Carl Ludwig (medic)

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Carl Ludwig, lithograph by Adolf Dauthage , 1859

Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig (born December 29, 1816 in Witzenhausen ad Werra, Kurhessen , † April 23, 1895 in Leipzig ) was a German anatomist and physiologist . He was professor from 1849 to 1855 at the University of Zurich , until 1865 at the Josephinum Vienna and then until his death at the University of Leipzig and is considered one of the founders of modern physiology.

life and work

Carl Ludwig's parents were Friedrich Ludwig (1781–1843), rent master in Witzenhausen, later head rent master in Hanau, and Christiane Ludwig, née. Nagel († 1853). The marriage produced eight children, including six sons, three of whom have become well-known, Carl's older brother Rudolf (geologist) and his younger brother Heinrich (painter and art scholar). After the family moved to Hanau , from 1825 Carl attended the Hohe Landesschule , a humanistic grammar school, where he passed the Matura examination in 1834 .

Ludwig studied medicine in Marburg from 1834 . During the first student days in Marburg - from 1835 he was a member of the Corps Guestphalia and in 1839 one of the founders of the Corps Hasso-Nassovia , of which he became an honorary member in 1840 - the "arrogance" of his cheerful nature discharged; It was not politics that brought him into conflict with the disciplinary authorities, but simply a feeling of independence from any coercion. In addition to his studies, he took part in fencing exercises, of which a "throw" on his upper lip was evidence. In Marburg he was expelled at the end of the winter semester 1835/36 because he campaigned for a politically persecuted student. From 1836 to 1838 he studied in Erlangen. In the subsequent silence of the surgeon school in Bamberg , where he spent the first time of his exile, he thought better of it; Returned to Marburg in 1839, he devoted himself to studying his science. In 1839 he finally received his doctorate in Marburg.

In 1842 he completed his habilitation in Marburg with his work De viribus physicis secretionem urinae adjuvantibus ("Contributions to the theory of the mechanism of urinary secretion"). With this work he opposed the notion of vis vitalis , which was still prevalent at the time , and postulated that urine is primarily produced as a filtrate of the glomeruli via the driving force of blood pressure and that it receives its final composition through resorption processes along the renal tubules . The active secretion processes that contribute to the formation of the terminal urine remained unknown to him .

Through the mediation of Franz Ludwig Fick , the older brother of Adolf Fick , he got a job as a second prosector at the Anatomical Institute of the University of Marburg. After Franz Ludwig Fick took over this institute, Carl Ludwig became first prosector and in 1846 associate professor for comparative anatomy . From 1846 Ludwig also worked on the development of the kymograph , an important measuring device for examinations in the field of circulatory physiology and phonetics . The curves recorded by measurements of carotid and pleural pressure in dogs and horses showed, among other things, that systole and exhalation increase carotid pressure, while diastole and inhalation decrease it.

Through this invention Ludwig became known in broad scientific circles. In spring 1847 he visited Johannes Müller in Berlin, where he met his students Hermann Helmholtz , Ernst Brücke , Emil Du Bois-Reymond and Rudolf Virchow . He also visited Richard von Volkmann in Halle and Gustav Theodor Fechner and the Weber brothers in Leipzig.

In 1848 he too got caught up in the vortex of the political movement; he was elected with Gildemeister, Knies and Robert Wilhelm Bunsen to the committee of the liberal fatherland association founded by Heinrich von Sybel in Marburg and in the spring of 1848 even took over the editing of the “ New Constitutional Friend ” for a while. As decidedly repugnant as Marburg liberalism was to all radical behavior, in the eyes of the reaction that broke out it was nevertheless suspected of being democratic, and Ludwig therefore welcomed the call to the University of Zurich in 1849 as a full professor of anatomy and physiology as a way out into the open.

In 1855 he was appointed full professor of physiology and zoology at the Medical-Surgical Military Academy ( Josephinum ) in Vienna . Ernst Brücke worked in Vienna at the University's Physiological Institute from 1849. During his 10 years at the "Josephinum", Carl Ludwig invented the blood gas pump , clarified the basic processes involved in the exchange of breathing gases, researched lymph formation and movement and discovered the medullary vasomotor center . During this time he already had many foreign students, especially from Russia. In addition to his activities in physiology, he was also active in physical chemistry. In 1856 he published the first discovery of thermal diffusion , the Ludwig Soret effect later named after him and Charles Soret (1854–1904) .

In 1868 he developed the current meter to determine the mean flow strength in larger arteries and veins as well as the second volume (among other things for animal experiments measurement of the heart chamber volume by means of the blood speed in the aorta). Carl Ludwig was thus one of the pioneers in determining cardiac output ; because, mathematically, cardiac output and cardiac output are identical.

On May 1, 1865, Ludwig was appointed to the University of Leipzig as the successor to Ernst Heinrich Weber , who was left with anatomy , and became the first professor of physiology there. He worked there for 30 years, until his death in 1895, researching the circulation, blood gases, secretion and the nervous system.

The Physiological Institute in Leipzig - opened by Carl Ludwig in 1869

Here, from 1865 to 1869, he built a large building for what was then known as the Physiological Institute, which quickly gained international fame because many younger researchers from several countries soon came there and worked as students of their honored master. The building had the shape of a Latin E and was divided into three sections, one anatomical-histological, one chemical and one physical, respectively. physiological, which was in the middle of the other two. The apartment of the board of directors and the institute staff was located above the scientific rooms. At the inauguration of the institute, Ludwig emphasized that “physiology grew out of anatomy and was apprenticed to the physicist and chemist; But she added new tools to the tools she made her own there and promoted new things with both of them. ” At the Physiological Institute, which is now named after him, he conducted research on topics such as blood pressure, urinary discharge and anesthesia . Through him, the physiology was systematically operated at the level of isolated organs. In 1866 Elias von Cyon was Carl Ludwig's assistant in Leipzig, with whom he described the dampening effect of the vagus nerve on the heart. In 1866 he developed the first "isolated frog heart" with the artificial flow of a suitable liquid. He also isolated the liver, kidneys, muscles and lungs and allowed them to flow artificially like the "frog heart".

Carl Ludwig's students came from all over the world, their number is estimated at 250 to 300. Besides Germany, they came from Russia, Italy, Sweden, Denmark, France, England and America. Carl Ludwig must have particularly understood how to tie such differently gifted people to himself.

Carl Ludwig's students included:

  • Henry Pickering Bowditch was in Leipzig from 1869 to 1871 - the first and best-known American physiologist, taught at Harvard Medical School .
  • Charles Sedgwick Minot from Boston was in Leipzig from 1873 to 1874 - at the time the leading American embryologist, taught at Harvard Medical School.
  • John Jacob Abel was in Leipzig in 1884 - later professor of pharmacology at Johns Hopkins University .
  • Franklin P. Mall was in Leipzig in 1885 - later professor of anatomy at Johns Hopkins University.
  • Angelo Mosso was in Leipzig from 1873 to 1874. Mosso became a professor in Turin in 1876. He researched the effects of the high altitude climate on the human organism.
  • Alexander Spengler , the founder of the Davos high altitude cure against tuberculosis. After his escape to Zurich, Ludwig convinced Spengler to switch to medical school.

Some of his students were Artur Georg Blachstein , Wladimir Bechterew , Wilhelm Ellenberger and Otto Frank .

List of previous assistants at the Physiological Institute since 1867: Franz Schweigger-Seidel (1867–1871), Gustav Hüfner (1869–1872), JJ Müller (1869–1871), Hugo Kronecker (1871–1876), GA Schwalbe (1872 –1873), Edmund Drechsel (1872–1892), Paul Flechsig (1873–1878), Joh. Von Kries (1877–1880), Justus Gaule (1878–1885), Max von Frey (1880–1897), Franz Hundeshagen ( 1883–1885), Paul Starke (1885–1886), Ludwig Reese (1885–1888), Otto Drasch (1886–1889), Max Siegfried (from 1888), Rudolf T. Metzner (1889–1890), Paul Starke (1890 –1891), Richard Mosen (1891–1892), Hugo Welzel (1891), Otto Frank (1892–1894), Alfred Schützhold (1892–1894), Hans Wislicenus (1893–1894), Paul Balke (1894–1897), Wilhelm Massot (1894–1895), Siegfried Garten (1894–1908), Franz Hofmann (1895–1905), Volkmar Störmer (1897), Richard Burian (1897–1905), Armin Tschermak (1898–1899), Alfred Noll (1899 –1900), Friedrich Nicolai (1901–1903), Johannes Rietschel (1901–1902), Walter Sülze (1903–1909), Ernst von B rücke (1905–1909), Rudolf Dittler (1905–1909).

marriage and family

In 1849 he married Christiane Endemann (1827-19 September 1897), the daughter of law professor Hermann Ernst Endemann at the University of Marburg. They had two children. The son Ernst Carl Theodor died in childhood (1853-1858). The daughter Anna Christina Henriette Ludwig (February 1, 1851-1934) married the historian Alfred Wilhelm Dove (born April 4, 1844 in Berlin; † January 19, 1916 in Freiburg), who was professor for history and secret council at the from 1897 University of Freiburg im Breisgau was. The marriage remained childless. Anna Dove, b. Ludwig, after the death of her father Carl Ludwig in 1895, took care of her mother Christiane Ludwig, who dissolved her household in Leipzig in July 1895 and moved to their home in Breslau , where her husband Alfred Wilhelm Dove worked at the university.

Honors

In 1882 Ludwig was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , in 1893 to the National Academy of Sciences . In addition, he was a member of the Academies of Sciences in Berlin, Vienna, Munich, Leipzig, Paris , St. Petersburg, Rome, Turin, Stockholm, Uppsala et cetera.

Since 1932, the Carl Ludwig Medal of Honor has been awarded by the German Cardiac Society for many years of outstanding work in the field of cardiovascular research. The Carl Ludwig Institute for Physiology at the University of Leipzig is named after him.

Fonts

  • Contributions to the doctrine of the mechanism of urinary secretion. Marburg 1843.
  • Contributions to the knowledge of the influence of respiratory movements on the blood flow in the aortic system. Arch. Anat. Physiol. 13 (1847): pp. 242-302; Translated by J. Schaefer et al .: Contributions to the knowledge of the influence of the respiratory movements on the circulation in the aortic system . Progr. Biophysics & Molecular Biology (PBMB) in: review 2014.
  • Textbook of human physiology. CF Winter, Heidelberg 1852
  • Works from the physiological institute in Leipzig . Tenth year 1875. Announced by C. Ludwig. Published by S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1876

literature

Web links

Commons : Carl Ludwig  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Carl Ludwig  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Werner E. Gerabek : Ludwig, Carl. In: Encyclopedia of Medical History. 2005, p. 868.
  2. ^ H. Straub, K. Beckmann: General Pathology of Water and Salt Metabolism and Urine Preparation , in: Textbook of Internal Medicine , 4th Edition, 2nd Volume, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1939, p. 8.
  3. ^ A b Paul von Grützner, Alfred Dove:  Ludwig, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 52, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1906, pp. 123-131.
  4. ↑ Vasomonor Center
  5. ^ Gisela Teichmann: William Harvey and the cardiac output. In: internal medicine. Volume 19, 1992, No. 3, pp. 94-96.
  6. ^ Holger Steinberg: Psychiatry at the University of Leipzig: A two hundred year tradition. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 23, 2004, pp. 270-312; here: p. 277.
  7. ^ Gundolf Keil : Review of: Florian Mildenberger: Medical instruction for the bourgeoisie. Medicinal cultures in the magazine "Die Gartenlaube" (1853–1944). Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2012 (= medicine, society and history. Supplement 45), ISBN 978-3-515-10232-2 . In: Medical historical messages. Journal for the history of science and specialist prose research. Volume 34, 2015 (2016), pp. 306–313, here: p. 310.
  8. ↑ The reflexes of one of the sensitive nerves of the heart on the motor of the blood vessels . Elias von Cyon, and Carl Ludwig. 1866. Works from the Physiological Institute in Leipzig: 128–149
  9. ↑ Henry P. Bowditch by By A. Clifford Barger The Physiologist Vol. 30, no. 4 1987
  10. ^ The Work of the Naturalist in the World By Charles Sedgwick Minot in: Popular Science Monthly Volume 47 May 1895
  11. ^ Biographical Memoir by WM. DEB McNider
  12. ^ Franklin P. Mall - The Medical Archives at Johns Hopkins
  13. ^ Birk Engmann: Neurologists German-Russian scientific relationships in the 19th century in the fields of psychiatry, neuropathology and neurology; a biobibliographical lexicon . Shaker, Aachen 2018, ISBN 978-3-8440-5906-9 .
  14. ↑ Festschrift to celebrate the 500th anniversary of the University of Leipzig. The institutes of medicine. Published by the Rector and Senate. 3rd volume. Hirzel, Leipzig 1909, page 22
  15. ^ Fellows Directory. Biographical Index: Former RSE Fellows 1783–2002. (PDF file) Royal Society of Edinburgh, accessed January 3, 2020 .
  16. ^ Members of the American Academy. Listed by election year, 1850–1899 ( PDF ). Retrieved September 24, 2015
  17. ^ List of members since 1666: Letter L. Académie des sciences, accessed on January 16, 2020 (French).
  18. ^ "Carl Ludwig" by Frederic S. Lee is an article from "Science", Volume 1. Published June 7, 1895
personal data
SURNAME Ludwig, Carl
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Ludwig, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German physiologist
DATE OF BIRTH December 29, 1816
PLACE OF BIRTH Witzenhausen
DATE OF DEATH April 23, 1895
Place of death Leipzig