Goiás

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Goiás
Uruguay Argentinien Paraguay Peru Chile Kolumbien Venezuela Guyana Surinam Frankreich Bolivien Amapá Roraima Acre Amazonas Pará Rondônia Maranhão Piauí Ceará Rio Grande do Norte Paraíba Pernambuco Alagoas Sergipe Tocantins Mato Grosso Espírito Santo Distrito Federal do Brasil Bahia Rio de Janeiro Goiás Mato Grosso do Sul Minas Gerais São Paulo Paraná Santa Catarina Rio Grande do Sullocation
About this picture
Symbols
flag
flag
coat of arms
coat of arms
Basic data
Country Brazil
Capital Goiânia
surface 340,086.7 km²
Residents 6,004,045 (2010)
density 18 inhabitants per km²
ISO 3166-2 BR-GO
Website www.goias.gov.br (Brazilian Portuguese)
politics
governor Ronaldo Caiado (since 2019)
Political party DEM
economy
GDP 65.210  million  R $
11,548  R $ per capita
(2007)
The capital Goiânia
The capital Goiânia

Coordinates: 16 °  S , 49 °  W

Goiás [ ɡoˈjas ] ( abbreviation : GO ) is a federal state in the " Midwest " ( Portuguese : Região Centro-Oeste ) of Brazil .

Its capital and the most populous city with a little over 1.5 million inhabitants (2019) is Goiânia . It was planned to replace the old capital Goiás Velho , previously known as Goiás , from 1933 onwards. Goiás is located in the center of Brazil and is divided into 246 municipalities ( Portuguese : municípios ) with a total of almost six million inhabitants as of the last census in 2010. As of July 1, 2019, the population was estimated at 7,018,354.

Goiás borders (starting clockwise from the north) on the Brazilian states of Tocantins , Bahia , Minas Gerais , Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso . The Federal District with the Brazilian capital Brasília is almost completely enclosed by the Goiás area.

flag

Like the national flag, the green horizontal stripes symbolize the mighty Brazilian forests and the yellow ones stand for the color of gold that was found in Goiás in the 17th century. The blue rectangle at the top left symbolizes the sky with five white stars, which represent the Southern Cross . The flag was introduced on July 30, 1919.

geography

With an area of ​​340,087 km², Goiás is the smallest of the three states in the Midwest (apart from the Distrito Federal do Brasil ) and is almost as large as Germany (357,112 km²). In a size comparison with all 26 federal states, Goiás is in seventh place with an area share of 3.99%, but only in twelfth place in terms of population. The population density is only 17.7 inhabitants per km².

Brazilian mountains along the coast and to the west of it the plateau with the low mountain ranges.
 The geography of Goiás is largely shaped by the central Brazilian plateau (port .: planalto central ) with its low mountain ranges . It connects to the west of the mountains running along the Atlantic coast (port. Mata Atlântico ). This landscape, heavily weathered by erosion , is relatively low in height compared to the peaks of the low mountain ranges.

Some well-known plateaus are:

Plateau Base height Low mountain range / region Max. Summit height
Chapada dos Veadeiros approx. 1,500 m highest peak 1,961 m
Serra Dourada 500 m Western end of the Brazilian mountainous country 1,071 m
Serra dos Pireneus approx. 1,000 m Picos dos Pireneus between
Pirenópolis & Cocalzinho de Goiás 		1,394 m
Vão de Paranã 450 - 600 m Serra Geral de Goiás
border between Goiás and Bahia 		approx. 1,000 m
Plateau Jardim de Maytrea in the Chapada dos Veadeiros with low mountains in the background.

 The plateau, which extends to the southwest of Goiás in the west adjoining state of Mato Grosso, forms by several low mountain range, the watershed between the Amazon basin in the north and the southern river system Paraná , which via the Río de la Plata between Argentina and Uruguay in the Atlantic flows out. In the east Goiás borders on the third river system, the northeast flowing Rio São Francisco .

In the northwest of Goiás is located Araguaia - lowland with a height of only 300 meters.

Hydrography

Goiás hydrographically borders the São Francisco Basin to the east and drains mainly into the Tocantins-Araguaia and Paraná Basins

Of the total of twelve hydrographic basins in Brazil, three touch Goiás:

  1. To the west and north the Tocantins / Araguaia basin
  2. To the south the Río Paraná basin
  3. In the east, the Serra Geral de Goiás mountain range, which runs along the border, forms the watershed to the Rio-São Francisco basin. Only the municipality of Cabeceiras drains completely and the southern part of Formosa and the northern part of Cristalina partially drain into the basin of the Rio São Francisco.
Hydrographic basins Catchment area (km 2 ) proportion of
Tocantins / Araguaia 196,500.04 57.63%
Paraná 141,350.03 41.46%
Sao Francisco 3,117.29 0.91%
Total: 340,967.36 100%

Flowing waters

Rivers in Goiás
Paranaíba River near Itumbiara

The most important rivers and their tributaries within Goiás are:

The southwest border between Mato Grosso do Sul and Goiás is formed by the Rio Aporé (also called Rio do Peixe), which flows south into the Rio Paranaíba. The western border from Goiás to Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso is marked by the northward flowing Rio Araguaia , a left tributary into the Rio Tocantins. The latter flows into the South Atlantic south of the Amazon delta .

Standing waters

Halley reservoir, near Catalão
Furnas dam near Itumbiara

Goiás has relatively few and only very small natural lakes for its size. This "shortcoming" was eliminated in the 20th century by building several reservoirs . Some of them are among the largest in the world, depending on their characteristics such as area, storage volume, etc.

Reservoir
 Length
in m
 Height
in m
 Area (max.)
In km²
 Storage volume (max.)
In million m³
 Depth Ø
in m
 Power plant output
in MW
 Flowing waters
Serra da Mesa reservoir 1544 154 1,784 54,400 30.5 1275 Rio Tocantins
Emborcação reservoir 1611 (1507?) 158 446 23.644 1192 Rio Paranaíba
Itumbiara reservoir 6780 106 778 17,000 21.9 2082 Rio Paranaíba
Cachoeira Dourada Reservoir Rio Paranaíba
São Simão Reservoir 3,600 127 722 (674?) 12,700 1,710 Rio Paranaíba
Represa Corumbá I 90 65 1.5 375 Rio Corumbá
Represa Corumbá II Rio Corumbá
Represa Corumbá III Rio Corumbá
Represa Corumbá IV 76 173 1,242.29 127 Rio Corumbá
Represa do Halley, in Catalão
Represa do Rochedo Rio Meia Ponte

climate

In Goiás, despite its geographical location in the intertropical climate zone, different climatic regions can be identified depending on the altitude and the duration of the dry period in winter.

climate zone

Climate zones of the earth according to their humidity values

The northernmost point of Goiás is at 12 ° 23 ′ 45 ″ South in the municipality of São Miguel de Araguaia . The southernmost point at 19 ° 29 ′ 55 ″ South is in the municipality of Itajá on the Rio Paranaíba. Goiás is completely north of the Tropic of Capricorn and is therefore within the tropics . The climatic zone in which Goiás is located is called Tropical Brasil Central ("Central Brazilian Tropics") and has two clear seasons: a dry period of several months in winter (May – September) and a humid, rainy summer. Since the dry period is shorter than six months, this climate is commonly referred to as semihumid (semi-humid).

Climate values

Effects of heavy rain in Goiânia, not a river flood
Annual climate values Area:
West and South Goiás Central and Northeast Goiás
Average min. Temp. 15-18 ° C
Average max. Temp. 31-34 ° C 28-31 ° C
avg. Temp. 24-26 ° C 22-24 ° C
Humidity: 70-75% 60-70%
Annual sunshine duration : 2200-2500 hours 2500–2800 hours
Rainfall: 1500-1800 mm

At higher altitudes and / or during the colder months of the year in winter, the temperatures at night can sometimes fall into the single-digit range.

Climate regions in Goiás

The dry season lasts four to five months in Goiás (semi-humid region), with the exception of the area in the southwestern part of Goiás (southwest of Rio Verde), where the dry season only lasts three months (humid region).

Areas height temperature Duration of the dry season Annual rainfall
Lowlands:
Most of Northwest Goiás , North Goiás and next to them river valleys such as Meia Ponte , Rio Paranã 		less than 500 m above 18 ° C
(hot port .  quente ) 		4–5 months
semi-moist
1500-1800 mm

Precipitation and temperature diagram for Goiânia (plateau) over the course of the year
Plateau and low mountain range :
Anápolis , Federal District and the surrounding area 		500–1700 m 15-18 ° C
( subquente )
Exception:
Southwest of Rio Verde In the extreme southwest of Goiás ( Caçu , Gouvelândia , Itajá , Itarumã , Lagoa Santa , Paranaiguara , Quirinópolis , São Simão ) and along the river plain of the Rio dos Bois ( Castelândia , Gouvelândia , Inaciolândia , Turvelândia ): less than 500 m above 18 ° C
( quente ) 		3 months
wet
ditto, but at an altitude: over 500 m 15-18 ° C
( subquente )

Flora and fauna

Cerrado area in Brazil
Typical lush cerrado vegetation during the rainy season in Britânia -Goiás

Due to the periodically dry climate, Goiás has a typical savannah vegetation , which in Brazil is called Cerrado and thus forms the Cerrado ecoregion with a very species-rich fauna. New species are still being discovered in Goiás today.

Attempts have recently been made to protect this unique, diverse ecosystem by creating parks and using it by promoting nature-based tourism ( ecotourism ).

National parks

This national park is famous for the diversity of its landscape and the richness of its flora and fauna. In existence since November 1st, 1961, 600 km², near Alto Paraíso de Goiás
This national park in the mountains of central Brazil was established in 1961 and, together with the Chapada dos Veadeiros, declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001 . Emas are flightless ratites , similar to the African ostrich (cf. rheas ). In existence since November 1, 1974, 1,318.68 km², near Mineiros .

State protected areas

since July 3, 1992, 41.23 km², near Goiânia
Since 1970, 123 km², at Caldas Novas
32.5 km²
9.01 km², near Pirenópolis
In São Domingos , since July 7, 1989, 5,000 km². Protected area in the Serra Geral de Goiás , which separates Goiás from Bahia. Waterfalls and caves worth seeing.

Nature reserves ( Portuguese : APA: Área de proteção ambiental ):

In Águas Lindas de Goiás and Brazlândia (Distrito Federal) Brazlândia with the reservoir Rio Descoberto DF
Nature reserve on the Rio Araguaia with some endangered or disappeared animal species. You can see animal species such as: arraus tortoise, sotalia (dolphin) , swamp deer , pampas deer , brown howler monkey , neotropical otter , ocelot , jaguar and even black caiman
Known for rock climbing, mountaineering and caving in the Serra Dourada

  • Macaw (Orthopsittaca manilata) in Goiânia, Brazil.

  • Brown Howler Monkey (Alouatta fusca)

  • Arctic turtle (Podocnemis expansa)

structure

Mesoregions

Mesoregions in Goiás

From 1989 to 2017, Goiás was divided into five mesoregions and 18 microregions by the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE) for geostatistical purposes . The mesoregions were:

  1. North Goiás
  2. Northwest Goiás
  3. East Goiás
  4. Central Goiás
  5. South Goiás

The 18 geostatistical microregions were formed from the 246 political communities, the municípios , which each have common economic and social conditions.

See also: Mesoregions and Microregions in Goiás

Cities

The twenty largest cities, out of a total of 246 municipalities, with more than 50,000 inhabitants according to the 2010 Census in Goiás in economic comparison:

city

 Residents

 Area
(km²)
 Inhabitant / km²

 GDP 2007 
(1,000 R $ )
 GDP 2007
ranked in GO 		GDP per capita
(R $)
 GDP per capita
rank in GO
Goiânia 1,301,982 739 1,761.8 17,867,338 1 14,355 33
Aparecida de Goiânia 455.735 288 1,582.4 3,082,081 4th 6,484 171
Anápolis 335.032 918 364.9 4,681,250 2 14,380 32
Luziânia 174,546 3,962 44.1 1,628,876 7th 8,309 111
Rio Verde 176.502 8,388 21.2 3,083,919 3 20,645 16
Águas Lindas de Goiás 159.505 191 835.1 399.113 23 3,026 246
Valparaíso de Goiás 132,947 60 2,215.8 492,308 20th 4,302 233
Trindade 104.506 713 146.6 580.929 17th 5,959 195
Formosa 100.084 5,807 17.2 561,334 19th 6.222 181
Itumbiara 92,942 2,461 37.8 1,537,323 8th 17,448 21st
Novo Gama 95.013 192 494.9 277,530 37 3,321 243
Jataí 88,048 7.174 12.3 1,329,999 9 16,225 26th
Catalão 86,597 3,778 22.9 2,909,021 5 38,467 6th
Planaltina 81,612 2,539 32.1 293.226 33 3,839 240
Senador Canedo 84,399 245 344.5 2,036,085 6th 28,856 9
Caldas Novas 70,463 159 443.2 640.609 13 10,299 73
Santo Antonio do Descoberto 63.166 938 67.3 182,400 53 3,279 245
Goianésia 59,545 1,548 38.5 578.375 18th 10,749 62
Cidade Ocidental 55,883 388 144.0 175,461 57 3,611 242
Mineiros 52,964 8,896 6.0 622.824 14th 13,783 35
Table total / average: 3,718,507 40,488 91.8 42,336,551 n / A 11,407 n / A
Comparative values ​​from Goiás: 6.004.045 340.087 17.6 65.210.147 n / A 11,548 n / A
Share (deviation): 61.9% 11.9% (+520.2%) 64.9% n / A (−1.2%) n / A

What is striking is:

  • That in almost half of the largest cities the GDP per capita is among the below average in Goiás. The vast majority of them belong to the worst communities (five communities in the last six places!).
  • Five of the ten weakest municipalities are among the largest, which is probably also due to the increasing rural exodus that has been observed in recent years.
  • Only two municipalities are in the top ten in terms of GDP per capita

See also:

politics

Ronaldo Caiado of the Democratas (DEM) has been acting governor since the 2018 elections in Brazil . The official seat of the executive branch has been the Palácio das Esmeraldas in Goiânia since 1937 . The legislature rests with 41 elected representatives of the Legislative Assembly of Goiás .

The state is represented by 17 federal representatives in the Chamber of Deputies of the National Congress and sends three senators to the Federal Senate .

economy

In terms of gross domestic product (GDP) , Goiás ranks ninth with a Brazilian share of 2.45%. The GDP per capita is R $ 11,548.

Agriculture

Goiás is an important producer of grain , pulses and oilseeds and is fourth in Brazil after Paraná , Mato Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul . Goiás takes the top spot for tomatoes and sorghum , with garlic it is only behind Minas Gerais , third place goes to cotton and sunflowers , although the cultivation area for the latter was reduced to a third of the previous year. Other important products are sugar cane , soy and corn .

  • Garlic plantation in Goiás

  • soy

  • Sugar cane plant

The yield comparison between Goiás and Brazil in the table below shows that the yield in kg / ha in Goiás is predominantly higher than the average yield in Brazil (comparison of the columns yield (kg / ha) with BRA yield (kg / ha) ).

Agricultural production 2009 in Goiás

Cultivation product


 Harvested area
(ha)

 Harvest volume
(t)

 Yield
(kg / ha)

 BRA share
area
(%)
 BRA share
harvest
(%)
 BRA yield
(kg / ha)

 Yield
comparison
(%)
 Rank
in BRA
Pineapple
(in 1,000 pieces) 		2,060 49,304 23,934 3.6 3.4 25,751 −7.1 8th
Bananas 13,290 171,695 12,919 2.6 2.4 13,924 −7.2 9
cotton 54,870 227,307 4.143 6.8 7.7 3,623 +14.4 3
Beans 113.930 261,929 2,299 2.8 7.5 842 +173.0 6th
coffee 8,770 18,502 2.110 0.4 0.8 1,139 +85.3 7th
Potatoes 5,570 232.250 41,697 4.0 6.7 24,654 +69.1 6th
garlic 1,650 21,260 12885 17.1 24.1 9,464 +36.1 2
Corn 898.015 4,937,847 5,477 6.5 9.7 3,704 +47.9 4th
manioc 21,090 331,786 15,732 1.1 1.2 14,077 +11.8 20th
Oranges 6,725 122,288 18,184 0.8 0.7 22.008 −17.4 7th
rice 102,945 252,582 2,454 3.6 2.0 4,366 −44.2 7th
soy 2,315,890 6,808,587 2,940 10.7 11.9 2,624 +12.0 4th
sunflowers 4,940 6,718 1,360 6.7 7.0 1,945 −30.1 3
Sorghum 302.715 758,667 2,506 38.5 41.2 2,338 +7.2 1
tomatoes 18,110 1,405,996 77,636 27.6 33.6 63,739 +21.8 1
wheat 22,440 84,472 3,764 0.9 1.7 2,040 +84.5 6th
Sugar cane 522.985 44.064.470 84,256 6.1 6.4 79,691 +5.7 4th
TOTAL: 4,411,055 8.1 9.9

Industry

Mitsubishi in Catalão

In Goiás u. a. Coal , gravel , phosphate ore, nickel and gold mined.

Important industries are the agrochemicals , food industry , metal processing , furniture and wood processing industry, as well as clothing industry.

Service sector

tourism

Boa Morte Church in Goiás Velho

Well-known tourist destinations are:

Until 1937 the former capital of Goiás. In 2001, the historic center with many was baroque buildings from the 18th century in the UNESCO - World Heritage List was added.
Pirenópolis is a picturesque town in the interior of the Goiás state, famous for its many natural beauties, well-preserved colonial mansions and its steep cobbled streets.
A nationally popular seaside resort with natural thermal springs .

Popular bathing spots during the dry season (June, July) are:

History and culture

The name of the state of Goiás is derived from the indigenous Goyaz people who originally lived in the area of ​​the Rio Vermelho .

Monument of the Bandeirante Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva in Goiânia

Gold was discovered in the area of Goiás Velho as early as 1592 , but it was not until the second half of the 18th century that the search for the precious metal gained momentum through the discovery of more abundant deposits. In 1748 the Capitania de Goiás was founded and thus separated from São Paulo. In 1824 it was converted into a province. In 1988 the northern part was separated from the national territory and today forms the state of Tocantins .

See also

Web links

Commons : Goiás  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Goiás - Panorama. In: cidades.ibge.gov.br. IBGE , accessed September 3, 2019 (Brazilian Portuguese).
  2. ↑ brasilrepublica.com: Goiás flag , (Portuguese)
  3. ↑ Superintendência de Geologia e Mineração / Secretaria de Indústria e Comércio Elaboração: SEPLAN-GO / SEPIN / Gerência de Estatística Socioeconômica - 2009 ( Memento of the original of April 17, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked . Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.seplan.go.gov.br
  4. ↑ Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia: A new species of Hemiancistrus from the rio Araguaia basin , (PDF; 452 kB; English)