-385. PMID 4236493 . doi: 10.1007 / BF00538551
  3. ↑ Susan E. Leeman and Edmund A. Mroz: Substance P. In: Life Sciences 15, 1974, pp. 2033-2044. PMID 4621245 .
  4. ↑ K. Starke, U. Werner, HJ Schümann: Effect of angiotensin on function and norepinephrine release of isolated rabbit hearts at rest and with sympathetic stimulation. In: Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archiv für Pharmakologie 265, 1969, pp. 170-186. PMID 4311631 . doi: 10.1007 / BF00997149 ; K. Starke: Relationships between the renin-angiotensin system and the sympathetic nervous system. In: Klinische Wochenschrift 50, 1972, pp. 1069-1081. PMID 4345301 .
  5. ↑ T. Endo, K. Starke, A. Bangerter, HD Taube: Presynaptic receptor systems on the noradrenergic neurones of the rabbit pulmonary artery. In: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology , 296, 1977, pp. 229-247. PMID 840318 .
  6. ↑ K. Starke, M. Göthert, H. Kilbinger: Modulation of neurotransmitter release by presynaptic autoreceptors. In: Physiological Reviews 69, 1989, pp. 864-989. PMID 2568648 ; Klaus Starke: Presynaptic autoreceptors in the third decade: focus on alpha 2 -adrenoceptors. In: Journal of Neurochemistry , 78, 2001, pp. 685-693. PMID 11520889 . doi: 10.1046 / j.1471-4159.2001.00484.x
  7. ^ MR Bennett: One hundred years of adrenaline: the discovery of autoreceptors . In: Clinical Autonomic Research . 9, 1999, pp. 145-159. doi : 10.1007 / BF02281628 .
  8. ↑ K. Starke: Alpha sympathomimetic inhibition of adrenergic and cholinergic transmission in the rabbit heart. In: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology , 274, 1972, pp. 18-45. PMID 4403611 . doi: 10.1007 / BF00501004
  9. ↑ Solomon Z. Langer: Presynaptic regulation of catecholamine release. In: Biochemical Pharmacology 23, 1974, pp. 1793-1800. PMID 4617579 . doi: 10.1016 / 0006-2952 (74) 90187-7
  10. ^ John D. Altman, Anne U. Trendelenburg, Leigh Macmillan, Dan Bernstein, Lee Limbird, Klaus Starke, Brian K. Kobilka, Lutz Hein: Abnormal regulation of the sympathetic nervous system in α 2A -adrenergic receptor knockout mice. In: Molecular Pharmacology , 56, 1999, pp. 154-161. PMID 10385696 .
  11. ↑ Marc Brede, Frank Wiesmann, Roland Jahns, Kerstin Hadamek, Carsten Arnolt, Stefan Neubauer, Martin J. Lohse, Lutz Hein: Feedback inhibition of catecholamine release by two different α 2 -adrenoceptor subtypes prevents progression of heart failure . In: Circulation , 106, 2002, pp. 2491-2496. PMID 12417548 . doi: 10.1161 / 01.CIR.0000036600.39600.66
  12. ^ H. Montel, K. Starke, F. Weber: Influence of morphine and naloxone on the release of noradrenaline from rat brain cortex slices. In: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 283, 1974, pp. 357-369. PMID 4154063 . doi: 10.1007 / BF00501287
  13. ^ H. Montel, K. Starke, HD Taube: Morphine tolerance and dependence in noradrenaline neurones of the rat cerebral cortex. In: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 288, 1975, pp. 415-426. PMID 1237093 . doi: 10.1007 / BF00501286
  14. ^ I. von Kügelgen, K. Starke: Noradrenaline and adenosine triphosphate as co-transmitters of noradrenaline in rabbit mesenteric artery. In: The Journal of Physiology 367, 1985, pp. 435-455. PMID 2865364 .
  15. ^ I. von Kügelgen, K. Kurz, K. Starke: Axon terminal P 2 -purinoceptors in feedback control of sympathetic transmitter release . In: Neuroscience , 56, 1993, pp. 263-267. PMID 8247259 . doi: 10.1016 / 0306-4522 (93) 90330-I
  16. ↑ K. Starke: Regulation of noradrenaline release by presynaptic receptor systems. In: Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology 77, 1977, pp. 1-124. PMID 14389 .
  17. ↑ This Week's Citation Classic . In: Current Contents 30, 1987, p. 15.
  18. ↑ Thomas C. Südhof, Klaus Starke (Ed.): Pharmacology of Neurotransmitter Release. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology Volume 184. Springer Verlag, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-642-09424-8 .
  19. ↑ K. Starke: Poetic Medicines. Medicines in poetry 800 BC Until 1980 AD In: German Medical Weekly . 127, 2002, pp. 2726-2735 doi: 10.1055 / s-2002-36272
  20. ^ Klaus Starke: The Antonius window in Chartres. In: Antoniter-Forum , 11, 2003, pp. 7-49.
  21. ↑ Klaus Starke: The pharmacology of the ergot . In: Antoniter-Forum 12, 2004, pp. 7-29.
  22. ↑ K. Starke: Thomas Mann's remedies . In: German Medical Weekly . 129, 2004, pp. 2770-2776, doi: 10.1055 / s-2004-836110
  23. ↑ Klaus Starke: The meeting of Antonius and Paulus in eleven hundred years of fine art . In: Antoniter-Forum , 13, 2005, pp. 7-65. Reprinted in: Stanisław Świdzińki: Archivum Ordinis Sancti Pauli Primi Eremitae. I. Dissertations. Volume VI / 11th Verlag Barmherziger Bund, Coesfeld 2012, ISBN 978-83-7631-397-9 , pp. 54-112.
  24. ↑ Klaus Starke: There can be a trace of our earth floors - on pharmacologists and pharmacology. In: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology , 380, 2009, pp. 465-471. doi: 10.1007 / s00210-009-0443-7
  25. ↑ Klaus Starke: Stories from Freiburg Pharmacology. In: Christoph Friedrich (Hrsg.): Pharmazie in Freiburg i.Br. Sites of pharmaceutical practice, teaching and research Volume 13, pp. 75–133. Marburg 2014. ISBN 978-3-89703-797-7 .
  26. ^ Markus Böttinger: Literary appetite stimulants . In: Badische Zeitung of July 6, 2001.
  27. ^ Foreword in: K. Aktories, U. Förstermann, F. Hofmann, K. Starke (Eds.): General and special pharmacology and toxicology. 9th edition. Elsevier, Munich 2009. ISBN 3-437-42521-8
  28. ↑ K. Starke: Basic Concepts. In: K. Aktories, U. Förstermann, F. Hofmann, K. Starke (eds.): General and special pharmacology and toxicology. 10th edition. Elsevier, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-437-42522-6 , pp. 2-4.
  29. ^ Klaus Starke: A history of Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. In: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology , 358, 1998, pp. 1-109. PMID 9721010 . doi: 10.1007 / PL00005229
  30. ^ Member entry by Klaus Starke at the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina , accessed on July 22, 2016.
personal data
SURNAME Strong, Klaus
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Strong, Franz Wilhelm Nikolaus
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German pharmacologist
DATE OF BIRTH November 1, 1937
PLACE OF BIRTH Castrop-Rauxel