Milkweed

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Milkweed
Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias)

Cypress Spurge ( Euphorbia cyparissias )

Systematics
Order : Malpighiales (Malpighiales)
Family : Spurge Family (Euphorbiaceae)
Subfamily : Euphorbioideae
Tribe : Euphorbieae
Sub tribus : Euphorbiinae
Genre : Milkweed
Scientific name
Euphorbia
L.

Spurge ( Euphorbia ) is a plant kind from the family of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae). The approximately 2160 species are distributed almost worldwide. The common German name Wolfsmilch refers to the milky sap containing irritants that many species contain.

In 2013, milkweed was declared Perennial of the Year by the Association of German Perennial Gardeners (BdS) .

description

Euphorbia Helioscopia ( Euphorbia helioscopia ), illustration: A flowering plant, B Cyathium supporting with male flowers and female flower, immature fruit, on curved pedicel, 1 Cymöser inflorescence with bracts, 2 sheet 3 such as B, 4 Sliced, unrolled involucre with nectar glands and tips of the bracts, 5 frontal section through 3, 6 immature male flowers, 7 horizontal section through the fruit, 8 fruits, 9 seeds.

Vegetative characteristics

Euphorbias are unusually diverse. They form annual or perennial , mostly herbaceous plants or woody shrubs or trees . Almost half of the species are xerophytic and then often clearly succulent , either thorny or unarmed. All species have a caustic, poisonous milky sap that is usually white and, in rare cases, yellow.

The roots are either fibrous or thick and fleshy or bulbous. The shoot axis (i.e. the main shoot ) and mostly also the side shoots of the succulent species are thick-fleshed.

The leaves are opposite, alternate or are in whorls . In succulent species, the leaves are often very small, quickly become obsolete and only recognizable in new shoots. The stipules are mostly small and partly transformed into thorns , glandular or completely reduced.

Inflorescences and flowers

All species of the genus have unisexual flowers. There are both one ( monocial ) and dioecious ( dioecious ) segregated species. The flowers are extremely reduced and consist in the female flower of the bare ovary with a three-part stigma, in the male flower from a single stamen . Each a female flower, and usually five groups of male flowers are in a cyathium called sham prosperity summarized. The missing real petals are replaced by conspicuous nectar glands of the cyathium, petal-like appendages of the nectar glands or petal-like bracts . In more primitive and non-succulent species, the cyathia are usually arranged in terminal, multi-rayed cusps . In strongly succulent species, the cyathia are mostly in lateral and strongly reduced inflorescences.

Fruits and seeds

The three-lobed, rarely two-lobed capsule fruits almost always lignify to maturity and then tear open explosively ( ballochorie ). The seeds, which are thrown several meters away, are square, egg-shaped or spherical and often have an appendage called a caruncula .

Milky juice

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.
Leaving milk juice "milkweed"

The milky sap of euphorbias emerges from the smallest injuries and then coagulates within a few minutes on contact with air. The ingredients include a large number of di- and triterpene esters , which differ in their composition depending on the species and, in certain variants, are typical for some species. Due to these terpene esters, the milky sap is slightly to very strongly corrosive and irritating to the skin, depending on the type, and can cause inflammation , especially in the mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth) , which cause severe pain . In animal experiments , the terpene ester resiniferatoxin was found to be 10,000 to 100,000 times more irritating than capsaicin , the “hot” active ingredient in chilli . A tumor-promoting effect of the terpene esters was also observed. Therefore, increased caution is required when dealing with euphorbias. Any juice that gets on the skin should be washed off immediately and thoroughly. Juice that has already coagulated completely or partially (see also latex ) is partly no longer soluble in water, but can be removed with an emulsion (milk, skin cream). In the event of chemical burns to mucous membranes, a doctor must be consulted. When large, succulent euphorbias are pruned in greenhouses, it has been observed that vapors of the milky sap spread and cause severe irritation to the eyes and respiratory tract even several meters away. Here, too, caution is advised and z. B. to ensure adequate ventilation. Young children and pets should not come into contact with euphorbias.

Almond-leaved milkweed ( Euphorbia amygdaloides )
Palisade spurge ( Euphorbia characias ): cyathia surrounded by bracts
Cypress Spurge ( Euphorbia cyparissias )
Damara milk bush ( Euphorbia damarana )
Donkey Spurge ( Euphorbia esula )
Sweet Spurge ( Euphorbia dulcis ), hairy fruits
Multi-colored Spurge ( Euphorbia epithymoides )
Marsh milkweed ( Euphorbia palustris ) (three-part ovary)
Cruciate Spurge ( Euphorbia lathyris )
Medusa head
( Euphorbia caput-medusae )
Melon Spurge
( Euphorbia meloformis )
Christ thorn
( Euphorbia milii )
Inflorescence of the succulent Euphorbia millotii from Madagascar
Roller Spurge
( Euphorbia myrsinites )
Triangular Spurge
( Euphorbia trigona )
Poinsettia ( Euphorbia pulcherrima ), a popular houseplant and found in many parks and gardens in the tropics

Xerophytes and Succulents

In the genus Euphorbia , succulence was developed several times independently of one another and to different degrees. Sometimes it is difficult to decide and depends on the interpretation whether a species is really succulent or "only" xerophytic . In some cases, particularly geophytes , immediate relatives of succulents are normal herbaceous plants. About 850 species are succulent in the strict sense. If weakly succulent and xerophytic species are included, the result is around 1000, which makes up almost half of all species of Euphorbia .

Various adaptations have been made in the course of evolution in the colonization of dry habitats and the development of succulents. Not all, but always several of these adaptations can be found in all succulent species:

  • In the main trunk and mostly also in the branches, normal water-storing tissue was converted.
  • The body surface area evaporating from water was reduced to a columnar or spherical shape.
  • The main trunk was reduced until it was relocated below the surface of the earth.
  • The fiber roots were converted into water-storing beet roots, tubers or rhizomes .
  • The leaf size has been reduced to scales that are invisible to the naked eye.
  • The stipules have been transformed into glands or thorns.
  • Inflorescence stalks, leaf bases or shoot ends were transformed into thorns.
  • The bracts were reduced to tiny scales.
  • The terminal, trugdoldigen inflorescences were shifted to lateral positions (leaf axils) and reduced to single standing pseudo-flowers ( cyathia ).
  • The seeds remain viable for several years.

distribution

The majority of herbaceous plants are found in temperate to tropical areas around the world. Shrubby, tree-shaped and succulent species are almost exclusively found in the tropics and subtropics .

Systematics

The scientific generic name Euphorbia is derived from Euphorbus , a personal physician to King Juba II of Mauritania (around 50 BC to 23/24 AD). It was assigned to this genus by Linnaeus in 1753. Type species is Euphorbia antiquorum L.

Euphorbia is one of the largest and most complex genera in the plant kingdom. Several attempts to break them down into smaller genera were unsuccessful, as species were repeatedly found that stood between these small genera and prevented a clean separation. A problem in and around the genus Euphorbia that had been known for a long time and had not been resolved was its paraphyly . However, it is required for a genus in the modern sense to be monophyletic . It was not until around 1998 that DNA tests led to a solution to this problem. In 2002/2003 it was also found that Euphorbia is composed of four sub-genera which hardly correspond to the sub-genera known from conventional botany.

Subtribe Euphorbiinae

As DNA studies by Steinmann & Porter 2002, Steinmann 2003 and Bruyns & al. 2006 revealed, the so-called satellite genera around Euphorbia , namely Elaeophorbia , Endadenium , Monadenium , Synadenium and Pedilanthus are deeply nested in Euphorbia . Consequently, they were transferred to Euphorbia . With the exception of the not yet worked on, closely related to Pedilanthus genus Cubanthus , now all members of the subtribe Euphorbiinae belong to the genus Euphorbia . After Cubanthus has also been transferred, Euphorbia will be monophyletic.

Subgenera

  • Euphorbia subgen. Esula Pers. contains mainly the original genus Esula Ruppius and some species of the earlier subgenus Tirucalli (Boiss.) S. Carter . The majority of the species is herbaceous and not succulent.
  • Euphorbia subgen. Chamaesyce Raf. contains the subgenus Euphorbia subgen. Chamaesyce (Gray) House , Euphorbia subgen. Agaloma (Raf.) House and Euphorbia subgen. Poinsettia (Graham) House as well as the former section Arthrothamnus , whose coralliform species have no morphological resemblance to typical species of the subgenus Euphorbia . Have Chamaesyce . Only relatively few species are root or stem succulent.
  • Euphorbia subgen. Euphorbia includes the original subgenus Euphorbia , which contained only the species with thorns on shields, the earlier genus Elaeophorbia Stapf , and the earlier genera Monadenium Pax , Synadenium Boiss , which cannot be separated . and Endadenium L.C.Leach , the former subgenus Euphorbia subgen. Lacanthis (Raf.) MGGilbert (the Christ thorn relationship) and the South American species around Euphorbia sipolisii N.E. Br. Almost all species are succulent.
    • According to Dorsey & al. the subgenus Euphorbia is divided into 22 sections:
      • Section Lactifluae Dorsey & VWSteinm. with only one species: Euphorbia lactiflua from Chile
      • Section Euphorbiastrum with tree-shaped, but also smaller species
      • Section Nummulariopsis Boiss. with herbaceous species
      • Section Crepidaria Baill. with the species from the old genus Pedilanthus
      • Stachydium section , characterized by cyathia arranged in rows
      • Section Brasilienses V.W. Steinm. & Dorsey
      • Section Pachysanthae X. Aubriot & Haev. with many species from Madagascar
      • Section Pervilleanae Haev. & X.Aubriot ; the fruits are covered with wing-like appendages, spines or warts
      • Section Tirucalli with 24 species
      • Rubellae Dorsey Section ; only geophytic species are included
      • Section Goniostema with 77 species from Madagascar
      • Section Deuterocalli Croizat with Malagasy species that develop pencil-like shoots
      • Section Denisophorbia (Leandri) Croizat
      • Section Bokorenses H.Toyama & Tagane with only one, semi-succulent species, Euphorbia bokorensis from Cambodia
      • Section Monadenium (Pax) Bruyns with 90 species of the former genera Monadenium , Synadenium , Stenadenium and Endadenium
      • Section Euphorbia
      • Section Pacificae Dorsey with species from the Pacific region
      • Section Tanquahuete V.W. Steinm . & Dorsey
      • Section Cubanthus (Boiss.) VWSteinm. & PEBerry with two subsections
      • Section Mesophyllae V.W. Steinm. & Dorsey
      • Section Calyculatae V.W. Steinm . & Dorsey
      • Portulacastrum section
  • Rhizanthium includes most of the species of the earlier subgenus or sections Anthacantha , Dactylanthes , Meleuphorbia A. Berger , Treisia and Trichadenia (Pax) S. Carter . All species are succulent.

Types (selection)

The following species occur in Central Europe:

  • Dark sickle spurge ( Euphorbia acuminata Lam. ): Naturalized in the Vienna Basin, from the Mediterranean region. Also considered by some authors as the variety Euphorbia falcata var. Acuminata (Lam.) St.-Amans to Euphorbia falcata .
  • Almond-leaved milkweed ( Euphorbia amygdaloides L. )
  • Edge Spurge ( Euphorbia angulata Jacq. ): It occurs in Central, Southern and Eastern Europe.
  • Austrian Spurge ( Euphorbia austriaca A. Kern. )
  • Carniolan Spurge ( Euphorbia carniolica Jacq. )
  • Gray spurge ( Euphorbia chamaesyce L. , Syn .: Euphorbia canescens L. ): It occurs from Macaronesia to Siberia and Pakistan.
  • Cypress Spurge ( Euphorbia cyparissias L. )
  • Sweet Spurge ( Euphorbia dulcis L. )
  • Euphorbia Epithymoides ( Euphorbia epithymoides L. , Syn. Euphorbia polychroma A. Core. )
  • Donkey milkweed or spicy milkweed ( Euphorbia esula L. )
  • Small Spurge ( Euphorbia exigua L. )
  • Sickle-leaved milkweed ( Euphorbia falcata L. )
  • Pannonian spurge ( Euphorbia glareosa Pall. Ex Bieb. ): It occurs from the Crimea to the Caucasus, in Turkey and Bulgaria.
  • Furrows seed spurge ( Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm. ): It comes from southern Canada to the United States before and is naturalized locally in Lower Austria.
  • Midsummer milkweed ( Euphorbia helioscopia L. )
  • Ground Spurge ( Euphorbia humifusa Willd. ): It occurs from Moldova to China, Korea and Japan and is a neophyte in Central and Southern Europe.
  • Shaggy Spurge ( Euphorbia iilirica Lam. , Syn.Euphorbia villosa Waldst. & Kit. )
  • Cruciferous milkweed ( Euphorbia lathyris L. ): a garden plant from the eastern Mediterranean, occasionally overgrown
  • Glossy Spurge ( Euphorbia lucida Waldst. & Kit. ): In Pannonia
  • Spotted Spurge ( Euphorbia maculata L. )
  • White-rimed milkweed ( Euphorbia marginata Pursh ): ornamental plant from North America, occasionally overgrown
  • Roller spurge or myrtle spurge ( Euphorbia myrsinites L. ): locally naturalized, from the Mediterranean region
  • Nodding Spurge ( Euphorbia nutans Lag. ): It occurs from Canada to Central America and Venezuela and is a neophyte in Central Europe, Southern Europe, Western Asia and New Zealand.
  • Swamp Spurge ( Euphorbia palustris L. )
  • Garden Spurge ( Euphorbia peplus L. )
  • Broad-leaved spurge ( Euphorbia platyphyllos L. )
  • Lying Spurge ( Euphorbia prostrata Aiton ): It occurs from the United States to Central America, South America and the islands in the Caribbean and is a neophyte in Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia.
  • Willow-leaved Spurge ( Euphorbia salicifolia host )
  • Rock Spurge ( Euphorbia saxatilis Jacq. ): Endemic to the northeastern Limestone Alps
  • Steppe Spurge ( Euphorbia seguieriana Necker )
  • Snake milkweed ( Euphorbia serpens Kunth ): It occurs from Canada to South America and on Easter Island and is a neophyte in Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia.
  • Stiff Spurge ( Euphorbia stricta L. )
  • Turin milkweed ( Euphorbia taurinensis All. ): It occurs from Central Europe to Transcaucasia and Cyprus and is a neophyte in Austria .
  • Euphorbia triflora Schott, Nym. & Kotschy : The homeland is northeastern Italy, western Slovenia and the Velebit mountains in Croatia.
  • Warty Spurge ( Euphorbia verrucosa L. )
  • Rod-shaped Spurge ( Euphorbia virgata Waldst. & Kit. ). Some authors also call it the subspecies Euphorbia esula subsp. tommasiniana (Bertol.) Kuzmanov to donkey milkweed ( Euphorbia esula ).

Here is a selection of other types:

Hybridizations

This article or paragraph presents the situation in Germany . Help us to describe the situation in other countries.

Natural hybridizations occur among the milkweed species, also with neophytes . 75 hybrid forms were found in Germany. Among the hybridizing archaeophytes , 37 threatened species were also found. Eight of these threatened species appear to be hybridizing.

Uses

In the past, many nations of the milky sap of the plants was (in the dry state earlier than in medicine Euphorbium or euforbium traded) as a drug used (In the Middle Ages the was Euphorbium also dragagantum , a tragacanth resin, falsifying added). Typical applications were inflammatory complaints such as rashes , eczema and tumors . From the latex of Euphorbia species such as Euphorbia lathyris and Euphorbia resinifera also was spurge oil ( oleum de euforbio ) prepared. The common name of the genus “Spurge” is reminiscent of the use of milkweed as a laxative (purgative). Due to the high toxicity of the juice and the side effects caused by it, the latex is now only used where there is no access to modern medicine .

The wax of some American species, in particular of Euphorbia antisyphilitica , is used as a separating agent for sweets, for example (see candelilla wax ).

A large number of species are popular ornamental plants. The best known are the Christ thorn ( Euphorbia milii ) and the poinsettia ( Euphorbia pulcherrima ). Popular garden perennials are the almond-leaved spurge ( Euphorbia amygdaloides ), the multi-colored spurge ( Euphorbia epithymoides ) and the roller spurge ( Euphorbia myrsinites ). Compact species such as Euphorbia obesa and Euphorbia meloformis are particularly interesting for collectors of succulent plants . In winter, Euphorbia fulgens is offered as a cut flower .

literature

Succulent euphorbias:

  • Volker Buddensiek: Succulent Euphorbias. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1998, ISBN 3-8001-6634-8 .
  • Susan Carter, Urs Eggli: The CITES Checklist of Succulent Euphorbia Taxa (Euphorbiaceae). Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn 1997, ISBN 3-89624-609-7 (English).
  • Urs Eggli (Ed.): Succulents Lexicon. Volume 2 Dicotyledonous plants (dicotyledons) excluding Aizoaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Cactaceae and Crassulaceae. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3915-4 (this volume 2 describes, among other things, around 700 succulent species of the genus Euphorbia ).
  • Herman Schwartz (Ed.): The Euphorbia Journal. Vol. 1-10, Strawberry Press, Mill Valley, California, USA 1983, ISBN 0-912647-06-X (Eng.).
  • Meena Singh: Succulent Euphorbiaceae of India. Self-published, New Delhi, India 1994 (Mrs. Meena Singh, A-162 Sector 40, NOIDA - 201303, India) (Eng.).
  • Volker Buddensiek: Succulent Euphorbia plus. Volker Buddensiek Verlag, Stadthagen 2005, ISBN 3-934396-03-8 (CD-ROM, English).
  • Frans Noltee: Succulents in the wild and in cultivation. Part 2 Euphorbia to Juttadinteria, self-published, 2001, ISBN 90-76774-05-6 (CD-ROM, English).

Non-succulent euphorbias:

  • Robert Turner: Euphorbias - A Gardeners' Guide. Timber Press, Portland, Or. 1998. ISBN 0-88192-419-9 .

Further reading:

  • Peter V. Bruyns, Cornelia Klak, Pavel Hanáček: Age and diversity in Old World succulent species of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae). In: Taxon. Volume 60, No. 6, 2011, pp. 1717-1733, JSTOR 23210282 .
  • Madeleine Ernst, Olwen M. Grace, C. Haris Saslis-Lagoudakis, Niclas Nilssonc, Henrik Toft, Nina Rønsted: Global medicinal uses of Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae). In: Journal of Ethnopharmacology , 176, October 2015. pp. 90-101 doi : 10.1016 / j.jep.2015.10.025
  • Ki-Ryong Park, Robert K. Jansen: A Phylogeny of Euphorbieae Subtribe Euphorbiinae (Euphorbiaceae) Based on Molecular Data. In: Journal of Plant Biology. Volume 50, No. 6, 2007, pp. 644-649, DOI: 10.1007 / BF03030608 .
  • NFA Zimmermann, Christiane M. Ritz, FH Hellwig: Further support for the phylogenetic relationships within Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae) from nrITS and trnL-trnF IGS sequence data. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. Volume 286, No. 1-2, 2010, pp. 39-58, DOI: 10.1007 / s00606-010-0272-7 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Euphorbia: Die Staude des Jahres 2013 at staude-des-jahres.de, accessed on July 21, 2017.
  2. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 450 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D1%26issue%3D%26spage%3D450%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  3. ↑ Victor W. Steinmann, J. Mark Porter: Phylogenetic relationships in Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae) based on ITS and ndhF sequence data. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Vol. 89, No. 4, 2002, pp. 453-490, JSTOR 3298591 , BHL .
  4. ↑ Viktor W. Steinmann: The submersion of Pedilanthus into Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae). In: Acta Botanica Mexicana. Volume 65, 2003, pp. 45-50 ( online ).
  5. ↑ Peter V. Bruyns, Ruvimbo J. Mapaya, Terrence Hedderson: A New Subgeneric Classification for Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in Southern Africa Based on ITS and psbA-trnH Sequence Data. In: Taxon. Vol. 55, No. 2, 2006, pp. 397-420, JSTOR 25065587 , ResearchGate .
  6. Jump up ↑ Brian L. Dorsey, Thomas Haevermans, Xavier Aubriot, Jeffery J. Morawetz, Ricarda Riina, Victor W. Steinmann and Paul E. Berry, Phylogenetics, morphological evolution, and classification of Euphorbia subgenus Euphorbia In: Taxon Volume 62, No. 2 (April 2013), pp. 291-315
  7. ↑ Volker Buddensiek: EuphORBia: the new understanding of a genus. In: Cacti and other succulents . Volume 68, No. 2, 2017, pp. 177-184.
  8. ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Euphorbia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved March 11, 2020.
  10. ↑ Susan Carter Holmes : Euphorbia . In: Urs Eggli (Hrsg.): Succulent lexicon . Dicotyledons (dicotyledons), No. 2 . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3915-4 , pp. 106-215 .
  11. ^ Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica. Volume 67, number 2, pp. 83–96, 2016 ( online , PDF)
  12. ↑ NV Malpure TO Chandore, SR Yadav: Euphorbia gokakensis sp. nov. (Euphorbiaceae) from Sandstone Formations in Karnataka, India. In: Nordic Journal of Botany , 2016. DOI: 10.1111 / njb.00997
  13. ^ Jean-Philippe Castillon, Jean-Bernard Castillon: Une nouvelle espèce menacée de Euphorbia sect. Goniostema (Euphorbiaceae) du nord de Madagascar [A New Species of Euphorbia sect. Goniostema (Euphorbiaceae) from northeastern Madagascar.]. In: Candollea. , Volume 73, Issue 2, 2018, pp. 187–191. (En français, résumés anglais et français.) DOI: 10.15553 / c2018v732a2
  14. ↑ Wessel Swanepoel, Rolf W. Becker, Alma Mӧller, Vera de Cauwer: Euphorbia rimireptans (Euphorbiaceae, Articulofruticosae), A New Species from the Skeleton Coast, Namibia. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 414, Issue 4, 2019, pp. 165-173. DOI: 10.11646 / phytotaxa.414.4.2
  15. ↑ Sarojinidevi Naidu: Euphorbia venkatarajui sp. nov. (Euphorbiaceae) from Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India. In: Nordic Journal of Botany , 2017. DOI: 10.1111 / njb.01488
  16. ↑ Walter Bleeker, Ulf Schmitz, Michael Ristow: Interspecific hybridization between alien and native plant species in Germany and its consequences for native biodiversity. In: Biological Conservation. Volume 137, No. 2, 2007, pp. 248-253, doi: 10.1016 / j.biocon.2007.02.004 .
  17. ↑ Thomas Gleinser: Anna von Diesbach's Bernese 'Pharmacopoeia' in the Erlacher version of Daniel von Werdts (1658), Part II: Glossary. (Medical dissertation Würzburg), now at Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1989 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 46), p. 98.
  18. ↑ Konrad Goehl : Observations and additions to the 'Circa instans'. In: Medical historical messages. Journal for the history of science and specialist prose research. Volume 34, 2015 (2016), pp. 69-77, here: p. 70.
  19. ↑ Jürgen Martin: The 'Ulmer Wundarznei'. Introduction - Text - Glossary on a monument to German specialist prose from the 15th century. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1991 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 52), ISBN 3-88479-801-4 (also medical dissertation Würzburg 1990), p. 156.

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