Garden salad

Garden salad
	Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa var. Capitata )
Systematics
	Euasterids II
Order :	Astern-like (Asterales)
Family :	Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily :	Cichorioideae
Genre :	Lettuce ( Lactuca )
Type :	Garden salad
Scientific name
	Lactuca sativa
	L.

The garden salad or Gartenlattich ( Lactuca sativa ), also briefly Cos (from Middle High German lattech , LATECH , lateche from about Althochdeutsche borrowed from Latin lactuca ), is a plant from the genus of lettuces ( Lactuca ) in the family of the daisy family (Asteraceae ). The garden salad was chosen by the Association for the Preservation of Crop Diversity eV (VEN) as Vegetable of the Year 2007/2008 in Germany.

description

Garden salad ( Lactuca sativa ), blooming

It is a one to two year old herbaceous plant that initially only grows as a basal rosette ; it is this rosette or parts of it that are consumed by man. The basal leaves are undivided or saw-shaped, with entire margins and not thorny serrated. In summer the garden lettuce shoots up (= forms an inflorescence ) and reaches heights of 30 to 100 centimeters. The upright stem is paniculate, ramified, whitish, often reddish speckled and glabrous. The stem leaves are heart-shaped, encompassing the stem and mostly obovate.

Many small, narrow, cup-shaped partial inflorescences stand together in paniculate inflorescences . These partial inflorescences have an approximately cylindrical shape, which swells at the time of flowering, and their envelope consists of roof-like bracts , which have a length of about 8 to over 13 mm. In the flower heads there are usually seven to 15 (rarely up to 30 or more) ray florets. The ray-flowers, which are predominantly yellow, sometimes also contain a little violet color, end in five corolla lobes, from which one can clearly see that the corolla tube is formed from five petals .

Depending on the variety, the whitish, light gray, brown or black achenes are obovate and about 3 to 4 mm long, have one or more ribs and open into an often thread-like elongated tip on which the pappus sits. The white pappus consists of several rows of simple hair of the same length.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18.

ingredients

Ingredients of the lettuce species:
1: α-Lactucerol (= Taraxasterol ). 2: β-lactucerol (= lactucon, lactucerin ). 3: lactucin; 4: lactucopicrin

The ingredients correspond to those of other species of lettuce , see also lettuce ingredients there . The garden lettuce has a whitish milky juice, especially in the stems and inflorescences. This milky juice, from which the botanical name Lactuca is derived, contains bitter substances (see lettuce ), which help the plant to ward off predators and pests; on the other hand, they also determine the taste of its base leaves.

One undesirable substance in garden lettuce is nitrate . Garden lettuce kept in the dark can contain up to 4.85 grams of nitrate per kilogram. The decisive factor is the ability to store nitrates, which is genetically predetermined and shows strong differences from variety to variety.

100 g garden salad contains on average:
Calorific value	water	Proteins	carbohydrates	fat	potassium	Calcium	phosphorus	magnesium	sodium	iron	Vitamin A	Vitamin B1	Vitamin B2	vitamin C	Vitamin E.	niacin
54 kJ (13 kcal )	95 g	1.3 g	2.2 g	0.2	224 mg	37 mg	33 mg	11 mg	32 mg	1.1 mg	0.24 mg	0.062 mg	0.078 mg	13 mg	0.57 mg	0.4 mg

history

The primal lettuce ( Lactuca serriola ) has now been identified, a steppe plant that is widespread in southern Europe , Western Asia to northern India and North Africa and with which garden lettuce is specific .

Many varieties of this plant have been cultivated since ancient times . There are about 4,500 year old reliefs that depict a plant that resembles romaine lettuce . Starting in Egypt , the salad spread over the whole of the ancient Greek and Roman world.

The garden salad has only been widespread in Central Europe since the time of Charlemagne . Starting from the monastery gardens , the spread Leaf lettuce ( Lactuca sativa var. Crispa ) with its rosettes loosely standing sheets, during the culture of the Latin countries binding lettuce ( Lactuca sativa var. Longifolia ) has been developed with its elongated, a loose head-forming leaves. The now known and popular lettuce ( Lactuca sativa var. Capitata ) is a breed from the beginning of modern times .

In the Middle Ages, lettuce seeds ( semen lactucae ) were used in particular .

Culture

Adult lettuce flowers from June to August, but the basal leaves then develop too many bitter substances, so the lettuce is harvested before the lettuce grows (“ shoots ”).

The main growing areas include Italy , France , Holland , Belgium , Spain and Germany . In areas with frost, the lettuce is grown under glass and outdoors. Free-range lettuce is available in stores weighing up to 500 g. The salad grown under glass is available from around 100 g. The winter lettuce from the greenhouse has on average higher nitrate values than the outdoor lettuce in summer. This is due to the lack of light in the greenhouse.

Many salads are sold in foil wrapping to hold the head together and at the same time to avoid excessive evaporation. The salad will keep its freshness longer.

Others

By ethene the lettuce is wilted faster and gets brown spots. This gas flows out of ripening fruit.

In addition to the green salad, there is also a red variant. The color is caused by anthocyanins .

Cultural forms

Green garden salad

The variety of cultivated forms can be divided into two large groups: the first has a short cultivation period and does not form closed heads ( convar. Sativa helmet ), the second group with a long cultivation period usually forms heads (convar. Incocta helmet ). At Hanelt, the two groups are called "Supergroup" 1 and 2, and he assigns them the following groups of varieties :

Supergroup 1 (convar. Sativa )
- Binding salad, Romana salad, Roman salad (Cos Group, Lactuca sativa var. Longifolia Lam. )
- Oilseed Group, grown for the oilseed seeds
- Asparagus salad (Stalk Group, Lactuca sativa var. Angustana L. H. Bailey )
- Sativa Group, cultivated only rarely, for example in Central Asia
Supergroup 2 (convar. Incocta )
- Lettuce , lettuce, butter lettuce (butterhead Group, Lactuca sativa var. Capitata L. )
- Krachsalat (Crisphead Group), including the iceberg lettuce ,
- Leaf lettuce , Pflücksalat, lettuce (Cutting Group, Lactuca sativa var. Crispa L. )
- Latin group, makes thick, short leaves, common in the Mediterranean region

swell

Description in the Flora of North America. (engl.)

literature

Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species. 6th, completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 .
Manfred A. Fischer , Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .

Web links

Commons : Garden Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Thomas Meyer: Lettuce data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
Wim JM Koopman, Eli Guetta, Clemens CM van de Wiel, Ben Vosman, Ronald G. van den Berg: Phylogenetic relationships among Lactuca (Asteraceae) species and related genera based on ITS-1 DNA sequences. In: American Journal of Botany. 85, 1998, pp. 1517-1530. (www.amjbot.org; Engl.)
Dave Hamilton: Lettuce - Lactuca sativa - Daisy family. 2005. (selfsufficientish.com)
Entry in Plants for a Future. (engl.)

Individual evidence

^ Friedrich Kluge , Alfred Götze : Etymological dictionary of the German language . 20th edition. Edited by Walther Mitzka . De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1967; Reprint (“21st unchanged edition”) ibid 1975, ISBN 3-11-005709-3 , p. 425 ( Lattich ).
^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 989 .
↑ K. Herrmann: Ingredients of fruit and vegetables. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3139-0 .
↑ Leaflet on lettuce. Bavarian State Institute for Agriculture , June 2005.
↑ Volker Zimmermann: The Heidelberg Pharmacopoeia Ysack Leuj. Contributions of Jewish Doctors to Medieval Medicine. Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2018, ISBN 978-3-515-12174-3 , p. 62.
↑ P. Hanelt, IPK (Ed.): Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops (online)

[1] Friedrich Kluge , Alfred Götze : Etymological dictionary of the German language . 20th edition. Edited by Walther Mitzka . De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1967; Reprint (“21st unchanged edition”) ibid 1975, ISBN 3-11-005709-3 , p. 425 ( Lattich ).

[Oberdorfer2001-2] Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 989 .

[3] K. Herrmann: Ingredients of fruit and vegetables. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3139-0 .

[4] Leaflet on lettuce. Bavarian State Institute for Agriculture , June 2005.

[5] Volker Zimmermann: The Heidelberg Pharmacopoeia Ysack Leuj. Contributions of Jewish Doctors to Medieval Medicine. Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2018, ISBN 978-3-515-12174-3 , p. 62.

[6] P. Hanelt, IPK (Ed.): Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops (online)