Peter Illes

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Peter Illes (born August 10, 1942 in Budapest ) is a Hungarian-German doctor and pharmacologist

Peter Illes

Life

He is the son of the ophthalmologist Peter Illes and his wife, the high school teacher Margit geb. Bangha. His maternal ancestors come from Northern Bohemia and Vienna. After attending school and graduating from high school in Budapest, he studied medicine at the Semmelweis University in Budapest . In 1967 he received his medical license and received a dissertation from Szilveszter E. Vizi (* 1936) at the University's Pharmacological Institute “Effect of prostaglandins (PGE 1 , PGE 2 and PGF 2α ) on neurochemical transmission in adrenergic and cholinergic innervated smooth muscle organs "(From Hungarian) to Dr. med. PhD. For eleven years, apart from research stays in Leningrad and Lund, he was a research assistant at this institute. In 1978 he moved to Germany, where he was naturalized . From 1978 to 1981 he worked with Albert Herz (* 1921) at the Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry in Munich, and from 1981 to 1995 with Klaus Starke at the Pharmacological Institute of the Albert Ludwigs University in Freiburg . Here he completed his habilitation in 1983 with a thesis on "Presynaptic receptors in noradrenergic innervated smooth muscle tissues" for pharmacology and toxicology . In 1995 he accepted a chair for pharmacology and toxicology at the University of Leipzig . At his suggestion in 1999, the institute was named " Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology". In 2007 he retired. In 2009 he was visiting professor at the University of Milan-Bicocca , and from 2009 to 2010 head of the Pharmacology and Toxicology Section of the Asklepios Medical School in Hamburg, a branch of the Semmelweis University. Peter Illes was born with the biologist Patrizia. Rubini (* 1956), with whom he has four children.

research

Illes is a neuropharmacologist, particularly experienced in the methods of electrophysiology , i.e. the measurement of bioelectrical processes. Much of the work in Budapest, Munich and Freiburg im Breisgau focused on the release of neurotransmitters . It was already about them in the dissertation, and in 1977 he and the Prague neurophysiologist František Vyskočil (* 1941) described a new, unusual way of releasing acetylcholine in the motor endplate : not "quantal", not in ready-made portions, "quanta" of about 5000 molecules, but molecule by molecule. The paper stimulated research. Acetylcholine uses a transporter for non-quantal release . The biological sense is not yet clear.

A fundamental mechanism of action of opioids is to reduce the release of transmitters, for example the release of acetylcholine and noradrenaline from nerve cells in the hippocampus . Using a model tissue, the spermatic duct innervated by the sympathetic nervous system , Illes et al. Recognized the cause: Less calcium is available for release in the presynaptic endings of the postganglionic sympathetic nerve cells because opioids non-competitively inhibit the influx of calcium. 1989 Illes summarized this aspect of opioid pharmacology in a review. Other research has focused on the modulation of release by prostaglandins and adenosine, as well as by autoreceptors . Presynaptic autoreceptors of the α 2 -adrenoceptor type mediate self-inhibition of the release of noradrenaline in the sympathetic nervous system. Illes has verified the natural functioning of the self-locking electrophysiologically again on the spermatic duct.

At the Freiburg Pharmacological Institute it was noticed that in some blood vessels noradrenaline was not the only neurotransmitter of the vasoconstrictor sympathetic nerves. Added to this was adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as cotransmitters . By combining bioelectrical measurements and measurements of the vessel diameter, Illes and his colleagues have discovered that under certain circumstances ATP is even the only transmitter for vasoconstriction, while norepinephrine only acts on the presynaptic α 2 -autoreceptors and thus its own release (and that of ATP) inhibits.

From 1992 Illes turned more and more to ATP and other nucleotides as messenger substances and their receptors, the P2 receptors. Today (2013) fifteen P2 receptors are known in mammals , namely seven P2X and eight P2Y receptors. The function of nucleotides as messenger substances is correspondingly multifaceted. The P2X receptors are ligand-activated ion channels , closed without activating ligands such as ATP, opened after binding activating ligands. The P2Y receptors are G-protein coupled receptors . Illes' findings include the following.

According to a publication from 1992 , ATP depolarizes the nerve cells in the locus caeruleus , a nucleus of the hindbrain , and according to a publication from 1997, it is an excitatory neurotransmitter there. Both groups of receptors are involved, P2X (presumably P2X 2 ) and P2Y (possibly P2Y 1 ). The group of British pharmacologist Richard Alan North (* 1944), with whom Illes had worked in 1980, found something similar. A little later it turned out that norepinephrine and ATP - as in the blood vessels mentioned (and other peripheral tissues) - are also cotransmitters in the locus caeruleus.

In the mesolimbic system of the brain, ATP increases the release of dopamine via P2Y receptors . It could affect movement, food intake and mood. The receptors are P2Y 1 , and nitric oxide is switched on as a further messenger substance , which is increasingly formed after activation of the P2Y 1 receptors.

There are both P2X 3 and P2Y receptors on the small nerve cells of the spinal ganglia that convey pain sensations . Activation of the former by ATP excites the cells and is presumably involved in the transmission of the sensation " pain ". Activation of the latter, on the other hand, inhibits the cells and could thereby relieve pain. With a large group of researchers, Illes has clarified the structure of the P2X 3 receptors using molecular genetic methods .

The P2X 7 receptor is unusual because prolonged activation greatly expands the pore of the ion channel, making the cell membrane permeable to large molecules and thus damaging cells to the point of cell death . The receptors are found not only on nerve cells but also on glial cells , for example in the mesolimbic system and in the retina of the eye. They play a role in diseases of the nervous system. After circulatory disorders in the brain, their numbers increase and they can aggravate the damage caused. In 2006, Illes and other scientists, including Szilveszter Vizi, reviewed the biology of the P2X 7 receptors.

student

The following scientists have completed their habilitation at Illes (year of habilitation):

  • Wolfgang Nörenberg (1996)
  • Kerstin Wirkner (2005)
  • Heike Franke (2010)
  • Zoltan Gerevich (2010)
  • Laszlo Köles (2010)
  • Holger Kittner (2011)
  • Ute Krügel (2012)

recognition

In 2000 Illes received an honorary doctorate from the Medical Faculty of Semmelweis University, and in 2001 the Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich Prize for Clinical Teaching from the University of Leipzig. In 2003 he became an honorary member of the Hungarian Pharmacological Society and in 2011 a member of the Academia Europaea . In 2012 the Hungarian Pharmacological Society awarded him its prize, named after the Hungarian pharmacologist Béla Issekutz (1886–1979).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Biography on the website of the University of Leipzig. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
  2. ↑ Peter Illes and Ingrid Kästner: Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty of the University of Leipzig. In: Athineos Philippu (Ed.): History and work of the pharmacological, clinical-pharmacological and toxicological institutes in German-speaking countries. Berenkamp-Verlag, Innsbruck 2004, pp. 430-439. ISBN 3-85093-180-3 .
  3. ^ History of the institute on the website of the University of Leipzig. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  4. ↑ František Vyskočil and Peter Illés: Non-quantal release of transmitter at mouse neuromuscular junction and its dependence on the activity of Na + -K + -ATPase. In: Pflügers Archive - European Journal of Physiology 370, 1977, pp. 295-297. doi : 10.1007 / BF00585542
  5. ↑ F. Vyskočil AI Malomouzh and EE Nikolsky: Non-quantal acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction. In: Physiological Research 58, 2009, pp. 763-784.
  6. ^ Rolf Jackisch, Martin Geppert, Angelika S. Brenner and Peter Illes. Presynaptic opioid receptors modulating acetylcholine release in the hippocampous of the rabbit. In: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 332, 1986, pp. 156-162. doi : 10.1007 / BF00511406 .
  7. ^ Rolf Jackisch, Martin Geppert and Peter Illes: Characterization of opioid receptors modulating noradrenaline release in the hippocampus of the rabbit. In: Journal of Neurochemistry 46, 1986, pp. 1802-1810. doi : 10.1111 / j.1471-4159.1986.tb08499.x .
  8. ↑ Peter Illes, Walter Zieglgänsberger and Albert Herz: Calcium reverses the inhibitory action of morphine on neuroeffector transmission in the mouse vas deferens. In: Brain Research 191, 1980, pp. 511-522. doi : 10.1016 / 0006-8993 (80) 91299-8 .
  9. ↑ P. Illes, C. Meier and K. Starke: Non-competitive interaction between normorphine and calcium on the release of acetylcholione. In: Brain Research 251, 1982, pp. 192-195. doi : 10.1016 / 0006-8993 (82) 91292-6 .
  10. ↑ Peter Illes: Regulation of transmitter and hormone release by multiple neuronal opioid receptors. In: Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology 112, 1989, pp. 139-233.
  11. ↑ Peter Illes and Klaus Starke: An electrophysiological study of presynaptic α-adrenoceptors in the vas deferens of the mouse. In: British Journal of Pharmacology 78, 1983, pp. 365-373. doi : 10.1111 / j.1476-5381.1983.tb09402.x .
  12. ↑ D. Ramme, JT Regenold, K. Starke, R. Busse and P. Illes: Identification of the neuroeffector transmitter in jejunal branches of the rabbit mesenteric artery. In: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 336, 1987, pp. 267-273. doi : 10.1007 / BF00172677 .
  13. ↑ L. Harms, EP Pinta, M. Tschöpl and P. Illes: Depolarization of rat locus coeruleus neurons by adenosine 5'-triphosphate. In: Neuroscience 48, 1992, pp. 941-952. doi : 10.1016 / 0306-4522 (92) 90282-7 .
  14. ↑ Karen Nieber, Wolfgang Poelchen and Peter Illes: Role of ATP in most excitatory synaptic potentials in the locus coeruleus neurones of the rat. In: British Journal of Pharmacology 122, 1997, pp. 423-430. doi : 10.1038 / sj.bjp.0701386 .
  15. ^ Rainer Fröhlich, Stefan Boehm and Peter Illes: Pharmacological characterization of P 2 purinoceptor types in rat locus coeruleus neurons. In: European Journal of Pharmacology 315, 1996, pp. 255-261. doi : 10.1016 / S0014-2999 (96) 00612-7 .
  16. ↑ KZ Shen and RA North: Excitation of rat locus coeruleus neurons by adenosine 5'-triphosphate: ionic mechanism and receptor characterization. In: Journal of Neuroscience 13, 1993, pp. 894-899.
  17. ↑ W. Poelchen, D. Sieler, K. and P. Wirkner Illes: Co-transmitter function of ATP in central catecholaminergic neurons of the rat. In: Neuroscience 102, 2001, pp. 593-602. doi : 10.1016 / S0306-4522 (00) 00529-7 .
  18. ↑ Ute Krügel, Holger Kittner and Peter Illes: Mechanisms of adenosine 5'-triphosphate-induced dopamine release in the rat. In: Synapse 39, 2001, pp. 222-232. doi : 10.1002 / 1098-2396 (20010301) 39: 3 <222 :: AID-SYN1003> 3.0.CO; 2-R .
  19. ↑ Holger Kittner, Heike Franke, Wolfgang Fischer, Nina Schultheis, Ute Krügel and Peter Illes: Stimulation of P2Y 1 receptors causes anxiolytic-like effects in the rat elevated plus-maze: implications for the involvement of P2Y 1 receptor-mediated nitric oxide production . In: Neuropsychopharmacology 28, 2003, pp. 435-444. doi : 10.1038 / sj.npp.1300043 .
  20. ↑ Zoltan Gerevich, Sebestyen J. Borvendeg, Wolfgang Schröder and 6 other authors: Inhibition of N-type voltage-activated calcium channels in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons by P2Y receptors is a possible mechanism of ADP-induced analgesia. In: Journal of Neuroscience 24, 2004, pp. 797-807. doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI.4019-03.2004 .
  21. ↑ Mandy Bodnar, Haihong Wang, Thomas Riedel and 10 other authors: Amino acid residues constituting the agonist binding site of the human P2X3 receptor. In: Journal of Biological Chemistry 286, 2011, pp. 2739-2749. doi : 10.1074 / jbc.M110.167437 .
  22. ^ H. Franke, J. Grosche, H. Schadenlich, U. Krügel, C. Allgeier and P. Illes: P2X receptor expression on astrocytes in the nucleus accumbens of rats. In: Neuroscience 108, 2001, pp. 421-429. doi : 10.1016 / S0306-4522 (01) 00416-X
  23. ↑ Thomas Pannicke, Wolfgang Fischer, Bernd Biedermann and 8 other authors: P2X 7 receptors in Müller glial cells from the human retina. In: Journal of Neuroscience 20, 2000, pp. 5965-5972.
  24. ↑ Heike Franke, Albrecht Günther, Jens Grosche and six other authors: P2X 7 receptor expression after ischemia in the cerebral cortex of rats. In: Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology , 63, 2004, pp. 686-699.
  25. ↑ João Filipe Oliveira, Thomas Riedel, Anna Leichsenring, Claudia Heine, Heike Franke, Ute Krügel, Wolfgang Nörenberg and Peter Illes: Rodent cortical astroglia express in situ functional P2X 7 receptors sensing pathologically high ATP concentrations. In: Cerebral Cortex 21, 2011, pp. 806-820. doi : 10.1093 / cercor / bhq154 .
  26. ↑ Beáta Sperlágh, E. Sylvester Vizi, Kerstin Wirkner and Peter Illes: P2X 7 receptors in the nervous system. In: Progress in Neurobiology 78, 2006, pp. 327–346. doi : 10.1016 / j.pneurobio.2006.03.007 .
  27. ↑ Press release from the University of Leipzig. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
personal data
SURNAME Illes, Peter
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Hungarian-German doctor and pharmacologist
DATE OF BIRTH August 10, 1942
PLACE OF BIRTH Budapest