Carl Jacobj

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Carl Jacobj (born September 12, 1857 in Hamburg , † February 16, 1944 in Tübingen ; full name Johann Carl Jacobj ) was a German doctor and university professor of pharmacology . He belonged to the first generation of Oswald Schmiedeberg's students through whom the new experimental research pharmacology , largely founded by Rudolf Buchheim and Schmiedeberg, radiated worldwide.

Carl Jacobj as a young man

Life

Carl Jabcobj's parents were the businessman Friedrich Wilhelm Jacobj and his wife Anna nee. Weber, who came from a family with several doctors and scientists. The businessman Johann Carl Jacobj was his grandfather. The school gave him difficulties, and only after changing the grammar school twice from the learned school of the Johanneum in Hamburg to Braunschweig and then to the Ernestinum in Rinteln did he pass the Abitur exam at the age of 23 . He studied medicine in Göttingen , Leipzig , Tübingen and Strasbourg . In Strasbourg, he put 1887 the state examination and was 1888 with an assisted by Oswald Schmiedeberg dissertation "About iron excretion from the animal body after subcutaneous and intravenous injection," Dr. med. PhD . He initially stayed at Schmiedeberg's Institute, where he qualified as a professor in pharmacology, toxicology and drug prescription in 1891 . In 1889 he married Helene Distel (1868–1955), with whom he had a daughter and a son. The son, Walther Jacobj (1890–1965), was later director of the Anatomical Institute in Tübingen. In 1897 Carl Jacobj worked at the Imperial Health Department in Berlin, but in the same year switched to the Chair of Pharmacology at the Georg-August University in Göttingen , which he held for ten years. In 1907 the Württemberg state government appointed him as a professor at the newly founded Pharmacological Institute of the Eberhard Karls University in Tübingen , which was housed in the former eye clinic, Wilhelmstraße 26, opposite the Old Botanical Garden . Jacobj set it up. In 1927 he retired, but was allowed to freely use the foundation funds he had received for scientific goals; he used them, for example, for experiments on blood supply to isolated organs. Died on February 16, 1944, he was buried in the Tübingen city cemetery.

Religious and Political Beliefs

Jacobj came from a Protestant family home, but was not a regular churchgoer. He thought strictly German national and in 1919 joined the right wing Württemberg Citizens' Party . Associated with this was a “delimiting”, “Christian” anti-Semitism rooted in the University of Tübingen , which had him write in a “chronicle” for his descendants about the publishing house FCW Vogel in Leipzig that “the Jewish company Julius Springer sucked him in” and made him avoid quoting the famous toxicologist Louis Lewin , who was faithful to his Jewish faith . Ullrich Trendelenburg pointed out in his book “Persecuted German-speaking Pharmacologists 1933–1945” that at the beginning of the 1930s there was not a single Jewish professor or private lecturer in Tübingen, and that “was the result of the anti-Semitism of the majority of Tübingen university teachers”. Jacobj was one of this majority.

research

In his profession Jacobj was most influenced by a great uncle on his mother's side, the physicist Wilhelm Eduard Weber in Göttingen, a maternal uncle, the physicist Heinrich Weber (1839–1928) in Braunschweig, then the physiologist Carl Ludwig in Leipzig and the pharmacologist Oswald Schmiedeberg in Strasbourg . In his inaugural lecture in Tübingen, he presented the program of the new subject, his independence, his relationship to physiology and toxicology and its importance for teaching medical students.

Jacobj has dealt with many topics; twenty-six is ​​his biographer. Some were arrested by time, prompted by daily news or overly speculating about the usefulness or harmfulness of drinking alcohol; the usefulness of a new agent of unknown composition against diabetes mellitus ; the mode of action of the veronal , introduced in 1902 as a sleeping aid , which seemed to him to be a means "for consumptive diseases with bad fat deposits"; kidney function - “downright adventurous ideas”; Lichen as food in need of the First World War ; Cocaine to improve the performance of soldiers.

Beyond his time, he worked on the relationship between the adrenal glands and the intestine, on the ergot , on hirudin and on the flow of oxygen-saturated blood through isolated organs.

cocaine

The cocaine accompanied him through his research life. In one of his last publications in 1931 he said that he was made aware of the increase in performance through cocaine as early as 1885. “This later prompted me to deal with this question in greater detail as an assistant at the Pharmacological Institute in Strasbourg, after exhausting myself and friends on strenuous high mountain tours I had repeatedly had the opportunity to experience the surprisingly beneficial effects of such small things Using a measuring device he presented in 1893, he then demonstrates that cocaine improves the detection of weight differences - from today's (2012) perspective, depth sensitivity . Finally, knowing that cocaine sensitizes tissues to adrenaline , he attributes the increase in performance from cocaine to an improvement in blood flow to the brain. "If one can explain the surprising effects in states of exhaustion also through small, normally ineffective cocaine doses in the manner described and trace them back to physiological foundations, one should hardly have any reason to be concerned about trying to find this valuable effect to make it usable in suitable and urgent cases, especially since there is extensive factual material for the safe use of such small doses of coca. ”Jacobj also presented this view and recommendation to the military in lectures and in 1913 and 1929; he distributed filter paper strips soaked with 10 mg of cocaine for self-experiment. He was wrong both in the mechanism of increasing performance and in the recommendation for practice.

Adrenal glands and bowel movements

In his experiments “on the physiological and pharmacological knowledge of bowel movements”, published in 1892, Jacobj found that the bowels of rabbits that had starved for a few days did not move and showed no peristalsis even when the vagus nerve was irritated . He suspected this might be due to an inhibition by the sympathetic nervous system , particularly by branches of the sympathetic nervous system to the adrenal glands . In fact, irritation of the vagus nerve caused peristalsis in the "hungry animals" after removal of the adrenal glands. In addition, electrical irritation to the adrenal glands promptly suppressed bowel movements. The work was Jacobj's habilitation thesis. It has been called the "first indirect evidence of the function of the adrenal medulla as an endocrine gland," two years before George Oliver and Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer's famous evidence of the blood pressure effect of adrenal extracts . However, Jacobj did not think of a chemical signal from the adrenal glands, i.e. a hormone in today's usage , but of a nerve connection from the adrenal glands to the intestine, "inhibition pathways for intestinal movement". Jacobj's publication influenced later researchers like Paul Trendelenburg . Today's reader can be disturbed by his animal experiments . "Since in the experiments at hand ... I had to be careful to exclude as far as possible all abnormal influences that might delay the movement processes, I was unfortunately forced to refrain from anesthetizing the animals."

Ergot

Rudolf Kobert had worked with ergot extracts in Strasbourg from 1884 and in Dorpat from 1886. Jacobj proceeded from him. The extracts contained a large number of active substances, and the (unknown) composition, the effect and the name varied from extract to extract. Both Kobert's and Jacobj's results were steps towards clarity. In 1906, Henry Hallett Dale carried out his pioneering study “On some physiological actions of ergot” with Kobert's labor-inducing Cornutin and Jacobj's Chrysotoxin . Regarding the situation in his day, Dale writes in the introduction: “The introduction of new names on the basis of physiological results without chemical isolation of the active ingredients would inevitably exacerbate the existing confusion, and I have thought it better to be aware of the effects of the To speak 'ergot'. "

Hirudin

In 1884, the British physiologist John Berry Haycraft had discovered (1857-1922) in Schmiedeberg's laboratory in Strasbourg that extracts from the Medical leeches the blood coagulation inhibited. Jacobj and his Göttingen collaborators took up the discovery. Jacobj called the active substance herudin or hirudin. He was granted a patent for the manufacture and hirudin was then sold commercially. At that time there was no thought of its use in humans, but hirudin was of inestimable value in physiological experiments for preventing blood clotting (see below), but so expensive that the researchers preferred to manufacture it themselves, "according to the method of Jacobj and his students ..., who have given us a lot of valuable knowledge about the substance ”. It took more than half a century until the pure representation and structure elucidation, during which the early history with Haycraft and Jacobj was sometimes forgotten.

Flow apparatus

  • Jacobj's flow apparatus from 1890

  • drawing

  • Photo; probably the first photograph of a flow cycle

After Jabobj's lifetime, his efforts to keep organs optimally alive by artificial perfusion with blood finally showed. As with ergot and hirudin, the subject had a tradition in Strasbourg. Waldemar von Schröder (1850–1898) wrote there: "If we want to keep the individual organs alive through an artificial blood flow, we must try to make the conditions as similar as possible to those of the normal circulation." Jacobj constructed his first apparatus in 1890, improved it in 1895 and completed it in 1928 with what he called the "pneumohematator". In the pneumohematator, "the isolated organ ... is supplied by an artificial circuit ... whereby the blood circulation is effected by a twin pump corresponding to the right and left heart. Arterialization takes place in a surviving, artificially ventilated lung. Undiluted, native blood is used to circulate blood to the organs, the pulsating current of which can be adjusted to a specific pressure and to a specific pulse rate and amplitude. ”The blood was made incoagulable by defibrination or hirudin. In the last publication on Jacobj wrote: "<Attempts> should have shown that win again with the apparatus perfused isolated kidney full of life characteristics of their entire tissue so that they resume their secretory activity again and typically to caffeine with Able to react to an increase in their function, as can also be clearly demonstrated in the microscopic image. Thereupon the apparatus can be regarded as sufficient to meet all the essential requirements that are to be placed on a generally usable circulatory apparatus, so that with it physiological and pharmacological questions on the most diverse isolated organs can be successfully examined. ”The biologists used the apparatus for their research. Jacobj's approaches have also contributed to the development of clinical heart-lung machines .

Memberships

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ H. Feneis: Walther Jacobj (11/22/1890–6/26/1965) in memory. In: Attempto. News for the Friends of the University of Tübingen eV 16, 1965, p. 80.
  2. ↑ a b U. Trendelenburg: Persecuted German-speaking pharmacologists 1933–1945. Dr. Schrör Verlag, Frechen 2006. ISBN 3-9806004-7-5 .
  3. ↑ Sylvia Paletschek: The permanent invention of a tradition. The University of Tübingen in the German Empire and in the Weimar Republic. In: Contubernium. Tübingen contributions to the history of universities and science. Volume 53. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2001, here p. 316.
  4. ^ Sabine Waldmann-Brun: Carl Jacobj - life and work. Dissertation, University of Tübingen 2008, pp. 65–70.
  5. ^ Karl-Friedrich Sewing: Back to the beginning. Carl Jacobj's inaugural lecture 100 years ago. In: Biospektrum 2008, 10, pp. 769-770.
  6. ↑ C. Jabobj: Investigations on the pharmacology of the veronal. Part III. The peculiarity of the veronal effect, a consequence of its specific paralyzing effect on the vessel wall . In: Archives of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology . 66, 1911, pp. 296-312. doi : 10.1007 / BF01862264 .
  7. ^ C. Jacobj: On the mechanics of kidney secretion . In: Munich Medical Weekly . 58, 1911, pp. 1902-1906.
  8. ↑ Margitta Albinus and Hertmut Osswald: Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty of the Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen. In: Athineos Philippu: History and work of the pharmacological, clinical-pharmacological and toxicological institutes in German-speaking countries. Berenkamp-Verlag, Wattens 2004, pp. 600–609. ISBN 3-85093-180-3 .
  9. ↑ C. Jabobj and Lothar Loeffler: The peripheral effects of cocaine and their significance for the explanation of coca chewing by the Indians . In: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archive for experimental pathology and pharmacology . 159, 1931, pp. 495-515. doi : 10.1007 / BF01862497 .
  10. ^ Sabine Waldmann-Brun: Carl Jacobj - life and work. Dissertation, University of Tübingen 2008, pp. 142–149.
  11. ↑ K. Aktories, U. Förstermann, F. Hofmann and K. Starke: General and special pharmacology and toxicology. 10th edition, Munich, Elsevier GmbH 2009, here pp. 187 and 338. ISBN 978-3-437-42522-6 .
  12. ^ C. Jacobj: Contributions to the physiological and pharmacological knowledge of intestinal movements with special consideration of the relationship of the adrenal glands to them . In: Archives of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology . 29, 1892, pp. 171-211. doi : 10.1007 / BF01966116 .
  13. ^ Gerhard Schmidt: Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty of the Georg-August University of Göttingen. In: Athineos Philippu: History and work of the pharmacological, clinical-pharmacological and toxicological institutes in German-speaking countries. Berenkamp-Verlag, Wattens 2004, pp. 242-255. ISBN 3-85093-180-3 .
  14. ↑ Stephen W. Carmichael: The history of the adrenal medulla . In: Reviews in Neurosciences . 2, 1989, pp. 83-99. doi : 10.1515 / REVNEURO.1989.2.2.83 .
  15. ↑ Starke 1998, p. 26.
  16. ↑ Erhard: About the effect of the Cornutin. In: Centralblatt für Gynäkologie. Volume 10, No. 20, May 15, 1886, pp. 309 f.
  17. ↑ C. Jabobj: Sphacelotoxin, the specifically effective component of the ergot . In: Archives of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology . 39, 1897, pp. 85-143. doi : 10.1007 / BF01825327 .
  18. ^ HH Dale: On some physiological effects of ergot . In: The Journal of Physiology . 34, 1906, pp. 163-206. PMC 1465771 (free full text).
  19. ↑ Starke 1998, p. 26.
  20. ↑ Friedrich Franz: About the blood-clotting component of the medicinal leech . In: Archives of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology . 49, 1903, pp. 342-366. doi : 10.1007 / BF01825055 .
  21. ↑ Andreas Bodong: About Hirudin . In: Archives of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology . 52, 1905, pp. 242-261. doi : 10.1007 / BF01837789 .
  22. ↑ John J. Abel, Leonard G. Rowntree and BB Turner: On the removal of diffusible substances from the circulating blood of living animals by dialysis . In: Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics . 5, 1914, pp. 275-316.
  23. ↑ Götz Nowak and Karsten Schrör : Hirudin - the long and stony way from an anticoagulant peptide in the saliva of medicinal leech to a recombinant drug and beyond . In: Thrombosis and Haemostatis . 98, 2007, pp. 116-119. doi : 10.1160 / TH07-05-0364 .
  24. ↑ Klaus Starke: The beginnings of hirudin . In: Trends in Pharmacological Sciences . 10, 1989, p. 99. doi : 10.1016 / 0165-6147 (89) 90202-2 .
  25. ↑ a b B. Böttcher, F. Merkle and HH Weitkemper: Historical development of cardiopulmonary bypass from the idea to clinical application. In: Kardiotechnik 2, 2003. pp. 44-54.
  26. ↑ Starke 1998, pp. 24-25.
  27. ↑ W. v. Schröder: About the educational establishment of urea . In: Archives of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology . 15, 1882, pp. 364-402. doi : 10.1007 / BF01830854 .
  28. ↑ C. Jabobj: Apparatus for the perfusion of isolated surviving organs . In: Archives of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology . 26, 1890, pp. 388-400. doi : 10.1007 / BF01831215 .
  29. ↑ C. Jabobj: A contribution to the technology of artificial blood flow to surviving organs . In: Archives of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology . 36, 1895, pp. 330-348. doi : 10.1007 / BF01824318 .
  30. ↑ a b C. Jabobj: Further contributions to the method of blood circulation in isolated surviving organs. Part I: A new circulatory system with pulmonary breathing (pneumohaematator) . In: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archive for experimental pathology and pharmacology . 136, 1928, pp. 203-223. doi : 10.1007 / BF01862151 .
  31. ↑ C. Jabobj: Further contributions to the method of blood flow to isolated surviving organs. Part II: The technique of blood circulation with the new apparatus . In: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archive for experimental pathology and pharmacology . 136, 1928, pp. 224-238. doi : 10.1007 / BF01862152 .
  32. ↑ a b C. Jabobj and Lothar Loeffler: Further contributions to the method of blood supply to isolated surviving organs. Part III: Investigations into the mechanics of urinary secretion in the surviving kidney with artificial blood supply . In: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archive for experimental pathology and pharmacology . 136, 1928, pp. 300-330. doi : 10.1007 / BF01861626 .
  33. ^ Leopold Ther: Pharmacological methods. Stuttgart, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft 1949, p. 50.
personal data
SURNAME Jacobj, Carl
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Jacobj, Johann Carl (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German doctor and pharmacologist
DATE OF BIRTH September 12, 1857
PLACE OF BIRTH Hamburg
DATE OF DEATH February 16, 1944
Place of death Tübingen