Fragrant violets

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Fragrant violets
Scented violets (Viola odorata)

Scented violets ( Viola odorata )

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden I
Order : Malpighiales (Malpighiales)
Family : Violet family (Violaceae)
Genre : Violets ( viola )
Type : Fragrant violets
Scientific name
Viola odorata
L.

The fragrant violet ( Viola odorata ), also called March violet or fragrant violet , belongs to the violet family (Violaceae). In the garden it is since the ancient cultivated, because both in religious rites and in the medicine very early was used. Since the early Middle Ages at the latest , it has also been cultivated as an ornamental and medicinal plant in Central Europe.

features

Viola odorata , flower

The fragrant violet is best known for its sweet scent. It is a rhizome-forming , perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 5 to 15 centimeters. The leaves standing together in a basal rosette are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. On the backward hairy peduncle there are two bracts in the middle . The grass-green, simple leaf blades are about the same length as they are wide and rounded kidney-shaped to broadly ovate. The broadly lanceolate to egg-shaped stipules have individual fringes or are bare.

The flowering period extends from March to April. The fragrant, sometimes cleistogamous flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals are blunt. The five dark purple petals form a 2 to 3 centimeter large crown. The spur is usually straight. The chromosome number of the species is 2n = 20.

Occurrence

The fragrant violet is native to the Mediterranean area up to the Caucasus and Iran and is naturalized in large parts of Europe. In Central Europe it grows in bushes, on the edges of forests, on shady trails on fresh, nutrient-rich, mild to moderately acidic, humus-rich loamy soils in a mildly humid climate. It occurs mainly in the Alliario-Chaerophylletum temuli from the Alliarion association and is an order character of the Glechometalia hederaceae.

Sites in the garden and ecology

March violet ( Viola odorata )

The scented violet prefers light to partially shaded places and feels very comfortable under deciduous, not too dense shrubs, for example together with liverworts or as a companion to roses in the garden. In the wild, it can be found on the edges of forests and in deciduous hedges and bushes.

The plant spreads through runners ( stolons ) so that it can gradually colonize other areas if it is allowed to grow undisturbed. The fruits are also spread by ants ( myrmecochory ), so that the fragrant violet, once settled, can appear anywhere in the garden.

ingredients

The essential oil of the fresh flowers contains u. a. Parmon (trans-α-Ionon, the fragrance principle of the oil), also Undecanon-2, Isoborneol, 2,6-Nonadien-1-al and u. a. the sesquiterpenes (-) - zingiberen, (+) - α-curcumen, α- and β-ionone, the dried flowers also contain flavonoids and mucilage and salicylic acid methyl ester . The leaves collected during flowering and dried in the air contain mucilage, triterpenes , and the like. a. Friedelin, β-sitosterol, methyl salicylate, phenol carboxylic acids , etc. a. Ferulic acid and sinapic acid and the alkaloid violin. The dried rhizome contains essential oil (0.038%) with β-nitropropionic acid and salicylic acid methyl ester (formed as a cleavage product during steam distillation), the salicylic acid glucoside Gaultherin and the alkaloid violin.

Use as a scented plant

The fragrant violet is not the only fragrant violet of its kind in Europe, but apart from the Parma violet , which was also used in the past , it is the only one used in the production of raw materials for perfumery. The violet perfumes that were developed in the 19th century contained the violet-smelling absolute from the roots of the Florentine iris ( Iris germanica 'Florentina' or Iris pallida ). Instead, perfumes have mainly contained synthetic ionones since around 1895 . In addition, an absolute made from violet flowers is still produced on a very small scale. Above all, however, the perfumery industry makes extensive use of the leaves of the violet, from which a so-called “green” scent can be extracted.

Culinary use

The flowers of the violet can be used to make flavored syrup , vinegar or violet ice cream and to decorate salads and desserts . Candied violets are also used to decorate cakes and desserts. For this purpose, the violet blossoms are coated with semi-rigid whipped egg white and thinly sprinkled with fine sugar . They are then left to dry on a fine grid for about two days. The “Violettes de Toulouse ” are a well-known sweet in France.

Violet tea is very easy to make yourself. To do this, two tablespoons of dried violet flowers are mixed with 100 g of black tea.

Parfait Amour is a liqueur made from violets and Far Eastern flower essences . Rounded off with distillates and concentrates from lemon , orange and coriander , it gets its aroma , cocktails can be colored purple with it. The liqueur was particularly popular at the beginning of the 20th century and after the First World War .

Use in herbal medicine

Even Hippocrates and Dioscurides used violets as medicinal plants . Violets are said to help with eczema . In the 19th century it was also thought to have an effect against cancer. In the herb of Viola odorata were alkaloids , tannins , saponins , coumarins and flavonoids were identified.

In 2007 the scented violet was named Medicinal Plant of the Year . Modern research has found that extracts from Viola odorata have a lipid-lowering and vasodilative effect. This would at least partially explain the supportive use of elevated blood lipid levels and hypertension . The blood lipid-lowering effect is said to be based on a reduced absorption and synthesis of lipids as well as on the antioxidant properties of Viola odorata . For a peptide from Viola odorata , the cyclopeptide Cyclovioloycin 02 (a cyclotide), anti- cancer, chemosensitizing and antibacterial effects could be demonstrated. In addition to their potential anti- tumoral effects, cyclotides from Viola odorata could also serve as a template for new drugs against cancer due to their special chemical and biological stability .

The " violet root ", which is still used today , is traditionally used to relieve pain and discomfort during teething in infants and small children , does not come from the scented violet. It is the rhizome of the iris species used to produce fragrances . The ambiguous German name refers to this usage.

Use as a cut flower

Until the 1930s, violets were one of the most popular cut flowers . For violet forcing, special large-flowered and long-stemmed varieties, including filled ones, were bred, only a few of which are still grown by collectors and enthusiasts today. Only the 'Queen Charlotte' variety is still widespread today.

The production of cut violets was largely carried out by forcing under glass and began in December; Outdoor crops supplied the market until April. After the Second World War , the cultivation came to a standstill, as increased labor costs made production unprofitable.

Selected garden varieties of the scented violet

  • 'Queen Charlotte', medium blue, blooming above the foliage, remontant , the flower stalks are not bent so that the flower points upwards
  • 'Reine des Neiges', an ice blue, almost white form of 'Queen Charlotte'
  • 'Red Charm', purple-red
  • 'Sulfurea', apricot-colored
  • 'Triumph', deep blue, huge blooming
  • 'Alba', the sometimes occurring white wild form, characterized by its purple spur
  • 'Czar Blanc', large-flowered pure white
  • 'Flore Pleno', the rare double shape
  • 'Reine Victoria' (syn. 'Czar Bleu') is still occasionally grown in southern France for the perfume industry
  • 'Countess of Shaftesbury', one of the few surviving semi-double varieties

The scented violet in mythology, customs, art and literature

antiquity

The scented violet was a cult plant consecrated to several deities in Greek and Roman antiquity . On the day of Saturn , the celebrants wreathed themselves with violet blossoms; Bouquets of violets were offered to Pan and the plant was also consecrated to Persephone . Due to its scent and dark flowers, the Greeks also considered the violet a flower of love. They already liked to give violets to the beloved, in order to point out the affection that was developing.

mythology

As with many other plant species, the Greeks explained the origin of the violet mythologically: a daughter of the sky-bearing titan Atlas , known for her beauty , was pursued with its rays by the sun god . However, the brittle beauty fled from him and desperately asked Zeus for assistance. He took pity and turned the intimidated and desperate girl into a violet. Since then, it has been growing in the bushes of the forest, protected from the rays of the sun god.

The Roman mythology also claims that it in no way the handsome god Vulcan who's desperately in Venus , yet succeeded was in love to be kissed by the goddess because he smelled of violets. And Zeus, who transformed the nymph Io into an enchanting heifer (a cow that has not yet given birth to a calf) as protection from the jealous Hera , let a whole meadow of fragrant violets bloom for her. Only this plant was a food appropriate to its beauty.

According to a Wendish legend, the daughter of the idol Tschernebog was transformed into a violet that blooms once every ten years on Walpurgis Night . Whoever picks it then redeems the virgin and receives her as a woman with all the treasures of her father.

regional customs

As one of the first heralds of spring, the fragrant violet has always been particularly valued. The first violet was celebrated with a lavish festival at the Viennese court as early as 1200. According to the saga collector Anton von Perger , the celebration of the first violet was a custom that was celebrated throughout southern Germany in the Middle Ages.

The followers of Napoleon chose the violet as their emblem when the emperor was exiled to Elba and swore that he would return to Paris with the violets. The followers of Napoleon demonstrated their political views with bouquets of violets and wearing violet-colored clothing. Allegedly, the violet was Napoleon's favorite plant after his great love Joséphine de Beauharnais threw him a bouquet of violets on the evening they met. After his death, two dried violets were found on his chest in a golden capsule.

Violets symbolize humility and modesty.

art

One finds the scented violet occasionally as an attribute plant of Mary in pictures of the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance - z. B. in the picture Madonna with the violet by Stefan Lochner . Again according to Beuchert , violets next to the cross of Christ as a violet color of mourning symbolize both the pain of Christ's death and the worldwide spread of his teaching, which began at that moment.

A bouquet of violets attributed to Albrecht Dürer is also widely used on postcards and posters . However, according to the current state of research, the actual work of art does not come from Dürer himself (see here ).

Violets in literature

The herald of spring, violet, is the favorite flower of many poets and writers. These include u. a. Homer , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and the troubadours .

The children picked the violets,
all of them, all of them blooming at the mill moat.
The Lenz is there; they want it firmly
in their little fists.

And Goethe wrote:

A violet in the meadow stood
hunched over and unknown;
It was a sweet violet.
As a young shepherdess came
with light step and munterm sense
, therefore, why
the lawn ago, and sang.

Oh! If the violet thinks, if I were only
Nature's most beautiful flower,
Oh, just a little while,
Until my darling plucked me off
And pressed dull on my bosom!
Oh only, oh only for
a quarter of an hour!

Oh but oh! The girl came
And did not take
care of the violet, Ertrat it, poor violet.
And sank and died and is still happy:
And if I die then I will die
through her, through her,
at her feet!

Eduard Mörike immortalized the violet as the herald of spring in his poem "He is it":

Spring lets its blue ribbon
flutter through the air again;
Sweet, well-known scents forebodingly
streak the land.
Violets are already dreaming,
want to come soon .
- Hear a soft harp sound from afar!
Spring, yes it's
you, I heard!

The modest sayings that young girls wrote in their poetry albums just a few decades ago are also poetic:

Like the little violet that
blooms in the dark,
always be pious and good,
even if no one sees you.

Be like the violet in the moss
, modest and pure
and not like the proud rose
that always wants to be admired.

history

swell

Historical illustrations

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Page 677. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001. ISBN 3-8001-3131-5
  2. ↑ Karl Hiller, Matthias Melzig: Lexicon of medicinal plants and drugs . Spectrum Academic Publishing House, 2009, ISBN 978-3-8274-2053-4 .
  3. ^ Günther Ohloff: Earthly Scents - Heavenly Lust . Birkhäuser, 1992, ISBN 3-7643-2753-7 .
  4. ↑ Eduard Winkler: Complete Real Lexicon of Medicinisch-Pharmaceutischen Natural History and Rohwaarenkunde ... Brockhaus, 1842, p. 890 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  5. ↑ JK Crellin, Jane Philpott, AL Tommie Bass: Herbal Medicine Past and Present: A reference guide to medicinal plants . Duke University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8223-1019-8 , pp. 439 f . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  6. ↑ a b c HS Siddiqi, MH Mehmood, NU Rehman, AH Gilani: Studies on the antihypertensive and antidyslipidemic activities of Viola odorata leaves extract. In: Lipids in health and disease. Volume 11, 2012, ISSN  1476-511X , p. 6, doi: 10.1186 / 1476-511X-11-6 , PMID 22233644 , PMC 3286389 (free full text).
  7. Jump up ↑ SL Gerlach, R. Rathinakumar, G. Chakravarty, U. Göransson, WC Wimley, SP Darwin, D. Mondal: Anticancer and chemosensitizing abilities of cycloviolacin 02 from Viola odorata and psyle cyclotides from Psychotria leptothyrsa. In: Biopolymers. Volume 94, number 5, 2010, ISSN  0006-3525 , pp. 617-625, doi: 10.1002 / bip.21435 , PMID 20564026 .
  8. ↑ M. Pränting, C. Lööv, R. Burman, U. Göransson, DI Andersson: The cyclotide cycloviolacin O2 from Viola odorata has potent bactericidal activity against Gram-negative bacteria. In: The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. Volume 65, Number 9, September 2010, ISSN  1460-2091 , pp. 1964-1971, doi: 10.1093 / jac / dkq220 , PMID 20558471 .
  9. ↑ P. Lindholm, U. Göransson, S. Johansson, P. Claeson, J. Gullbo, R. Larsson, L. Bohlin, A. Backlund: Cyclotides: a novel type of cytotoxic agents. In: Molecular cancer therapeutics. Volume 1, Number 6, April 2002, ISSN  1535-7163 , pp. 365-369, PMID 12477048 .
  10. ↑ Pedanios Dioscurides . 1st century De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. Translation. Julius Berendes . Pedanius Dioscurides' medicine theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, pp. 432–433 (Book IV, Chapter 120): Ion (digitized version)
  11. ↑ Pliny the Elder , 1st century. Naturalis historia , Book XXI, Chapter xiv (§ 27): Violae (digitized version ) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version ) . - Book XXI, Chapter lxxvi (§ 130-131): Viola silvestris (digitized version ) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version )
  12. ↑ Galen , 2nd century De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , Book VI, Chapter IX / 3 (based on the Kühn 1826 edition, Volume XI, p. 889): De Io, Viola (digitized version)
  13. ↑ Pseudo-Dioscorides de herbis femininis . 6th century edition: HF Kästner. Pseudo-Dioscorides de herbis femininis. In: Hermes , Vol. 31 (1896), Chapter 64 (p. 634): Purpurea (digitalisat)
  14. ↑ Avicenna , 11th century, Canon of Medicine . Translation and adaptation by Gerhard von Cremona , Arnaldus de Villanova and Andrea Alpago (1450–1521). Basel 1556, Volume II, Chapter 726: Viola (digitized version)
  15. ↑ Constantine the African , 11th century Liber de gradibus simplicium . Pressure. Opera . Basel 1536, p. 344: Viola (digitized version)
  16. ^ Pseudo-Serapion 13th century, print. Venice 1497, sheet 117v (No CXLI): Viola (digitized)
  17. ↑ Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar , 13th century, Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Stuttgart Volume I 1840, pp. 170–172: Viola odorata (digitized version)
  18. ^ Pseudo-Macer . Edition: Ludwig Choulant. Macer floridus de virtutibus herbarum… Leipzig 1832, Chapter XL (pp. 83–85): Viola (digitized version)
  19. ^ German Macer . After: Bernhard Schnell, William Crossgrove: The German Macer. Vulgate version. Niemeyer, Tübingen 2003, p. 339 (Chapter 17): Viola . - Cpg 226 , Alsace, 1459–1469, sheet 186v – 187v: Vyoly (digitized) . Transcription: (.xvj. Vyoly sint cold and fights on the first grade Dye vyol is the third hand / a know / the other swarcz / the dryt violfar. They have vil close to a strength on the ercznie. (The vyol is good which stat is heated on the lib / whether you push it and tie it up (the viol smelled or crucz knows vff the houpt carried the dryness (violn boiled in water and drunk helps the sweating fiery meat and the good (the purple viol with water consumed / helps the / Those who have the falling evil vnd namely the children (The viol worczel with mirren vnd zitwan poked vnd laid vff the eyes of the night / those heated by the eyes are swer it helps them (poked Viol krut and tempered with honey and painted off the dark it helps (whoever to the two eats oneself dut / one heals only wonden there with / and patters with the same a merely swelling that is nuwelich to come (Viol krut boiled and the book vnderthal the navel with born ewet helps the wanted matricem. Matrix is ​​the place because the kint is born in the mother lip liget / bit to siner (Violn worczeln stamped with it and pressed help the wanted milk if you put it vff the milk (It also helps to the search on the feet which is called podagra ( Viol krüt vnd ​​root pounded with water and pressed down helps the children with their hats and whether they are swer edemen (Violn oley poured into the ore is good for things // (The vÿol water poured into the ore spoils everybody angry and knocked of the houpt whether you stroke it (whoever smears the oley nuczet and himself with it rubs the dishworms It also spreads the scales of the houpt whether it is coated with it (whoever thinks of syme houpt from slegen or from throwing in curved so is that he loses the language and the tongues have no power / should take the purple viol krut and push with win and use / is the shame on the right hand / so he ties the viol krut to push the li But if it is part of the left foot / so he binds it to the right foot / the scarf is directed against jr stat / and we speak as before (who know violn krut has the power who has it almost in his mouth like sere a wound is bleeding and she hides / liquiricia has the same strength on the blood
  20. ^ Charles Victor Daremberg and Friedrich Anton Reuss (1810–1868). S. Hildegardis Abbatissae Subtilitatum Diversarum Naturarum Creaturarum Libri Novem. Physica , Book I, Chapter 103: Viola . Migne, Paris 1855. Sp. 1170 (digitized version ) - Translation: Herbert Reier: Hildegard von Bingen Physica. Translated into German after the text edition by JP Migne, Paris 1882. Kiel 1980, p. 91: Viola is between warm and cold. It is cold from the air it grows in, which is just beginning to warm up after winter. It helps against the darkness of the eyes. Take good oil, let it simmer in the sun or on the fire in a new pan. Then put violas in it so that it is thickened by it, put it in a glass vessel and keep it that way. At night, anoint your eyebrows and your eyes all around with the oil, but without touching the inside of your eyes. The darkness of the eyes will flee. - Anyone who is bothered and oppressed by melancholy in his mind, and his lungs suffers, cook violas in pure wine, strain them through a cloth, add galgan and as much licorice as he wants to this wine. He'll make a bad note of it and drink it. This soothes the melancholy and makes him happy, and heals the lungs.
  21. ↑ Konrad von Megenberg , 14th century book of nature. Output. Franz Pfeiffer . Aue, Stuttgart 1861, pp. 424–425 (V / 85): Viola (digitized version)
  22. ↑ Galangal spice treatise 13th / 14th century. Latin: Clm 13 076 , without place, 1356, sheet 21v [(digitized version )] - Alemannic: Cpg 620 recipe collection, Northern Bavaria, around 1450, sheet 83v – 84r (digitized version) ]. Transcription: Vyola haisset veyal vnd is ain noble, useful plum when when you poke you with wine and then soak it through a cloth and put it over wounds so it drives away all the aches and when you drip the juice into the wounds it drives everyone Fäwl from vnd chain lets evil meat grow in it and if you bump the pleter with food or wine and then put plaster white on the hood, it drives away all the big sorts and wagons of the haubtz
  23. ↑ --- Michael Puff . Little book about the burnt-out waters . 15th century print Augsburg (Johannes Bämler) 1478 (digitized)
  24. ↑ Nikolaus Frauenlob 15th century Cpg 583 , South-West Germany (Mattighofen), 1482–1486, sheet (digitized) Transcription: Veyel is dreyerlaÿ varb ettlich has purpurisch varb pluomen. ettlich white pluemen ettlicher swarcz vnd are all ainerlay virtue But the veyel with the purple pluemen is pesser and nobler vnd have xxiiij virtue If that is not healthy Man sal veyel in water boil and drink from it that makes the hawp ring ader man sal the haubt smear with it / ade one should wear a crane of veyel on the hawp that helps vnd also helps whale the prun of the exit Another art vnd ​​erczneÿ Man take sal veyel oil and with it the main coat the help ve man sal veÿel drink oil Who into the hawpp vein is thrown that in ettlich pain from the right valley are spoken and it is not allowed to talk that the wound would be human and also sensible became so merck just dÿ virtue Man sal veÿel ol with wine pounding and sal drinking and sal then pinden the zestrussen veÿel with sambt the juice on dÿ renck versen so the broken pain is directed against a vein it gets itself out of work and the person who is sore is wi rdt contradicting talk But is that the main thing onf the rencken seytten would sore So sal one the zestossen veyel on the right seytten of the hawppt pinden that writes a master arczt and helps Which fraw on jr haymlichait is reluctant So sal one veÿel in good wine wal syeden And drink from it that helps whoever has the klain worm and the white on the hawbt etc. You can use the veyel oil and coat the hawpp there with anointing that drives away all vnsäwbrikaÿt with wallt etc. Whom you have to do with you dÿ veyel pleter vnd sal sy zuo hawffen klawben vnd the same saltu nemmen ain tail vnd sal nemmen czwaÿ tail paumöll vnd sal dÿ veyel pleter put in ain glass well closed vnd sal the so mitennand to the sunnen seczen vnd so leave the last vij day vnverrubt vnd the haysset then a lot of oil and is then too manigerlaÿ ding good that writes vns mayster palladig [Probably: Podalirius, son of Aesculapia.] Whoever on the hawpp has pounded man salveÿel with oil vein with honey and sal so that the dÿ geswer anoint dÿ on the haupp the hailent stepped [?] Whom the eyes wanted to be Man sal green spices from the bird and mirren and saffran pound together and with it sal one wreath the eyes of the night willy Who dy nasen vbel smekcht etc. Man sol veÿel with Cinamomum zestössen vnd sall that bump in the nostrils vein plummet so forgive the stalkkch Who has a sick stomach Man sall veÿel in water boil and drink from it that helps people ze verczern Whoever spoke lost has one wirdt sol veÿel Handt with wine zestössen vnd sol the divertising zuo of human talk vnd vernünfftig whom the stomach nit Pop groups is one wurczen sal then veyel vnd boil with Essich darab the hilfft vnd vertreÿbt Dy swarczen colera divertising because of Dy melanncholai kümbt If that Miltz vnvertig is Man sal veyel rooting with it zestössen and then drinking the sal man who is in your body Man sal veyel drinking that makes the pauch vertig and also w aich Whom the left pluet jm body stekt Man sal veÿel so green vein jr pluemen in water syeden vnd so drink warm for dÿ wüerm jm pauch Man sal veyel drink water daz toit sÿ who plateren vnflätig thing haylen wil Man sal veyel with honey zestössen vnd so sal man dÿ vein anoint vein other vnsaubrig thing Who dy kretz represent wil Man sal veyel boil in water and then wash himself with the water dÿ kretz an hentten vein sunst etc. Which children dye hats we do man sal veyel krawt vein ir plüed with each other in water syeden vnd drink What fraw jn jr haymlichait is vnvertig Man sal veyel sam with wine wol syeden vnd drink from it Which fraw talked at the matrix and is not healthy Man sal veyel sÿeden in water vnd the water sal dÿ fraw Use for the matrix that also helps who dÿ füess we tuent or podagra has item Whom dÿ füess we tuen Man sal veÿel root with it, zest and warm up and drink warmly ader dy feet with it paint or one sol veÿel with each other in it simmering and so warmly on one's feet Zuo wounds an ercznaÿ Man sal veyel pleter with honey and with essich pounding sam an anointing the hailet alllay wounds who disguise the pluet wil Man sal veyel roots ze kewen vnd the juice silted up that adjusted the toe
  25. ↑ Herbarius Moguntinus , Mainz 1484, Part I, Chapter 146: Viola, violen (digitized
  26. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485, Chapter 413: Viola (digitized version)
  27. ↑ Hortus sanitatis 1491, Mainz 1491, Part I, Chapter 492: Viola (digitized version)
  28. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig . Small distilling book , Strasbourg 1500, sheet 30v – 31r (digital copy )
  29. ↑ Otto Brunfels . Contrafayt Kreüterbůch . Johann Schott, Strasbourg 1532, p. 95: Zamme Violaten (digitized version )
  30. ↑ Hieronymus Bock . New Kreütter Bůch . Wendel Rihel, Strasbourg 1539, part I, chapter 190: Mertzen violen (digitized version )
  31. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs . New Kreütterbuch… Michael Isingrin, Basel 1543, Chapter 117: Mertzen Violen (digitized version )
  32. ^ Pietro Andrea Mattioli . Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Franckfurt am Mayn 1586, sheet 412r – 413r: Braune or blawe Veiel (digitized version )
  33. ↑ Nicolas Lémery . Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. , Paris 1699, pp. 811-812 (digitized version ) ; Translation. Complete material lexicon. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 1185–1186 (digitized version )
  34. ↑ Albrecht von Haller (Ed.): Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and the art of pharmacists clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, pp. 1324–1325: Viola (digitized version )
  35. ^ William Cullen, A treatise of the materia medica. Charles Elliot, Edinburgh 1789. German. Samuel Hahnemann . Schwickert, Leipzig 1790. Volume II, p. 513: Veilchenwurzel as a breast remedy (digitized version ) ; Volume II, p. 581: Violets as a laxative (digital version )
  36. ^ Jean-Louis Alibert Nouveaux éléments de thérapeutique et de matière médicale. Crapart, Paris Volume I 1803, pp. 250–252 (digitized version )
  37. ↑ Jonathan Pereira’s Handbook of Medicines Doctrine. From the point of view of the German Medicin edited by Rudolf Buchheim . Leopold Voß, Leipzig Volume II 1848, pp. 731–733 (digitized version )
  38. ↑ Alexander Willem Michiel van Hasselt . JB Henkel (translator): Handbook of poison theory for chemists, doctors, pharmacists and court officials . Vieweg, Braunschweig 1862, Part I General poison theory and the poisons of the plant kingdom , p. 485: Violariae (digital copy )
  39. ↑ August Husemann / Theodor Husemann : The plant substances in chemical, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological terms. For doctors, pharmacists, chemists and pharmacologists. Springer, Berlin 1871, pp. 105–106: Violin (digitized version)
  40. ↑ Handbook of the Entire Pharmaceutical Science. Springer, Berlin 2nd ed. 1883, p. 418: Veilchenöl (digitalisat) ; P. 589: Violin (digitized version)
  41. ^ Translation of the text by Franz Unterkircher. Tacuinum sanitatis ... Graz 2004, p. 77: Veilchen. Violets: cold complexion in the first, moist in the second degree. Preferable: lazulis blue with many leaves. Benefit: well-scented ones that are drunk at Frenesis cleanse the bile. Harm: they harm because of their coldness from catarrh. What they generate: nothing. Beneficial for people with warm and dry complexion, for young people, in summer and in southern areas.

Web links

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