sage

sage
Salvia africana lutea
Systematics
Euasterids I Order : Mint family (Lamiales) Family : Mint family (Lamiaceae) Subfamily : Nepetoideae Tribe : Mentheae Genre : sage
Scientific name
Salvia
L.

Illustration of Salvia albocaerulea

Sage ( Salvia ) is a plant genus in the family of the mint (Lamiaceae). It is distributed almost worldwide on all continents except Antarctica and Australia. With 850 to over 900 species it is about the twentieth of the species-richest genera of flowering plants (Magnoliopsida, Angiosperms). Many species have been used as medicinal plants since ancient times, including the common sage ( Salvia officinalis ), which is important for cuisine and medicine . The varieties of some species are used as ornamental plants .

etymology

The name sage ( Middle High German salbeie , Old High German salbeia, salveia ) is about medieval Latin salvegia borrowed from Latin salvia . This is a word formation from the Latin salvare "heal" or salvus "healthy". The name refers primarily to the real sage ( Salvia officinalis ) used as a medicinal plant , which is also known as healing sage or kitchen sage and has been used in German-speaking countries since the early Middle Ages.

Description and ecology

Macro shot of fresh sage leaves: the indument is clearly visible

Longhorn Bee Eucera kullenbergi ( Real bees (Apidae)) as pollinators of Salvia dominica

Stamen (filament) of Salvia patens ; primary filament tip = primary filament tip; secondary = secondary filament tip

Smooth Klausen of the Mexican Chia ( Salvia hispanica )

Appearance and leaves

The sage species are rare, one sometimes biannual to mostly perennial herbaceous plants , semi-shrubs or shrubs . The plants often smell aromatic. Often there are simple hairs and / or glandular hairs ( indument ) on above-ground parts of the plant . The mostly independently upright shoot axes are mostly square.

The mostly opposite leaves are divided into a very short to long petiole and a leaf blade. The leaf blades are simple with smooth to notched or serrated leaf margin or deeply lobed to pinnate. There are no stipules . There is pinnate veins .

Inflorescences, flowers and flower ecology

The flowers are pendant, rarely individually, but usually too few to many best-in Scheinquirlen together in traubigen , ährigen or rispigen total inflorescences up to stand apart on each other more or densely far. The early perishable or durable bracts differ depending on the species more or less clearly from the foliage leaves and can be very decorative. The bracts are usually tiny or barely recognizable. There are only short to barely recognizable flower stalks.

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and fünfzählig double perianth (perianth).

The five green to purple-colored sepals are tubular, funnel to bell-shaped fused. The calyx throat can be hairy on the inside. The calyx tubes end with two lips, with the upper lips simply, two or three teeth and the lower lips always with two teeth. The 10 to 15-nerved calyxes enlarge more or less in some species until they are ripe.

The five petals are fused into zygomorphic flower crowns, which primarily have the family-typical two-lipped structure of the "lip flowers", but the lower lip is reduced in many species. When the lower lip is fully developed, it is tri-lobed when spread out, with the middle lobe being broadest and concave, and the side lobes spreading out or curving back. The entire or two-column upper lip is folded, straight or sickle-shaped. The five petals are fused Roehrig. The corolla tube is straight, horizontal, curved upwards or widened above and can have hairs inside. In the corolla tube there may be small scales (squamula), two to four papillae or a wreath of hair above the ovary.

The colors of the petals range from white to yellow and from red to pink to purple and blue. Red-flowering species without a joint mechanism are usually bird-pollinated, depending on their geographical distribution, for example by hummingbirds in South America . Blue and purple flowering species with an articulated mechanism are mostly bee or bumblebee pollinators. However, transitions and exceptions are possible.

Two of the four stamens are reduced to very small staminodes ; sometimes staminodes are absent. The structure of the stamens differs greatly from that of all other genera of the Lamiaceae family . The two free, fertile stamens have short, horizontal or upright stamens. In many species, especially those pollinated by bees and bumblebees , the stamens have formed a joint that places the pollen on the insect's body. The primary tip of the filament remains thin as it grows and the surrounding tissue grows around it, so that a secondary filament tip is formed. The connective grows and separates the two counters spatially. The lower one of the counters is often smaller down to a sterile plate (monothekat), so that the pollen is only produced by the counters at the flower entrance. In bird-pollinated species, this joint is usually no longer present. The secondary filament tip is partially reduced and the joint is thus destabilized or the filament-connective connection is no longer designed in such a way that rotation is possible.

The disc is slightly thickened or ring-shaped in the front area. Two carpels are a top permanent ovary fused; it is divided into four chambers by false partitions. The long, thin stylus is bifurcated and ends in cross-section with a flattened or pedicel-round, awl, linear or circular lobes in outline; they can both be the same or the front one is longer and the back one can be reduced.

fruit

The Klausen fruits disintegrate into four smooth, bald, ellipsoidal to more or less spherical, elongated-egg-shaped or triangular, often brown, solitary partial fruits (Klausen) with or without nerves on the surface, which are usually slimy when wet.

Systematics and distribution

Taxonomy

The generic name Salvia was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in his work Species Plantarum , 1st edition, Volume 1, pp. 23-27. As a lectotype species , Salvia officinalis L. was established in 1913 by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Addison Brown in An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions: ... , 2nd edition, 3rd volume, p. 128.

Synonyms for Salvia L. are: Aethiopis (Benth.) Opiz , Aethyopys (Benth.) Opiz , Aitopsis Raf. , Arischrada Pobed. , Audibertia Benth. nom. illeg., Audibertiella Briq. , Belospis Raf. , Calosphace Raf. , Codanthera Raf. , Covola Medik. , Crolocos Raf. , Dorystaechas Boiss. & Hero. ex Benth. , Drymosphace Opiz , Elelis Raf. , Enipea Raf. , Epiadena Raf. , Euriples Raf. , Fenixanthes Raf. , Flipanta Raf. , Gallitrichum Fourr. , Glutinaria Raf. , Hematodes Raf. , Hemisphace Opiz , Hemistegia Raf. , Horminum Mill. Nom. illeg., Jungia Heist. ex Fabr. , Jungia Heist. ex monk nom. illegal., Kiosmina Raf. , Larnastyra Raf. , Leonia Cerv. , Leonura Usteri ex Steud. , Lesemia Raf. , Megyathus Raf. , Melinum med. , Melligo Raf. , Meriandra Benth. , Oboskon Raf. , Ormiastis Raf. , Ormilis Raf. , Perovskia Kar. , Piaradena Raf. , Plethiosphace Opiz , Polakia Stapf , Pycnosphace Rydb. , Ramona Greene , Rhodochlamys S.Schauer , Rhodormis Raf. , Rosmarinus L. , Salviastrum Scheele , Schraderia Medik. nom. rej., Sclarea Mill. , Sobiso Raf. , Sphacopsis Briq. , Stenarrhena D.Don , Stiefia Medik. , Terepis Raf. , Zhumeria Rech. F. & Wendelbo .

distribution

Sage at the Ismaninger reservoir

The genus Salvia is distributed almost worldwide from tropical to temperate areas. From Central to South America there are around 500 species, from the Mediterranean to Central Asia there are around 250 species, and East Asia is home to around 90 species. There are about 94 species in Peru . There are around 84 species in China . There are 34 species in Bolivia . 16 species are native to Pakistan . 13 species are native to Nicaragua . There are ten species in Panama . In Madagascar six species are native and two types neophytes .

External system

The genus Salvia belongs to the tribe Mentheae in the subfamily Nepetoideae within the family of Lamiaceae . Walker and Sytsma 2007 asked whether the genus Salvia is actually polyphyletic or just paraphyletic within the tribe of Mentheae . To make the genus Salvia monophyletic would require the incorporation of 13 species from the genera Rosmarinus , Perovskia , Dorystaechas , Meriandra, and Zhumeria . These 13 species, which do not yet belong to the genus Salvia , do not have the typical stamen lever mechanisms. The scope of the Salvia genus is still controversial.

Internal system

With regard to the pollination mechanism with the special structure of the stamens, which was developed only once from an ancestor, the genus Salvia appears as monophyletic . The variety of Salvia species in the structure of the stamens, the vegetative habitus and the flower morphology led to the ongoing discussion about the questionable classification. By DNA sequencing has been shown that the genus Salvia not monophyletic, but from three independent clades ( Salvia exists -Klade I-III) each having a different sister group. It was also shown that the stamen lever mechanism arose three times at at least two different times, through parallel, convergent evolution. The different stamen lever mechanisms clearly belong to the three clades.

Salvinorin A

ingredients

In the Salvia species, there is an enrichment of terpenes . In the glandular scales and hairs there are essential oils that contain a particularly large number of mono- and sesquiterpenes . Diterpenes are present in the resin fraction. But do so in tricyclic diterpenes that diterpene bitter principles ( carnosol = Pikrosalvin, rosmanol , Safficinolid , carnosic Salvin). In the leaf cuticle come triterpenoids before, especially pentacyclic triterpenoids from Ursan-, oleanane, Friedelan-, Dammaran- and Lupantyp.

Aromatic species like real sage ( Salvia officinalis ) contain borneol , thujone (= "salviol"), bornyl ester (for example bornyl acetate ), linalool , camphene , limonene , a- pinene , b-pinene and camphor . Resin-rich species such as muscatel sage ( Salvia sclarea ) or sticky sage ( Salvia glutinosa ) have a high proportion of non-volatile excreta . For example, in the Aztec sage ( Salvia divinorum ), salvinorins , such as salvinorin A , with hallucinogenic effects occur as diterpenes .

Sage leaves contain flavonoids . It also contains tannins , especially rosmarinic acid (high in Salvia plebeia ).

Habit and inflorescences of the common sage ( Salvia officinalis )

use

Sage essential oil from real sage ( Salvia officinalis )

Variety of common sage ( Salvia officinalis 'Tricolor')

Salvia species are used in many ways. Due to the high proportion of essential oils in various types of sage, there are different uses. In addition to the essential oils, the tannins also have a healing effect . The generic name Salvia comes from the Latin word salvare for heal and indicates the healing power of various types of sage or species designated as sage (in Europe, in addition to Salvia officinalis with its subspecies for antiquity and up to the early modern era, also Salvia tomentosa , Salvia sclarea , Salvia pratensis , Salvia horminum , Salvia triloba , Salvia argentea and Teucrium scorodonia ).

In traditional Chinese medicine , for example, Salvia aerea , Salvia chinensis , Salvia kiangsiensis , Salvia plectranthoides , Salvia trijuga , Salvia umbratica are used.

The real sage ( Salvia officinalis ) was already known in antiquity and was brought across the Alps by monks in the Middle Ages . This is used in many ways, on the one hand as a kitchen spice and on the other hand in medicine . The leaves and flowers are eaten raw or cooked. The very aromatic leaves are used to season cooked dishes. The leaves have a digestive effect and are therefore used in heavy, fatty foods. The sage leaves give hearty dishes a sausage-like taste. The young, fresh leaves and flowers can be eaten raw, scalded or pickled. Scattered over salads , they add color and fragrance. Alcoholic forms of preparation have also been known since the Middle Ages.

Herbal tea is brewed from the fresh or dried leaves. An essential oil, sage oil , is extracted from the above-ground parts of the plant . Sage oil is used, for example, to flavor ice cream, sweets and pastries. If you rub the top of the leaf over the teeth and gums, they are optimally cleaned; the varieties with purple leaves give better results because these leaves are tougher. Sage essential oil is also used in perfume making, and in shampoos it is said to be especially good for dark hair. Plant parts of the real sage are used as a "compost activator", mostly together with plant parts from other plant species, so that the bacterial activity is increased in order to accelerate the composting process.

It is said that living or dried plants will repel insects. This is also the reason why you sometimes plant sage between cabbage and carrots. In the past, the real sage was distributed in rooms or smoked with it to disinfect them. The dried sage leaves were mainly used as incense. There are some varieties, also with different leaf colors, which, in addition to being used as aromatic and medicinal plants, are also used as ornamental plants. The subspecies of lavender-leaved sage ( Salvia officinalis subsp. Lavandulifolia ) and kitchen sage ( Salvia officinalis subsp. Officinalis ) are used in roughly the same way.

The Greek sage ( Salvia fruticosa ) is used in different ways. Salvia fruticosa is easier to care for indoors than Salvia officinalis . The leaves can be used like those of Salvia officinalis , but are of inferior quality. 50 to 95% of commercial dried sage leaves are from Salvia fruticosa . A fragrant tea called “fascomiglia” is poured from the leaves. An essential oil is extracted from the leaves, which is also used to adulterate the lavender oil of Lavandula latifolia . Pharmacological studies were carried out; fresh and dried leaves or the essential oil can be used.

The fragrant and intensely tasting leaves of Salvia clevelandii can be used in the kitchen just like those of Salvia officinalis .

The muscatel sage ( Salvia sclarea ) is used in a variety of ways: The intense, warm, aromatic and tasty leaves are eaten raw or cooked. The leaves are mainly used to flavor cooked dishes, similar to those of Salvia officinalis . The fresh leaves are fried in batter. The tasty flowers are eaten raw and are added to salads, for example. Tea can also be made from the flowers. The plant parts are sometimes a substituent for hops, for flavoring beer; however, it is reported that such beer would make people pointlessly drunk or senselessly cheered. The leaves give a muscatel taste when making wine more beautiful. During the flowering period, the above-ground parts of the plant are harvested and an essential oil, muscatel oil , is extracted from it. The muscatel oil has an amber aroma and is used, for example, in soaps and cosmetics and as a fixative in perfume production. The oil obtained from the sage and the tannins, tannins, are effective against excessive sweating. That is why sage is often used as an anti-hydrative in antiperspirant products such as deodorants, but also in foot care. The antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of sage also provide optimal care for impure body skin, which the cosmetics industry in particular benefits from. An oil is also obtained from the Klausen, which is used, for example, in varnishes and paints. The medicinal effects of Salvia sclarea have been studied.

Salvia multicaulis is brewed as an ingredient in tea or as an herbal tea. The aromatic leaves are a good substitute for Salvia officinalis in the kitchen.

Smooth Klausen of the California Chia ( Salvia columbariae )

The Klausen , often referred to as "seeds", are eaten under the name Chia of two Salvia species in particular . These are mainly the winter annual California chia ( Salvia columbariae ) and the summer annual Mexican chia ( Salvia hispanica ).

The Californian Chia ( Salvia columbariae ) is used in many ways: The Klausen are eaten raw or cooked. Usually the Klausen are ground to flour. The nutty-tasting flour is either eaten as a so-called piñole, baked with dark cakes or bread. The chia flour is also mixed with corn flour to make porridge or mixed with wheat flour to make gruel. The Klausen are rich in niacin , thiamine , zinc , calcium and manganese . The Klausen have a high nutritional value and are a good source of protein and easily digestible fats . Germinated Klausen (sprouts) can be added to salads and sandwiches . If the Klausen are soaked in cold water, you get a soft drink that Spanish-speaking Americans call "chia fresca". If the Klausen are roasted and then ground into flour that is mixed with water, the result is a plentiful gelatinous mass that is tasty and nutritious. The Klausen were used to remove alkali salts from water to make it potable. As a substitute for real sage ( Salvia officinalis ), the leaves are sometimes used as a spice. The medical effects were examined. Plant parts of Salvia columbariae have a disinfectant effect.

The Mexican Chia ( Salvia hispanica ) is used in a variety of ways: If you soak the chia in water, you get a gelatinous mass that, mixed with fruit juice, makes refreshing drinks. Mucus soup or pudding can be cooked from the jellied Klausen. The sprouted Klausen (sprouts) are eaten in salads, sandwiches, soups and stews, for example. The Klausen can be ground into flour, which is usually mixed with grain flour, for example bread, biscuits and cakes are baked. The Klausen are a good source of protein and easily digestible fats.

The Klausen of the bent back sage ( Salvia reflexa ) are probably used in a similar way to that of the Mexican chia ( Salvia hispanica ).

Of the thistle sage ( Salvia carduacea ), the Klausen are eaten raw or cooked. They can be roasted and then ground into flour or cooked into pulp with seeds from other plant species. The Klausen are also used to improve the taste. A cooling drink is made from the Klausen.

Roasted and ground Salvia tiliifolia chubs are soaked in water to make a soft drink; it is sometimes mixed with barley water. The leaves are used to kill lice .

Räucherbündel the White sage ( Salvia apiana )

From Salvia dorrii var. Incana the Klausen be ground into flour, which is used for example for thickening soups and mixed with grain flour to bake bread. The medical effects were examined.

The Salvia stachyoides clauses are used.

The white sage , Indian smoked sage ( Salvia apiana ) is used in many ways: The Klausen are eaten raw or cooked. The Klausen can be ground into flour and porridge made from it. The Klausen were mixed with grains such as wheat or oats, roasted, and then ground into flour that was eaten dry. The Klausen are soaked overnight and drunk in water or fruit juice or eaten with cereals. The Klausen are also used as a spice. The leaves are used in cooking to flavor porridge. Young stems and peeled shoot tips can be eaten raw. The medical effects were examined. The leaves are crushed in water and used as a shampoo. This colors and strengthens the hair. A packet of freshly crushed leaves is used under the armpits to treat body odor. The leaves are used for smoking , to disinfect houses after infectious diseases such as measles.

The variety Salvia splendens 'Paul'

The variety Salvia verticillata 'PurpleRain'

The variety Salvia × sylvestris 'Mainacht'

Zygomorphic flower of the cultivar Salvia greggii 'Desert Blaze'

Inflorescences of the cultivar Salvia nemorosa 'Ostfriesland'

Inflorescences of the hybrid Salvia longispicata × Salvia farinacea cultivar 'Indigo Spiers'

Salvia ballotiflora is used as an herbal tea .

The pineapple-scented leaves of honeydew melon sage or pineapple sage ( Salvia elegans ) can be used fresh or dried for seasoning. They are added to cold drinks, fruit salads and sweet or savory dishes.

The delicate aboveground plant parts of Salvia glabrescens are scalded and eaten.

From Sticky sage ( Salvia glutinosa the fragrant leaves are used to flavor country wine). The sticky, aromatic plant sap is used. The sticky sage quickly covers larger areas and is therefore used as a ground cover.

Children suck nectar from the flowers of Salvia japonica . The leaves can be used like those of Salvia officinalis . A black dye is obtained from Salvia japonica , presumably from the flowers.

The peeled stems of Salvia cana are eaten. The medical effects were examined.

The leaves of the woolly sage ( Salvia lanigera ) are used as an ingredient for tea in Arab countries.

The medicinal effects of Salvia lyrata have been studied.

The Californian sage ( Salvia mellifera ) is used in a variety of ways: tea can be brewed from the aromatic leaves. The leaves and stems are used to flavor dishes. The dried Klausen are ground into flour, from which mucous soup is cooked. The medicinal effects of Salvia mellifera have been studied.

The leaves of Salvia microphylla smell of black currant and are used fresh or dried as a spice. An herbal tea called “mirot de montes” is made from the leaves. Salvia microphylla was used in folk medicine to lower fever.

The peeled stems of Salvia moorcroftiana are rarely eaten. The medicinal effects of Salvia moorcroftiana have been studied.

The Klausen are eaten from Salvia miltiorrhiza . Red root sage , also Chinese sage ( Salvia miltiorrhiza ), 丹参dan shen has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine . The medicinal effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza have also been studied in pharmaceutical trials.

The leaves and flowers of Salvia plebeia are used. The Klausen are used as a spice like mustard . The medicinal effects of Salvia plebeia have been studied.

The apple-bearing sage ( Salvia pomifera ) is used in a variety of ways: The intensely fragrant and tasting leaves are similar to those of lavender species and the common sage ( Salvia officinalis ). They are used as a substitute for real sage in the commercial seasoning of food. It is used as a strongly scented herbal tea under the name "fascomiglia". Gall wasps attack young twigs and cause semi-transparent galls. These galls are preserved. The galls are used to make sweets by crystallizing them in sugar, which are considered a delicacy in Greece and have a pleasant and astringent taste. In Greece, the dried leaves are used in folk medicine. The medicinal effects of Salvia pomifera have been studied.

From Meadow Clary ( Salvia pratensis ) the strong bitter-tasting plant parts were the beautiful use of beer and wine. It was also used as a substitute for Salvia officinalis .

The aromatic leaves of wild sage ( Salvia × sylvestris ; formerly also S. pratensis ) are used as a substitute for those of Salvia officinalis .

From felted sage ( Salvia tomentosa the leaves are used as seasoning). The plant parts are used as herbal tea. In England, the herbal tea made from Salvia tomentosa is preferred to all other Salvia varieties.

The verbena sage ( Salvia verbenaca ) is used in many ways: The aromatic leaves are eaten raw or cooked. They are especially used to season cooked dishes. Young leaves can be fried or candied. The leaves can be used as a herbal tea. The edible flowers are especially used to flavor salads. The medicinal effects of Salvia verbenaca have been studied.

The variegated sage ( Salvia viridis ) is used in many ways: The very aromatic leaves are eaten raw or cooked. They are added to salads, soups and vegetables and are used as a condiment. The Klausen are cooked or used as a spice. The leaves and Klausen are added to fermented spirits to increase the effect of the brew. An essential oil is extracted from parts of plants, which is used to enhance certain beers and wines. The medicinal effects of Salvia viridis have been studied.

Species such as the Aztec sage ( Salvia divinorum ) contain hallucinogenic substances.

Many species and their varieties are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens around the world. Examples are: Salvia africana-lutea , Salvia apiana , Salvia argentea , Salvia austriaca , Salvia azurea , Salvia blepharophylla , Salvia buchananii , Salvia cacaliifolia , Salvia chamaedryoides , Salvia chamelaeagnea , Salvia chiapensis , Salvia clevelandii , Salvia coccinea , Salvia coerulea , Salvia columbariae , Salvia confertiflora , Salvia darcyi , Salvia discolor , Salvia dolomitica , Salvia dominica , Salvia dorisiana , Salvia dorrii , Salvia elegans , Salvia farinacea , Salvia forsskaolei , Salvia fulgens , Salvia gesneriiflora , Salvia officinalis , Salvia indica , Salvia involucrata , Salvia jurisicii , Salvia leucantha , Salvia mellifera , Salvia mexicana , Salvia microphylla , Salvia muelleri , Salvia multicaulis , Salvia nemorosa , Salvia officinalis , Salvia patens , Salvia pratensis , Salvia prunelloides , Salvia puberula , Salvia purpurea , Salvia recognita , Salvia roemeriana , Salvia regla , Salvia sclarea , Salvia sinaloensis , Salvia spathacea , Salvia splendens , Sa lvia × sylvestris , Salvia taraxacifolia , Salvia tiliifolia , Salvia uliginosa , Salvia viridis .

They are native to very different areas, which is why it is not possible to provide information on the care and site conditions for the diversity of species.

There are also some cultivated hybrids (selection):

• Salvia officinalis × Salvia fruticosa : It has been crossed by humans, is used as a spice in the Middle East and is called Salvia Newe Ya'ar 'or Silver leaf sage there.
• Salvia longispicata × Salvia farinacea : The variety 'Indigo Spiers' was found between its parents in Huntington Botanical Gardens and is used as an ornamental plant.

Danger

In 2013, 15 species were entered in the list of endangered species of the IUCN . The three species Salvia veneris , Salvia herbanica and Salvia caymanensis with the status "Critically Endangered" are most at risk . The four species Salvia ecuadorensis , Salvia loxensis , Salvia peregrina and Salvia unguella are classified as "Endangered" = " critically endangered". The five species Salvia austromelissodora , Salvia curticalyx , Salvia flocculosa , Salvia leucocephala and Salvia trachyphylla are classified as "Vulnerable" = "at risk" . Only Salvia humboltiana is considered "Near Threatened" = "potentially endangered". The rating “Least Concern” = “not endangered” applies to Salvia quitensis . In the case of two types, the data are insufficient for an assessment. Some states that have their own Red List have no species registered with the IUCN. For example, 24 South African species are listed on the Red List of Endangered Plants in South Africa, none of which is rated as more than “Vulnerable”.

In Switzerland's Red List of Endangered Plant Species, the following species are listed for this area: Salvia glutinosa (LC = "Least Concern", "not endangered"), Salvia officinalis (VU = "Vulnerable", "endangered"), Salvia pratensis (LC = "Least Concern", "not endangered"), Salvia sclarea (CR = "Critically Endangered", "threatened with extinction"), Salvia × sylvestris (EN = "Endangered", " critically endangered"), Salvia verbenaca (DD = "Data Deficient", "insufficient data basis"), Salvia verticillata (NT = "Near Threatened", "potentially endangered") with very different degrees of danger.

All salvia species native to Germany are not considered endangered and are not particularly protected under the Federal Species Protection Ordinance (BArtSchV).

swell

literature

• Xi-wen Li, Ian C. Hedge: Lamiaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . tape 17 : Verbenaceae through Solanaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24-X , pp. 195 (English). , Salvia - online with the same text as the printed work . (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)
• Salvia at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, p. 193, In: Ian C. Hedge: Flora of Pakistan. Volume 192: Labiatae. National Herbarium, Islamabad 1990. (Sections Description and Systematics)
• Salvia at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Panama (WFO) . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis (Description and Distribution Sections)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Scott Zona, Teodoro Clase, Alan Franck: A Synopsis of Salvia Section Wrightiana (Lamiaceae). In: Harvard Papers in Botany , Volume 16, Issue 2, 2011, pp. 383-388. doi: 10.3100 / 0.25.016.0208
2. ^ Clemens Stoll: Sage in the literature of antiquity. A pharmaco-botanical contribution to the history of a medicinal plant. In: Werner Dressendörfer, Wolf-Dieter Müller-Jahncke (Ed.): Orbis pictus. Cultural and pharmaceutical historical studies. (Festschrift Wolfgang-Hagen Hein) Frankfurt am Main 1985, pp. 273-283.
3. ↑ Duden online: Sage
4. ↑ Sage In: Etymological Dictionary of the German Language .
5. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. Birkhäuser, Basel / Stuttgart 1976, ISBN 3-7643-0755-2 , p. 327.
6. ↑ Else Horlbeck: The Sage (Salvia off. L.). A contribution to the history of their use in Germany from the year 800 onwards. Medical dissertation Leipzig 1937.
7. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co} Xi-wen Li, Ian C. Hedge: Lamiaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . tape 17 : Verbenaceae through Solanaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24-X , pp. 195 (English). , Salvia - online with the same text as the printed work .
8. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w} Salvia at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, p. 193, In: Ian C. Hedge: Flora of Pakistan. Volume 192: Labiatae. National Herbarium, Islamabad 1990.
9. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Salvia at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Panama (WFO) . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
10. ^ Linnaeus scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org in 1753 .
11. ^ Salvia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 4, 2014.
12. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs} Salvia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
13. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ld le lf lg lh li lj lk ll lm ln lo lp lq lr ls lt lu lv lw lx ly lz ma mb mc m d me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf pg ph pi pj pk pl pm pn po pp pq pr ps pt pu pv pw px py pz qa qb qc qd qe qf qg qh qi qj qk ql qm qn qo qp qq qr qs qt qu qv qw qx qy qz ra rb rc rd re rf rg rh ri rj rk rl rm rn ro rp rq rr rs} Rafaël Govaerts (Ed .): Salvia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 4, 2019.
14. ↑ ^{a b c} JB Walker, KJ Sytsma, J. Treutlein, M. Wink: Salvia (Lamiaceae) is not monophyletic: implications for the systematics, radiation, and ecological specializations of Salvia and tribe Mentheae. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 91, Issue 7, 2004, pp. 1115-1125. doi: 10.3732 / ajb.91.7.1115
15. ↑ ^{a b} Salvia at Tropicos.org. In: Peru Checklist . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
16. ↑ ^{a b c} Salvia at Tropicos.org. In: Bolivia Checklist . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
17. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Salvia at Tropicos.org. In: Flora de Nicaragua . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
18. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Salvia at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
19. ↑ ^{a b c} JB Walker, KJ Sytsma: Staminal Evolution in the Genus Salvia (Lamiaceae): Molecular Phylogenetic Evidence for Multiple Origins of the Staminal Lever. In: Annals of Botany , Volume 100, Issue 2, 2007, pp. 375-391. doi: 10.1093 / aob / mcl176
20. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v} Species list for Salvia in the Red List of South African Plants
21. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s} Search for “Salvia” in the IUCN's Red List of Endangered Species .
22. ↑ ^{a b c} Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
23. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ld le lf lg lh li lj lk ll lm ln lo lp lq lr ls lt lu lv lw lx ly lz ma mb mc m d me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm} Rafaël Govaerts, A. Paton, Y. Harvey, T. Navarro , M. del Rosario García Peña: World Checklist of Lamiaceae , 2003 in ACCESS: 1-216203. In: Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Salvia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 4, 2019.
24. ↑ Charlie Jarvis: Order out of Chaos: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types. Linnean Society, Natural History Museum, London 2007, ISBN 0-9506207-7-7 , p. 830.
25. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Salvia at Tropicos.org. In: Flora Mesoamericana . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
26. ↑ Jesús Guadalupe González-Gallegos & Olga Jazmín Gama-Villanueva: Resurrection of Salvia species (Lamiaceae) recently synonymized in Flora Mesoamericana. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 151, Issue 1, 2013, 1–24: doi: 10.11646 / phytotaxa.151.1.1 full text PDF.
27. ↑ Qian-Quan Li, Min-Hui Li, Qing-Jun Yuan, Zhan-Hu Cui, Lu-Qi Huang, Pei-Gen Xiao: Phylogenetic relationships of Salvia (Lamiaceae) in China: Evidence from DNA sequence datasets. In: Journal of Systematics and Evolution , Volume 51, Issue 2, March 2013, pp. 184-195. doi: 10.1111 / j.1759-6831.2012.00232.x
28. ↑ Aaron A. Jenks, Jay B. Walker, Seung-Chul Kim: Phylogeny of New World Salvia subgenus Calosphace (Lamiaceae) based on cpDNA (psbA-trnH) and nrDNA (ITS) sequence data. In: Journal of Plant Research Volume 126, Issue 4, July 2013, pp. 483-496. doi: 10.1007 / s10265-012-0543-1
29. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Rudolf Hansel, Konstantin Keller, Horst Rimpler, G. Schneider (eds.): Hager's handbook of pharmaceutical practice. 6. Drugs P-Z. 5th edition. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1994, ISBN 3-540-52639-0 , Salvia pp. 538-574 limited preview in Google book search.
30. ↑ ^{a b} Entries on Salvia in Plants For A Future
31. ↑ Otto Zekert (Ed.): Dispensatorium pro pharmacopoeis Viennensibus in Austria 1570. Berlin 1938, p. 154.
32. ↑ Hans-Dieter Stoffler (Ed.): The Hortulus of Walahfrid Strabo. From the herb garden of the Reichenau monastery. Sigmaringen 1978; 3rd edition, ibid. 1989, pp. 20-22.
33. ^ Gerhard Roßbach and Peter Proff: Cassius-Felix-Interpretationen: Parts I and II. (Medical dissertations, Würzburg 1985) Würzburg 1991 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 37), p. 263.
34. ↑ Clemens Stoll: Medicine and supply of medicines in early medieval monasteries. In: Gundolf Keil, Paul Schnitzer (ed.): The 'Lorsch Pharmacopoeia' and early medieval medicine. Negotiations of the medical history symposium in September 1989 in Lorsch. Laurissa, Lorsch 1991 (= history sheets for the Bergstrasse district. Special volume 12), pp. 149–218; here: p. 197.
35. ↑ Joachim Telle : On the old German monograph on sage aquavite. In: Gundolf Keil (ed.): "Gelêrter der arzeniê, ouch apotêker". Contributions to the history of science. Festschrift for the 70th birthday of Willem F. Daems . Horst Wellm Verlag, Pattensen / Hanover 1982 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 24), ISBN 3-921456-35-5 , pp. 479-510.
36. ^ Salvia lavandulifolia at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 14, 2014.
37. ↑ Salvia officinalis at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 14, 2014.
38. ↑ Sage (white sage, fortune telling sage, etc.). Retrieved March 16, 2016 . 
39. ^ Salvia fruticosa at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 11, 2014.
40. ^ Salvia clevelandii at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 10, 2014.
41. ^ Salvia sclarea at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 12, 2014.
42. ^ Salvia multicaulis at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 12, 2014.
43. ^ Howard S. Gentry, Marc Mittleman, Peter R. McCrohan: Introduction of Chia and Gum Tragacanth in the US , pp. 252-256, In: J. Janick, JE Simon (eds.): Advances in new crops. Timber Press, Portland, OR, 1990. online.
44. ↑ Salvia columbariae at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 11, 2014.
45. ^ Salvia hispanica at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 11, 2014.
46. ^ Salvia reflexa at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 12, 2014.
47. ^ Salvia carduacea at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 10, 2014.
48. ^ Salvia tiliifolia at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 12, 2014.
49. ^ Salvia carnosa at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 10, 2014.
50. ↑ Salvia stachyoides in Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 12, 2014.
51. ^ Salvia apiana at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 10, 2014.
52. ↑ Salvia ballotaeflora at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 10, 2014.
53. ^ Salvia elegans at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 11, 2014.
54. ↑ Salvia glabrescens at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 11, 2014.
55. ↑ Salvia glutinosa at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 11, 2014.
56. ^ Salvia japonica at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 11, 2014.
57. ^ Salvia lanata at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 11, 2014.
58. ↑ Salvia lanigera at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 11, 2014.
59. ↑ Salvia lyrata at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 12, 2014.
60. ↑ Salvia mellifera at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 12, 2014.
61. ↑ Salvia microphylla at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 12, 2014.
62. ^ Salvia moorcroftiana at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 12, 2014.
63. ↑ Salvia multiorrhiza at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 12, 2014.
64. ^ Salvia plebeia at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 12, 2014.
65. ↑ Salvia pomifera at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 12, 2014.
66. ↑ Salvia pratensis at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 12, 2014.
67. ↑ Thomas Gleinser: Anna von Diesbach's Bernese 'Pharmacopoeia' in the Erlacher version of Daniel von Werdts (1658), Part II: Glossary. (Medical dissertation Würzburg), now at Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1989 (= Würzburg medical-historical research , 46), p. 240.
68. ↑ Brigitte Hoppe. Hieronymus Bock's herbal book. Scientific historical investigation, with a list of all plants in the work, the literary sources, the medicinal indications and the uses of the plants. Stuttgart 1969, p. 108 f.
69. ↑ Salvia sylvestris at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 12, 2014.
70. ↑ Salvia tomentosa at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 13, 2014.
71. ^ Salvia verbenaca at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 13, 2014.
72. ^ Salvia viridis at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 13, 2014.
73. ↑ Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 (therein pages 811-817).
74. ^ Antonio Reales, Diego Rivera, Jose Antonio Palazón, Concepción Obón: Numerical taxonomy study of Salvia sect. Salvia (Labiatae). In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 145, Issue 3, 2004, pp. 353-371. doi: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2004.00295.x
75. ↑ Salvia officinalis x Salvia fruticosa - Common Name: Salvia Newe Ya'ar ', Silver leaf sage at The Herb Society of America Promising Plants Profiles - PDF. ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
76. ↑ Federal Office for the Environment, Forests and Landscape SAEFL: Red List of Endangered Ferns and Flowering Plants in Switzerland 2002 : Page no longer available , search in web archives: PDF page no longer available , search in web archives: Excel table.
77. ↑ Species list at FloraWeb .

further reading

• Regine Claßen-Bockhoff, Petra Wester, E. Tweraser: The Staminal Lever Mechanism in Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) - a Review. In: Plant Biology. Volume 5, No. 1, 2003, pp. 33-41, doi: 10.1055 / s-2003-37973 .
• Petra Wester, Regine Claßen-Bockhoff: Floral Diversity and Pollen Transfer Mechanisms in Bird-pollinated Salvia Species In: Annals of Botany , Volume 100, 2007, Issue 2, pp. 401-421. doi: 10.1093 / aob / mcm036
• Petra Wester, Regine Claßen-Bockhoff: Pollination Syndromes of New World Salvia Species with Special Reference to Bird Pollination. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 98, Issue 1, 2011, pp. 101-155. doi: 10.3417 / 2007035
• Petra Wester: Ornithophily in the genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) , dissertation at the University of Mainz from March 20, 2007: full text PDF.
• Ekkehard Hlawitschka: “wazzer the virtuoso, drank the youth”. Textual and traditional studies on the sage treaty. (= Medieval wonder drug tracts. Volume 5). Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1990 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 49), ISBN 3-921456-89-4 .
• Betsy Clebsch, Carol D. Barner: The New Book of Salvias: Sages for Every Garden . Timber Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-88192-560-9 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
• Ingrid Schönfelder, Peter Schönfelder : Kosmos-Atlas Mediterranean and Canary Islands flora. Over 1600 species of plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-440-06223-6 .
• Spiridon E. Kintzios: Sage: The Genus Salvia - Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles . CRC Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-203-30455-6 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
• Hülya Özler, Sevil Pehlivan, Ahmet Kahraman, Musa Doğan, Ferhat Celep, Birol Başer, Ahter Yavru, Safi Bagherpour: Pollen morphology of the genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) in Turkey. In: Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants , Volume 206, Issue 4, 2011, pp. 316–327. doi: 10.1016 / j.flora.2010.07.005
• Hamed Nosrati, Ali Nosrati: A Survey on the Genus Salvia as the Largest Genus of Plants. In: Agriculture Science Developments , Volume 2, Issue 1, 2013 PDF.
• Sandro Bogdanović: Distribution, morphology and systematics of the genus Salvia Powerpoint Presentation PDF.
• Joseph Tychonievich, Ryan M. Warner: Interspecific Crossability of Selected Salvia Species and Potential Use for Crop Improvement. In: American Society for Horticultural Science , Volume 136, Issue 1, 2011. pp. 41-47. Full text online.
• José Luis Fernández Alonso: Revisión taxonómica de Salvia sect. Siphonantha (Labiatae). In: Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid , Volume 63, Issue 2, 2006, pp. 145–157. Full text PDF.
• Billie L. Turner: Review of Salvia Sect. Farinaceae (Lamiaceae). In: Phytologia , Volume 90, 2008, pp. 163-175, 425-432. Full text PDF.
• Billie L. Turner: Recension of the Mexican species of Salvia (Lamiaceae), section Scorodonia In: Phytologia , Volume 91, Issue 2, 2009, pp. 256-269. Full text PDF.
• Billie L. Turner: Review of the Mexican species of section Uliginosae of Salvia (Lamiaceae). In: Phytologia , Volume 91, Issue 3, 2009, pp. 440-466. Full text PDF.
• Billie L. Turner: Review of the Mexican species of Salvia (Lamiaceae), sect. Peninsularis. In: Phytologia , Volume 92, 2010, pp. 20-26. Full text PDF.
• Billie L. Turner: Review of the Mexican species of Salvia sect. Standleyana (Lamiaceae). Phytoneuron , Volume 23, 2011, pp. 1-6. Full text PDF.
• Maria Will, Regine Claßen-Bockhoff: Time to split Salvia sl (Lamiaceae) - New insights from Old World Salvia phylogeny. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , Volume 109, January 2017. doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2016.12.041 → The genus Salvia sl (as shown here in the article) is polyphyletic and should be divided into several genera.
• Guoxiong Hu, Atsuko Takano, Bryan T. Drew, En-De Liu, Douglas Soltis, Pamela Soltis, Hua Peng, Chun-Lei Xiang: Phylogeny and staminal evolution of Salvia (Lamiaceae, Nepetoideae) in East Asia. In Annals of botany , Volume 122, May 2018, pp. 649-668. doi: 10.1093 / aob / mcy104

Web links

Commons : Sage ( Salvia )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: sage  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

• USDA data sheet Genus Salvia .
• Salvia at Tropicos.org. In: Paraguay Checklist . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
• Salvia at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Missouri . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
• Salvia at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
• Salvia at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
• Datasheet with data from WCSP at Euro + Med PlantBase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
• Avinoam Danin: The genus Salvia in the Flora of Israel online.
• Datasheet in the Flora of Zimbabwe .
• Datasheet in the Flora of Mozambique .
• Wayne P. Armstrong: Sages of the genus Salvia. In: Wayne's Word. Retrieved July 12, 2020 . 
• Species list in the profiles of the vascular plants of Bavaria of the Botanical Information Node Bavaria .
• Data sheet Salvia at Trees and shrubs of the Andes of Ecuador .
• Karl Reiche: Flora de Chile , Volume 5, p. 260: Salvia : PDF (scanned) .

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