Sedges

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Sedges
Slender sedge (Carex acuta)

Slender sedge ( Carex acuta )

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sourgrass family (Cyperaceae)
Genre : Sedges
Scientific name
Carex
L.

Sedges ( Carex ) are a genus of plants from the sourgrass family (Cyperaceae). The over 2200 species thrive in the cold and climatically temperate areas almost worldwide.

description

Stem cross-section
Pollen in the scanning electron microscope
Illustration from Johann Georg Sturm: Germany's Flora. 1796: 1. Trug sedge or blackhead sedge ( Carex appropinquata , Syn .: Carex paradoxa ), 2. Panicle sedge ( Carex paniculata )

Vegetative characteristics

Sedge species are perennial , herbaceous plants . A few species can bloom and fruit in the first year and then do not survive ( e.g. Carex bebbii , Carex viridula ). Some other species, such as Carex adusta , are short-lived; the plants do not live more than three to five years.

All species form rhizomes , but these are very short in clump-forming species. The rhizomes can also be designed as long stolons , so that the plants form extensive lawns. Some species such as Carex elata and other clump-forming species, as well as species in sand dunes, have rhizomes that grow vertically.

The stalks are mostly triangular, rarely stem-round. In most species, the only aerial shoot axes are the axes of the inflorescences. The leaves are basal on these or are arranged along the axis. Vegetative shoots usually have only basal leaves, their aerial part consists only of the overlapping leaf sheaths . Only a few species have vegetative shoots with a correct shoot axis with nodes and internodes . These are characteristic of the Ovales section , but also occur in the Holarrhenae and Carex sections . In some species, in addition to the normal, compressed sprouts, there are also those that develop into long stolons and thus serve for vegetative reproduction.

The leaves sit on the base and on the stalk, in some species all are basal. A ligule is present. The leaf blade is flat, V- or M-shaped in cross section. The blade is seldom thread, rolled up or rounded. Usually it is less than 20 millimeters wide. If it is flat, it has a clearly pronounced midrib. The leaf sheath is of diagnostic importance in the individual species: it is important here whether it tears open due to growth, tears into lobes or frayed like a network. The color of the leaf sheaths is also important.

Generative characteristics

The terminal inflorescences consist of spikelets that are in spikes , which in turn are grouped in spikes, grapes or panicles . The bracts of the ears are like leaves or scales. The bracts of the spikelets are scale-like and only very rarely foliage-like. The spikelets consist of a flower and have no or one scale. The flowers are unisexual: male flowers have no scales; female flowers have a scale with overgrown edges, which surrounds the flower as an utriculus (perigynium, false capsule) and is only open at the tip. There is no flower cover. The male flowers have one to three stamens . In the female flower, the styles are either sloping or remain on the fruit for different lengths of time. They are straight and lobed two to three times.

The fruits , they are achenes , are biconvex, plano-convex or triangular, rarely square.

The basic chromosome number is x = 10.

Locations

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

The representatives of the genus often occur in damp to wet locations. The water is rarely higher than 50 centimeters during the growing season. At such locations, sedges are often dominant or co-dominant. They also have a large share of the vegetation in the arctic tundra . Often they also occur in grasslands of the mountains, in rocky locations and in forests. In the forests of eastern North America, 20 or more species occur on a few hectares.

etymology

The generic name Carex is a Latin name for sour grasses with cutting leaves. The common name sedges is probably derived from a reconstructed Indo-European root * (s) ker- ( cut ).

Systematics and distribution

The genus Carex was established by Carl von Linné .

The genus Carex belongs to the tribe Cariceae in the subfamily Cyperoideae within the family Cyperaceae . Several studies have shown Carex to be a paraphyletic group in their classic scope . A newer classification that takes these results into account is still pending. In 2016, a phylogenetic study was published, in which 996 from 1983 about half of the known species were considered. Most of the previously recognized sections of the genus, which were set up on the basis of morphological features, were recognized as not monophyletic.

The genus Carex is distributed almost worldwide. It is only absent in the tropical lowlands, where it is only represented with a few species in Southeast Asia. The genus is also sparsely represented in sub-Saharan Africa. North America, on the other hand, is rich in species with around 480 species, and also East Asia.

The following species occur in Central Europe:

One-year sedges (Monostachyae)

Blunt sedge ( Carex obtusata ), a one-year sedge
Flea Sedge ( Carex pulicaris ), a one-year sedge

Sedges of the same age (Homostachyae)

Sand Sedge ( Carex arenaria ), a sedge of the same age
Monte Baldo sedge ( Carex baldensis ), a sedge of the same age
Curved sedge ( Carex curvula ), a sedge of the same age
Angle sedge ( Carex remota ), a sedge of the same age

Diverse sedges (Heterostachyae)

White sedge ( Carex alba ); a variegated sedge
Weeping sedge ( Carex atrata ); a variegated sedge
Black and red sedge ( Carex atrofusca ); a variegated sedge
Cushion sedge ( Carex company ); a variegated sedge
Earth sedge ( Carex humilis ); a variegated sedge
Pill sedge ( Carex pilulifera ); a variegated sedge
Pygmy sedge ( Carex pseudocyperus ); a variegated sedge
Shore sedge ( Carex riparia ); a variegated sedge
Late yellow sedge ( Carex viridula ); a variegated sedge

More types

Further species of the genus Carex (without assignment, here is a selection):

Morgenstern sedge ( Carex grayi ), a multi-year sedge
Carex kobomugi , a variegated sedge
Orange New Zealand sedge ( Carex testacea ), a variegated sedge

See also

literature

  • PW Ball, AA Reznicek: Carex. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 23: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515207-7 , pp. 254-573 (English, online ). (Section Description and Distribution).
  • W. Erhardt , E. Götz, N. Bödeker & S. Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
  • Global Carex Group: Making Carex monophyletic (Cyperaceae, tribe Cariceae): a new broader circumscription. Bot J Linn Soc, 2015 , 179: 1-42. doi: 10.1111 / boj.12298
  • AC Jermy, AO Chater, RW David: Sedges of the British Isles. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London 1982, ISBN 0-901158-05-4 .
  • A. Petersen: The sour grasses. Keys to their destination in the flowerless state. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1973.
  • JC Schou: De Danske Halvgraesser. Klitmöller (BFN's Forlag) 1993, ISBN 87-87746-04-2 .
  • Wolfram Schultze Motel (Ed.): Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta . Founded by Gustav Hegi. 3rd, completely revised edition. Volume II. Part 1: Angiospermae: Monocotyledones 2 (Cyperaceae - Juncaceae) . Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1980, ISBN 3-489-54020-4 (published in deliveries 1967–1980).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 , p. 1110 .
  2. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 , p. 128 limited preview in the Google book search.
  3. ^ PF AngiospermPhylogenyWebsite: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website , 200f. , accessed December 5, 2009.
  4. ↑ Pedro Jiménez-Mejías, Marlene Hahn, Kate Lueders, Julian R. Starr, Bethany H. Brown, Brianna N. Chouinard, Kyong-Sook Chung, Marcial Escudero, Bruce A. Ford, Kerry A. Ford, Sebastian Gebauer, Berit Gehrke , Matthias H. Hoffmann, Xiao-Feng Jin, Jongduk Jung, Sangtae Kim, Modesto Luceño, Enrique Maguilla, Santiago Martín-Bravo, Mónica Míguez, Ana Molina, Robert FC Naczi, Jocelyn E. Pender, Anton A. Reznicek, Tamara Villaverde , Marcia J. Waterway, Karen L. Wilson, Jong-Cheol Yang, Shuren Zhang, Andrew. L. Hipp, and Eric H. Roalson: Megaphylogenetic Specimen-Level Approaches to the Carex (Cyperaceae) Phylogeny Using ITS, ETS, and MatK Sequences: Implications for Classification. The Global Carex Group . Systematic Botany 41 (3) pp. 500-518. 2016 doi: 10.1600 / 036364416X692497
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Carex. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 18, 2018.

Web links

Commons : Seggen ( Carex )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files