Sourgrass family

Sourgrass is a redirect to this article. Further meanings are listed under sour grasses (disambiguation) .

Sourgrass family
Ground-flowered sedge ( Carex halleriana )
Systematics
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina) Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida) Monocots Commelinids Order : Sweet grass (Poales) Family : Sourgrass family
Scientific name
Cyperaceae
Yuss.

Sourgrass plants (Cyperaceae), also called sedge plants or sedge plants, are a family in the order of the sweet grass-like (Poales). The 98 to 109 genera with around 5500 species are distributed almost worldwide. They are grass-like , mainly perennial , sometimes lawn - and clump-forming or creeping species with rhizomes . To distinguish it from the sweet grasses, the following applies: Their more or less triangular stems are medullary and have no raised nodes .

As Sedges are in German-speaking countries generally more species from different families like Rushes (Juncaceae), juncaginaceae (Juncaginaceae) and flowers Rushes referred (Scheuchzeriaceae). Strictly speaking, the term only refers to the species of the Cyperaceae family.

description

Illustration from Flora Antarctica, panel CXLVIII by Carpha schoenoides

Sourgrass plants are mostly perennial herbaceous plants or perennials with a grass-like habit . There may be rhizomes . The stem is massive or pithy, so not hollow, often triangular and the nodes are never knotty, in contrast to the Poaceae family . The leaves, which are usually alternate and often arranged in three rows on the stem, are divided into leaf sheath and leaf blade. The leaf sheaths are closed or rarely open. The simple leaf blade is parallel-veined and narrow, grass-like.

Flower diagram of Carex
A  male flower
B  three-colored female flower
C  two-colored female flower
D  diagram of a female flower
a   secondary
shoot utr. Utriculus (tube)

The bracts are similar to foliage. The spikelets are individually or collectively in ährigen , paniculate or capitate total inflorescences arranged. The flowers are in spikelets in large numbers or individually .

As is usual with wind-pollinated plants, the flowers are inconspicuous and either hermaphroditic ( Schoenoplectus , Scirpus , Eleocharis , Eriophorum ) or unisexual. If the flowers are unisexual, then the plants are usually single-sexed ( monoecious ) or dioecious ( dioecious ). The flowers are threefold and radial symmetry . The zero to six bracts are reduced to bristles, hairs or scales. There are usually only three (rarely only two or one) free, fertile stamens . The pollen grains are pseudomonads (= cryptotetrad), that is, they initially contain four nuclei, three of which degenerate, so that only one pollen grain develops from a pollen mother cell . Two or three carpels are a top permanent, einfächerigen ovary fused with a basal ovule . There are one, two, or three scar branches.

The solitary nut fruit , a caryopsis , is biconvex or triangular.

Systematics and distribution

Tribus Abildgaardieae: Fimbristylis dichotoma

Tribe Bisboeckelereae: Becquerelia cymosa

Tribe Cariceae: Uncinia uncinata

Tribus Cladieae: Cladium californicum

Tribus Cypereae: bulbous sedge ( Cyperus rotundus )

Tribe Cypereae: Ficinia spiralis

Tribe Cypereae: Kyllinga nemoralis

Tribus Cypereae: Ball rush ( Scirpoides holoschoenus )

Tribus Eleocharideae: single-skin rush ( Eleocharis uniglumis )

Tribus Fuireneae: Bolboschoenus maritimus agg. / Bolboschoenus laticarpus

Tribus Fuireneae: pond with pond rush ( Schoenoplectus lacustris ), right

Tribe Rhynchosporeae: Rhynchospora colorata

Tribe Schoeneae: Morelotia gahniiformis

Tribus Schoeneae: Black Kopfried ( Schoenus nigricans )

Tribus Scirpeae: sheath cotton -grass ( Eriophorum vaginatum )

Tribe Scirpeae: Scirpus hotarui

Tribus Scirpeae: Alpine rush ( Trichophorum alpinum )

Tribe Sclerieae: habitus of Scleria testacea

Trilepideae tribe: Microdracoides squamosus , an extraordinary species of the Cyperaceae family of African island mountains

The family was first published in 1789 under the name Cyperoideae by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum , the 26th type genus is Cyperus L.

Sourgrass family (Cyperaceae) and rush family (Juncaceae) used to be grouped together in a common systematic hierarchy (Juncanae), as they are more closely related than with the sweet grasses (Poaceae). So far they formed the only plant family from the order of the sour grass-like (Cyperales).

However, they put new molecular biological studies on the order of the sweet grass-like (Poales). Within the order of the Poales, the Cyperaceae are a sister group of the Juncaceae . A synonym for Cyperaceae Juss. is Kobresiaceae Gilly .

Botanical history

The leading Cyperaceae researcher of the 19th century was the pharmacist and botanist Johann Otto Böckeler (born August 12, 1803 in Hanover, † March 5, 1899 in Varel ).

Internal system

The family Cyperaceae contains about (98 to) 109 genera and about 5500 species . About 35% of the genera are monotypic , 26% contain only two to five species, but seven or 6% of the genera contain more than 200 species each. The two most species-rich genera are Cyperus with 686 species and Carex with around 1757 species.

The main focus of their distribution is in temperate to subarctic areas of the world.

The sourgrass family (Cyperaceae) is divided into two (previously four to five) subfamilies and 14 tribes (Simpson et al. 2006):

• Subfamily Mapanioideae: It contains two tribes with (six to) about 13 genera and about 140 species:
  • Tribus Chrysitricheae: The approximately five genera occur only in the southern hemisphere :
    • Capitularina J.Kern (Syn .: Capitularia J.V.Suringar ): It contains only one species:
      • Capitularina involucrata (JVSuringar) J.Kern : It is distributed from New Guinea to the Solomon Islands .
    • Chrysitrix L .: Of the four or so species, three are distributed in South Africa and one is found in southwestern Australia.
    • Chorizandra R.Br. : The approximately five species are common in eastern and southern Australia.
    • Exocarya Benth. : It contains only one type:
      • Exocarya sclerioides (F. Muell.) Benth. : It occurs in eastern New Guinea and northeastern New South Wales .
    • Lepironia Rich. (Syn .: Chondrachne R.Br. ): It contains only one species:
      • Lepironia articulata (Retz.) Domin (Syn .: Lepironia mucronata Rich. ): It is in Madagascar , in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong and Hainan , in Taiwan , on the Ryūkyū Islands , in Sri Lanka , India , Cambodia , Laos , Thailand , Vietnam , Celebes , Irian Jaya , Kalimantan , the Moluccas , Sumatra , Malaysia , Papua New Guinea , the Australian states of New South Wales, Northern Territory and Queensland , Micronesia , Fiji , Tonga and New Caledonia .
  • Tribus Hypolytreae: It contains about nine genera with about 159 species:
    • Diplasia Rich. : It contains only one type:
      • Diplasia karatifolia Rich. ex pers. : It is common from Trinidad to Central America and tropical South America.
    • Hypolytrum Rich. (Syn .: Albikia J. Presl & C. Presl , Beera P.Beauv. , Tunga Roxb. ): The almost 60 species are common in the tropics.
    • Mapania Aubl. (Syn .: Apartea Pellegr. , Cephaloscirpus Kurz , Langevinia Jacq.-Fél. , Lepistachya Zipp. Ex Miq. , Pandanophyllum Hassk. , Thoracostachyum Kurz ): The approximately 85 species are distributed in the tropics.
    • Paramapania Uittien : It contains about seven species are distributed from Malesia to islands in the western Pacific.
    • Principina Uittien : It contains only one species:
      • Principina grandis Uittien : It occurs only on the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe .
    • Scirpodendron Zipp. ex In short : The roughly two species occur in southwestern Sri Lanka, eastern India, Malaysia, Australia and Polynesia.

• Subfamily Cyperoideae: It contains twelve tribe with about 92 genera and almost 4900 species:
  • Tribe Abildgaardieae: It contains about nine genera:
    • Actinoschoenus Benth. (It was sometimes put to Fimbristylis Vahl ): The three or so species come from tropical west-central Africa to Zambia, on islands in the western Indian Ocean, from Sri Lanka to southern China and in northern Australia.
    • Arthrostylis R.Br. : It contains only one type:
      • Arthrostylis aphylla R.Br. : It thrives in tropical northern Australia.
    • Bulbostylis Kunth (Syn .: Oncostylis Nees , Stenophyllus Raf. , It was sometimes assigned to Abildgaardia Vahl ): The approximately 205 species are distributed in the tropics and subtropics and in Central Asia.
    • Crosslandia W. Fitzg. : It contains only one type:
      • Crosslandia setifolia W. Fitzg. : It is common in Australia from northern Western Australia to northern Northern Territory .
    • Frans rushes ( Fimbristylis Vahl , Syn .: Abildgaardia Vahl , Abildgardia Rchb. Orth. Var., Aplostemon Raf. , Campylostachys E.Mey. , Dichostylis P.Beauv. Nom. Superfl., Echinolytrum Desv. , Gussonea J.Presl & C. Presl , Iria (Pers.) R.Hedw. , Iriha Kuntze orth. Var., Mischospora Boeckeler , Pogonostylis Bertol. , Pseudocyperus Steud. , Trichelostylis T.Lestib. , Tylocarya Nelmes ): The 250 to almost 300 species are distributed almost worldwide .
    • Nelmesia Van der Veken : It contains only one species:
      • Nelmesia melanostachya Van der Veken : It occurs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo .
    • Nemum Desv. : The eight or so species are common in tropical Africa.
    • Trachystylis S.T.Blake : It contains only one species:
      • Trachystylis stradbrokensis (Domin) Kük. : It occurs only in the Australian state of Queensland .
    • Trichoschoenus J.Raynal : It contains only one species:
      • Trichoschoenus bosseri J.Raynal : It occurs in Madagascar.
  • Tribe Bisboeckelereae: It contains about three genera:
    • Becquerelia Brogn. : The seven or so species are common in the Neotropic.
    • Bisboeckelera Kuntze (Syn .: Hoppia Nees nom. Illeg.): The four or so species are common in tropical South America.
    • Diplacrum R.Br. (Syn .: Pteroscleria Nees ): The nine or so species are common in the tropics and subtropics.
  • Tribe Cariceae: It contains about five genera:
    • Seggen ( Carex L. , Syn .: Ammorrhiza Ehrh. , Anithista Raf. , Baeochortus Ehrh. , Bitteria Börner , Callistachys Heuff. , Caricella Ehrh. , Caricina St.-Lag. , Caricinella St.-Lag. , Chionanthula Börner , Chordorrhiza Ehrh. , Coleachyron J.Gay ex Boiss. , Cryptoglochin Heuff. , Cyperoides Ség. , Dapedostachys Börner , Desmiograstis Börner , Deweya Raf. , Diemisa Raf. , Diplocarex Hayata , Dornera Heuff. Ex Schur , Drymeia Ehrh. , Echinochlaenia. Börner , Edrith Raf. , Facolos Raf. , Forexeta Raf. , Genersichia Heuff. , Heleonastes Ehrh. , Heuffelia Opiz , Homalostachys Boeckeler , Itheta Raf. , Kolerma Raf. , Kuekenthalia Börner , Lamprochlaenia Börner , Leptostachys Ehrh. , Leptovignea Börner , Leucoglochin Heuff. , Limivasculum Börner , Limonaetes Ehrh. , Loncoperis Raf. , Loxanisa Raf. , Loxotrema Raf. , Manochlaenia Börner , Maukschia Heuff. , Meltrema Raf. , Neilreichia Kotula , Neskiza Raf. , Olamblis Raf. , Olotrema Raf. , Onkerma Raf. , Osculisa Raf. , Phaeolorum Ehrh. , Polyg lochin Ehrh. , Proteocarpus Borner , Pseudocarex Miq. , Psyllophora Ehrh. , Ptacoseia Ehrh. , Rhaptocalymma Borrer , Rhynchopera Börner nom. illeg., Schelhammeria Moench , Temnemis Raf. , Thysanocarex Börner , Trasus Gray , Ulva Adans. , Vesicarex Steyerm. , Vignantha Schur , Vignea P.Beauv. , Vignidula Börner ): The (earlier 1000 to) today about 2000 species are distributed almost worldwide.
    • Cymophyllus Mackenzie ex Britton & A. Brown: It contains only one species:
      • Cymophyllus fraserianus (Ker Gawl.) Kartesz & Gandhi : It only thrives in the southern Appalachians .
    • Kobresia ( Kobresia . Willd , Cobresia . Pers .. Orth var, Kobria . St. lag , Elyna . Schrad , Froelichia Wulfen . Nom illeg. Hemicarex Benth. , Holmia Boerner , Blysmocarex N.A.Ivanova ): The approximately 57 species are in the northern hemisphere to Sumatra. However, some authors also include them in the Carex genus .
    • Schoenoxiphium Nees (Syn .: Archaeocarex Börner ): The approximately 21 species are distributed from the Arabian Peninsula and in Africa from Ethiopia to southern Africa and Madagascar.
    • Uncinia Pers. (Syn .: Agistron Raf. ): The approximately 70 species are distributed in Malesia, on islands in the Indian and Atlantic Ocean, in the Pacific, in New Zealand and in Central and South America.
  • Tribus Cladieae: It contains only two genera with about four species:
    • Cutting ( Cladium P.Browne , Syn .: Mariscus Scop. , Trasis P.Beauv. ): The approximately three species are distributed almost worldwide.
    • Rhynchocladium T.Koyama : It contains only one species:
      • Rhynchocladium steyermarkii (T.Koyama) T.Koyama : It is distributed from southern Venezuela to Guyana .
  • Tribe Cryptangieae: It contains about three genera in the Neotropic :
    • Cephalocarpus Nees : The four or so species are common in tropical South America.
    • Everardia Ridl. (Syn .: Pseudoeverardia Gilly ): The eleven or so species are common in tropical South America.
    • Lagenocarpus Nees (Syn .: Anogyna Nees , Acrocarpus Nees nom. Illeg., Adamantogeton Schrad. Ex Nees , Cryptangium Schrad. Ex Nees , Microlepis Schrad. Ex Nees , Orobium Schrad. Ex Nees , Phaenopyrum Schrad. Ex Nees , Lerisca Schltdl. , Cladotheca Steud. , Neo-Senaea K.Schum. Ex H.Pfeiff. , Ulea-flos C.B.Clarke ex H.Pfeiff. Nom. Inval., Exochogyne C.B.Clarke , Didymiandrum Gilly ): The almost 30 species are common in the Neotropic .
  • Tribus Cypereae: The approximately 900 species were previously classified around 20 genera, the species of some genera were placed in the extended genus Cyperus :
    • Androtrichum (Brongn.) Brongn. : The only two species are distributed from Brazil to northeast Argentina.
    • Ascolepis Nees (Syn .: Platylepis Kunth nom. Illeg., Pterachne Schrad. Ex Nees nom. Inval., Pterogyne Schrad. Ex Nees nom. Inval., Antrolepis Welw. Nom. Inval.): The approximately 23 species from the tropics to widespread to the subtropics.
    • Cyperus ( Cyperus L. s. L., Syn .: Papyrus Willd. , Indocourtoisia Bennet & Raizada nom. Illeg., Pseudomariscus Rauschert nom. Illeg., Aliniella J.Raynal nom illeg.., Mariscus Vahl nom. Cons., Mariscus Gaertn. Nom . illeg., Courtoisia Nees nom. illeg., Duval-jouvea Palla , Diclidium Schrad. ex Nees , Adupla Bosc ex Juss. , Remirea Aubl. , Opetiola Gaertn. , Epiphystis Trin. , Torulinium Desv. ex Ham. , Anosporum Nees , Oxycaryum Nees , Galilea Parl. , Hydroschoenus inches. & Moritzi , Atomostylis Steud. , Pterocyperus Opiz , Sorostachys Steud. , Bora Bora Steud. , Trentepohlia Boeckeler , Crepidocarpus Klotzsch ex Boeckeler , Cylindrolepis Boeckeler , Juncellus C.B.Clarke , Ungeria Nees ex CBClarke , Didymia Phil . , Chlorocyperus Riki , Eucyperus Riki , Acorellus Palla ex Kneuck. , Sphaeromariscus E.G.Camus , Mariscopsis Cherm. , Ascopholis C.ECFisch. , Sphaerocyperus Lye , Alinula J.Raynal , Courtoisina Soják , Raynalia Soják , Marisculus Goetgh. , Queen Landi Ella Domin , Kyllingiell a R.W. Haines & Lye ): The genus Cyperus is only monophyletic if the species are incorporated into ten smaller genera. The approximately 600 species are distributed almost worldwide.
    • Dracoscirpoides Muasya : The only three species are common in southern Africa.
    • Ficinia Schrad. (Syn .: Melancranis Vahl , Hypolepis P.Beauv. Ex Lestib. , Hemichlaena Schrad. , Acrolepis Schrad. , Hypophialium Nees , Pleurachne Schrad. , Schoenidium Nees , Sickmannia Nees , Desmoschoenus Hook. F. , Chamaexiphium Hochst. Ex Steud. Nom . illeg., Anthophyllum Steud. ): The approximately 70 species are distributed from Ethiopia to southern Africa and Madagascar and are found in southern and eastern Australia and New Zealand, on St. Helena, on the island of St. Paul and on the Juan Fernández islands in front.
    • Hellmuthia Steud. : It contains only one type:
      • Hellmuthia membranacea (Thunb.) RWHaines & Lye : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape .
    • Moor rushes ( Isolepis R.Br. , Syn .: Eleogiton Link , Scirpidiella Rauschert ): The approximately 70 species are almost spread worldwide. Including:
      • Bristly moor rush ( Isolepis setacea (L.) R.Br. )
    • Karinia Reznicek & McVaugh : It contains only one species:
      • Karinia mexicana (CBClarke ex Britton) Reznicek & McVaugh : It occurs in Mexico.
    • Kyllinga Rottb. (Syn .: Thryocephalon J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. , Killinga T.Lestib. , Hedychloe Raf. , Cyprolepis Steud. Nom. Nud., Lyprolepis Steud. ): The approximately 70 species are distributed from the tropics to the subtropics .
    • Lipocarpha R.Br. (Syn .: Hypaelyptum Vahl . Nom rej. Hemicarpha Nees , Rikliella J.Raynal ): The approximately 35 species are distributed from the tropics to the subtropics, and in North America.
    • Pycreus P.Beauv. (Syn .: Distimus Raf. , Torreya Raf. Nom. Illeg.): The approximately 120 species are distributed almost worldwide. Some authors also place them in the genus Cyperus .
    • Ball rushes ( Scirpoides Ség. , Syn .: Holoschoenus Link ): The four or so species are distributed from the Canary Islands to the western Himalayas and southern Africa.
    • Volkiella Merxm. & Czech : It contains only one type:
      • Volkiella disticha Merxm. & Czech : It occurs in Namibia .
  • Tribus Dulichieae: It contains only two genera with about five species in the northern hemisphere:
    • Spring rushes ( Blysmus Panzer ex Schultes , Syn .: Nomochloa P.Beauv. Nom. Rej., Leptolepis Boeckeler , Blysmopsis Oteng-Yeb. ): The roughly four species thrive from the subarctic to the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere in Eurasia, North Africa and North America.
    • Dulichium Pers. (Syn .: Pleuranthus Pers. ): It contains only one species:
      • Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton : It is distributed with two varieties in North America.
  • Tribus Eleocharideae: It contains only one genus:
    • Marsh rushes ( Eleocharis R.Br. , Syn .: Elaeocharis Brongn. Orth. Var., Trichophyllum Ehrh. Nom. Inval., Bulbostylis Steven nom. Rej., Heleocharis T.Lestib. , Limnochloa P.Beauv. Ex Lestib. , Megadenus Raf. , Clavula Dumort. , Heliocharis Lindl. , Baeothryon Ehrh. Ex A.Dietr. , Chaetocyperus Nees , Eleogenus Nees , Scirpidium Nees , Limnocharis Kunth nom. Illeg., Chlorocharis Rikli , Chamaegyne Suess. , Helonema Suess. , Websteria S.H.Wright . , Websteria S.H.Wright , Chillania Roiv. , Egleria L.T.Eiten ): The 200 to 250 species are distributed almost worldwide.
  • Tribus Fuireneae: It contains about seven genera:
    • Actinoscirpus (Ohwi) RWHaines & Lye : It contains only one species:
      • Actinoscirpus grossus (L. f.) Goetgh. & DASimpson : It is widespread with two varieties in tropical to subtropical Asia from the Indian subcontinent via Indochina , in the Chinese provinces of southern Guangdong and Guangxi to Japan and Malesia and in northern Australia (only Northern Territory, Queensland).
    • × Bolboschoenoplectus Tatanov = generic hybrid (intergeneric hybrid) from Bolboschoenus × Schoenoplectus : There is only one species:
      • × Bolboschoenoplectus mariqueter (Tang & FTWang) Tatanov : It occurs naturally in China (for example in Shanxi).
    • Beach ledges ( Bolboschoenus (Asch.) Palla ): The approximately 15 species are distributed almost worldwide.
    • Fuirena Rottb. (Syn .: Vaginaria Pers. , Pentasticha Turcz. ): The 30 to 60 species are distributed almost worldwide.
    • Pseudoschoenus (CBClarke) Oteng-Yeb. : It contains only one type:
      • Pseudoschoenus inanis (Thunb.) Oteng-Yeb. : It is common in southern Africa.
    • Schoenoplectiella Lye : The approximately 50 species are distributed almost worldwide. This subheading also includes:
      • Schoenoplectus mucronatus ( Schoenoplectiella mucronata (L.) J.Jung & HKChoi )
      • Lower pond rush ( Schoenoplectiella supina (L.) Lye )
    • Pond rushes ( Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Palla , Syn .: Heleophylax P.Beauv. Ex Lestib. , Pterolepis Schrad. , Heleogiton Schult. Nom. Illeg., Elytrospermum C.A.Mey. , Malacochaete Nees , Pterygolepis Rchb. , Scirpus L. subg. Schoenoplectus Rchb. ): The 44 to 77 species are distributed almost worldwide.
  • Tribe Rhynchosporeae: It contains only two genera:
    • Pleurostachys Brogn. : The 33 or so species are distributed from Trinidad to tropical South America.
    • Rhynchospora ( Rhynchospora Vahl , Syn .: Phaeocephalum Ehrh. , Dichromena Michx. , Triodon Pers. , Spermodon P.Beauv. Lestib ex. , Zosterospermon P.Beauv. Lestib ex. , Dichromate Ham. Nom. Illeg., Pterotheca C.Presl , Calyptrostylis Nees , Cephaloschoenus Nees , Ceratoschoenus Nees , Diplochaete Nees , Echinoschoenus Nees & Meyen , Haloschoenus Nees , Haplostylis Nees , Mitrospora Nees , Morisia Nees , Psilocarya Torr. , Eriochaeta Torr. ex Steud. , Leptoschoenus Nees , Microchaeta Rchb. , Sphaeroschoenus Nees , Asteroschoenus Nees , Ephippiorhynchium Nees , Hygrocharis Nees , Pachymitra Nees , Ptilochaeta Nees , Astroschoenus Lindl. , Kleistrocalyx Steud. , Calyptrolepis Steud. , Cleistocalyx Steud. , Ptilosciadium Steud. , Trichochaeta Steud. , Pterochaete Arn. ex Boeckeler , Lonchostylis Torr. , Micropapyrus Suess. , Syntrinema H.Pfeiff. ): The 250 to 350 species are distributed almost worldwide.
  • Tribe Schoeneae: It contains 24 to 29 genera:
    • Calyptrocarya Nees : The eight or so species are common in the Neotropic.
    • Capeobolus Browning (sometimes also in Tetraria P.Beauv. ): It contains only one species:
      • Capeobolus brevicaulis (CBClarke) Browning : It occurs in the Capensis in the South African provinces of the Eastern and Western Cape .
    • Carpha Banks & Sol. ex R.Br. (Syn .: Asterochaete Nees , Oreograstis K.Schum. ): The approximately 15 species are widespread from Uganda to southern Africa, on islands in the Indian Ocean, in Japan and New Guinea to New Zealand and in southern South America.
    • Caustis R.Br. : The five or so species are native to southwest and eastern Australia.
    • Costularia C.B.Clarke (Syn .: Lophoschoenus Stapf ): The approximately 24 species are common on Indian Ocean islands of Borneo and New Caledonia to Africa.
    • Cyathochaeta Nees : The five species occur in south-western and eastern Australia.
    • Cyathocoma Nees (Syn .: Macrochaetium Steud. ): The only three species are common in southern Africa.
    • Epischoenus C.B.Clarke : The eight species occur in capensis in the South African provinces of Eastern and Western Cape before.
    • Evandra R.Br. : There are about two species in southwestern Australia.
    • Gahnia J.R. Forst. & G.Forst. (Syn .: Lampocarya R.Br. ): With around 40 species that are distributed from Asia across the Pacific to New Zealand.
    • Lepidosperma Labill. : The approximately 74 species are distributed from China and Indochina to New Zealand and New Caledonia.
    • Machaerina Vahl (syn .: Agylla Phil. , Baumea Gaudich. , Chapelliera Nees , Terobera Steud. , Trachyrhynchium Nees , Vincentia Gaudich. ): The approximately 50 species in the Neotropics, on islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans as well as in Tanzania spread .
    • Mesomelaena Nees : The only five species occur in southwestern Australia.
    • Morelotia Gaudich. : Of the only two species, one occurs in New Zealand and the other in Hawaii.
    • Neesenbeckia Levyns : It contains only one species:
      • Neesenbeckia punctoria (Vahl) Levyns : It is native to the Capensis.
    • Oreobolus R.Br. (Syn .: Schoenoides Seberg , Voladeria Benoist ): With about 17 species. They occur from Malesia to Australasia, Hawaii and from Costa Rica to the Falkland Islands .
    • Ptilothrix KLWilson : It contains only one species:
      • Ptilothrix deusta (R.Br.) KLWilson : It occurs only in eastern Australia.
    • Reedia F. Muell. : It contains only one type:
      • Reedia spathacea F. Muell. : It occurs in western Australia.
    • Kopfried ( Schoenus L. , Syn .: Chaetospora R.Br. , Lophocarpus Boeck. , Neolophocarpus E.G. Camus , Ptilanthelium Steud. ): The approximately 110 species are distributed almost worldwide.
    • Tetraria P.Beauv. (Syn .: Boeckeleria T.Durand , Elynanthus Nees , Ideleria Kunth , Tetrariopsis C.B.Clarke ): The approximately 53 species are common in Africa, Borneo, Australia and New Zealand.
    • Trianoptiles Fenzl (Syn .: Ecklonea Steud. ): The only three species are common in the Capensis, two of which occur only in the Western Cape and one also in the North Cape.
    • Tricostularia Nees ex clay. (Syn .: Discopodium Steud. ): The only five species are distributed from Sri Lanka via Hainan to Southeast Asia and Borneo to Australia.
  • Tribe Scirpeae: It contains about ten genera:
    • Amphiscirpus Oteng-Yeb. : It contains only one type:
      • Amphiscirpus nevadensis (S.Watson) Oteng-Yeb. : It is widespread in the New World from Canada to the United States, Argentina and Chile.
    • Cypringlea M. Strong : The three or so species occur in Mexico.
    • Cotton grass ( Eriophorum L. ): The 19 or so species are common in the northern hemisphere and in South Africa.
    • Erioscirpus Palla : The only two species are widespread from Iran to China.
    • Oreobolopsis T. Koyama & Guagl. : The roughly three species are common in California and South America.
    • Phylloscirpus C.B. Clarke : The three or so species are common in South America.
    • Ledges ( Scirpus L. , Syn .: Actaeogeton Steud. , Blepharolepis Nees , Chamaeschoenus Ehrh. , Dichismus Raf. , Diplarinus Raf. , Leiophyllum Ehrh. , Maximowicziella A.P.Khokhr. , Maximoviczia A.P.Khokhr. Nom. Illeg., Nemocharis Beurl. , Seidlia Opiz , Taphrogiton Montandon ): The approximately 67 species are distributed in temperate areas in the northern hemisphere and in southern South America.
    • Sumatroscirpus Oteng-Yeb. : It contains only one type:
      • Sumatroscirpus junghuhnii (Miq.) Oteng-Yeb. : It occurs only in northern and central Sumatra.
    • Turf rushes ( Trichophorum pers. ): It contains about ten species.
    • Zameioscirpus Dhooge & Goetgh. : The roughly three types are common in South America.
  • Tribus Sclerieae: It contains only one genus:
    • Scleria P.Bergius (Syn .: Diaphora Lour. , Catagyna P.Beauv. Ex Lestib. , Cylindropus Nees , Hypoporum Nees , Anerma Schrad. Ex Nees , Chondrolomia Nees , Cryptopodium Schrad. Ex Nees nom. Inval., Hymenolytrum Schrad. Ex Nees , Macrolomia . Schrad ex Nees , Mastigloscleria Nees , Omoscleria Nees , Ophryoscleria Nees , Schizolepis . Schrad ex Nees , Trachylomia Nees , Diploscyphus Liebm. , Sphaeropus Boeckeler , Acriulus Ridl. , Tonduzia Boeckeler nom inval,.. Durandia Boeckeler ): The approximately 263 species are distributed in the tropics to subtropopes and in North America.
  • Tribus Trilepideae: The only two genera with about eight species are common in Africa and Madagascar:
    • Afrotrilepis (Gilly) J.Raynal : The only two species are common in tropical West Africa.
    • Coleochloa Gilly : The seven or so species are common in Africa and Madagascar.
    • Microdracoides Hua : It contains only one species:
      • Microdracoides squamosus Hua : It is widespread in tropical West Africa.
    • Trilepis Nees : The five or so species are common in South America.

• Without assignment to a subfamily or tribe:
  • Dracoscirpoides : The three or so species are common in southern Africa. It was first described in 2012.

Locations in Central Europe

In Central Europe species are of the genera source rushes ( Blysmus ), beach ledges ( Bolboschoenus ), sedge ( Carex ), cutting ( Cladium ), Cyperus ( Cyperus ), bulrushes ( Eleocharis ), cotton grasses ( Eriophorum ), Moor rushes ( Isolepis ) nude / shed Ried ( Kobresia ), Schnabelriede ( Rhynchospora ), Kopfried ( Schoenus ), pond rushes ( Schoenoplectus ), ledges ( Scirpus ), turf rushes ( Trichophorum ).

In Central Europe, sourgrass plants predominantly thrive in moist locations such as moors , wet meadows, swamps , banks or in silting areas of water. They can also be found in alder fragments . However, many species also occur in drier biotopes such as dry grass on dunes , dry forests , alpine scree fields or crevices in rock.

In addition to the different moisture preferences of the species, they also show different demands with regard to the lime content of their growing locations. In Central Europe those species that grow on lime-free, mostly acidic soils clearly predominate ; hence the name sour grass comes from.

swell

• The family of Cyperaceae in APWebsite. (Section systematics)
• The Cyperaceae family at DELTA by L. Watson and MJDallwitz. (Section description)
• Lun-Kai Dai, Prof. Song-Yun Liang, Shuren Zhang, Yancheng Tang, Tetsuo Koyama, Gordon C. Tucker, David A. Simpson, Henry J. Noltie, Mark T. Strong, Jeremy J. Bruhl, Karen L. Wilson & A. Muthama Muasya: Cyperaceae. , P. 164 - online with the same text as the printed work , Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China. Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, August 20, 2010. ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3 (Sections Description, Systematics and Distribution)
• Peter W. Ball, AA Reznicek, David F. Murray: Cyperaceae. , P. 3 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 23: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515207-7 (section description)
• I. Kukkonen: Cyperaceae at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis (Description Section)

literature

• A. Muthama Muasya, David A. Simpson, G. Anthony Verboom, Paul Goetghebeur, Robert FC Naczi, Mark W. Chase & Erik Smets: Phylogeny of Cyperaceae based on DNA sequence data: current progress and future prospects. , in The Botanical Review , Volume 75, Issue 1, 2009, pp. 2-21: full text online. (Section systematics)
• RFC Naczi & BA Ford (Eds.): Sedges: Uses, Diversity, and Systematics of the Cyperaceae., Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 2008, 298 pages.
• WS Judd, CS Campbell, EA Kellogg, PF Stevens & MJ Donoghue: Cyperaceae. In: Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach , 3rd Edition, Sunderland, Massachusetts, 2007, pp. 294-296. ISBN 978-0-87893-407-2 .
• David A. Simpson, A. Muthama Muasya, M. Alves, JJ Bruhl, S. Dhooge, Mark W. Chase, CA Furness, K. Ghamkhar P. Goetghebeur, TR Hodkinson, AD Marchant, AA Reznicek, R. Nieuwborg, EA Roalson, Erik Smets, JR Starr, WW Thomas, KL Wilson, X. Zhang: Phylogeny of Cyperaceae based on DNA sequence data - a new rbcL analysis. In: Aliso , 23, 2007, pp. 72-83. (Section systematics)
• David A. Simpson, A. Muthama Muasya, M. Alves, JJ Bruhl, S. Dhooge, Mark W. Chase, et al .: Phylogeny of Cyperaceae based on DNA sequence data-a new rbcL analysis. , in Monocots III / Grasses IV , In: Aliso , 2006.
• David A. Simpson, Carol A. Furness, Trevor R. Hodkinson, A. Muthama Muasya & Mark W. Chase: Phylogenetic relationships in Cyperaceae subfamily Mapanioideae inferred from pollen and plastid DNA sequence data. In: American Journal of Botany , 90, 2003, pp. 1071-1086: full text online.
• JJ Bruhl: Sedge genera of the world: relationships and new classification of the Cyperaceae. , Australian Systematic Botany , Volume 8, 1995, pp. 125-305.
• A. Muthama Muasya, A. Vrijdaghs, David A. Simpson, Mark W. Chase, Paul Goetghebeur & Eric Smets: What is a genus in Cypereae: phylogeny, character homology assessment and generic circumscription. In: The Botanical Review , 2008. (Systematics section)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ A. Muthama Muasya, David A. Simpson, G. Anthony Verboom, Paul Goetghebeur, Robert FC Naczi, Mark W. Chase & Erik Smets: Phylogeny of cyperaceae based on DNA sequence data: current progress and future prospects. , In: The Botanical Review , Volume 75, Issue 1, 2009, pp. 52-66.
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp} Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Cyperaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 19, 2020.
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Cyperaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
4. ↑ David A. Simpson, Carol A. Furness, Trevor R. Hodkinson, A. Muthama Muasya & Mark W. Chase: Phylogenetic relationships in Cyperaceae subfamily Mapanioideae inferred from pollen and plastid DNA sequence data. In: American Journal of Botany Volume 90, 2003, pp. 1071-1086. Full text online.
5. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Peter W. Ball, AA Reznicek, David F. Murray: Cyperaceae. , P. 3 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 23: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515207-7
6. ↑ A. Muthama Muasya, David A. Simpson, Mark W. Chase .: Phylogenetic relationships in Cyperus sl (Cyperaceae) inferred from plastid DNA sequence data. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 138, Issue 2, 2002, pp. 145-153. doi : 10.1046 / j.1095-8339.2002.138002145.x
7. ↑ CE Hinchcliff, A. Lliully, T. Carey, EH Roalson: The origins of Eleocharis (Cyperaceae) and the status of Websteria, Egleria and Chillania. In: Taxon , Volume 59, 2010, pp. 709-719.
8. ↑ ^{a b c d} Lun-Kai Dai, Prof. Song-Yun Liang, Shuren Zhang, Yancheng Tang, Tetsuo Koyama, Gordon C. Tucker, David A. Simpson, Henry J. Noltie, Mark T. Strong, Jeremy J. Bruhl , Karen L. Wilson & A. Muthama Muasya: Cyperaceae. , P. 164 - online with the same text as the printed work , Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China. Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, August 20, 2010. ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3
9. ↑ ^{a b c} Elfrune Wendelberger: Plants of the wetlands - waters, moors, floodplains , Gutenberg Book Guild , Munich 1986, ISBN 3-7632-3265-6 (or BLV-Verlag, ISBN 3-405-12967-2 )

Web links

Commons : Sourgrass Family (Cyperaceae)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• U. Graf: Sour grasses - provisional key for the determination of non-flowering sedges, rushes and other sour grasses in Switzerland (cyperaceae, juncaceae, juncaginaceae, Scheuchzeriaceen ) - ecology of biotic communities, biotope assessments - online identification key.

 Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap