Trident family
| Trident family | ||||||||||||
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Swamp trident ( Triglochin palustris ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Juncaginaceae | ||||||||||||
| Rich. |
The trident family (Juncaginaceae) are a family of plants in the order of the frog-spoon-like (Alismatales). This small family contains only three genera. Nothing is known about its use by humans.
Description and ecology
Appearance and leaves
They are rarely annual, mostly herbaceous plants . These marsh and marsh plants form rhizomes up to tubers. The plants are always emersed , so they do not grow submerged. Some types are halophytes .
The foliage leaves , arranged at the base and spirally to two rows, are always emersed. The more or less unifacial leaf blades are narrow, simple, linear and parallel-veined. The open leaf sheaths last longer than the leaf blades. Petioles are never present. The stomata are mostly paracytic.
Inflorescences and flowers
They form terminal or lateral on a leafless inflorescence stem a racemose or spike-like inflorescence , rarely the flowers stand individually. There are no supporting or cover sheets .
The flowers are mostly hermaphroditic , rarely unisexual; if the flowers are sexually separated, then the species are dioecious sexually diocesan . The flowers are more or less radial symmetry and one ( Lilaea ), two or three digits. The greenish, whitish or purple colored, free bracts wither quickly; bracts are rarely absent. The mostly three, four or six, rarely one or eight free stamens are often almost sessile, i.e. almost without a stamen. Sometimes there is only one carpel ; mostly four or six upper carpels are present; they can be grown together to form an ovary . There is only one ovule per carpel . There is at most a short stylus. The pollination is carried by the wind ( anemophily ).
Fruits and seeds
They form solitary follicles , nut fruits or split fruits . Sometimes aggregate fruits are formed. The embryo is straight.
Chromosomes
The chromosomes are 0.6 to 1.1 µm long. The basic chromosome number is x = 6, 8 or 9.
Systematics and distribution
The first publication of the family name Juncaginaceae was in 1808 by Louis Claude Marie Richard . The type genus is Juncago Ség. , it is now a synonym of Triglochin L. Synonyms for Juncaginaceae Rich. are: Borboraceae Dulac , Lilaeaceae Dumort. , Triglochinaceae Dumort.
The distribution of the Juncaginaceae family is almost worldwide from the arctic to the tropical zones and from sea level to higher altitudes.
The Juncaginaceae family only includes three genera. Trias-Blasi et al. had listed four genera in 2015, but APG IV placed Maundia in its own family in 2016 .
The Juncaginaceae family only includes three genera with around 15 to 18 (up to 25) species:
- Cycnogeton Endl. : The eight or so species occur from New Guinea to Australia.
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Tetroncium Willd. : It contains only one type:
- Tetroncium magellanicum Willd. : It is common in Argentina and southern Chile in Patagonia as well as on the Falkland Islands and on Gough Island .
- Dreizacke ( Triglochin L. , Syn .: Juncago seg. ): The approximately 25 species thrive mainly in the temperate zones, but also to the tropics, especially in the upper elevations. It is the only genus of this family in Central Europe .
swell
- The family of Juncaginaceae in APWebsite . (Sections Description and Systematics)
- The Juncaginaceae family at DELTA. (Sections Description and Systematics)
- Youhao Guo, Robert R. Haynes, C. Barre Hellquist: Juncaginaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3 , pp. 105 (English, online - PDF file ). (Sections Description, Systematics and Distribution).
- Robert R. Haynes, C. Barre Hellquist: Juncaginaceae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 22: Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part), and Zingiberidae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2000, ISBN 0-19-513729-9 , pp. 43-46 (English, online ).
- Saiyad Masudal Hasan Jafri: Flora of West Pakistan 48: Juncaginaceae. Stewart Herbarium, Rawalpindi 1973, online. (Section description)
- SWL Jacobs: Juncaginaceae. In: Gwen J. Harden (Ed.): Flora of New South Wales. Volume 4, New South Wales University Press, Kensington 1993, ISBN 0-86840-188-9 , pp. 19-21, limited preview in Google Book Search, online (with updated nomenclature).
- Leslie Watson: Juncaginaceae. In: Western Australian Herbarium (Ed.): FloraBase. The Western Australian Flora. Department of Environment and Conservation 2008, online. (Section description)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c The Juncaginaceae family at the AP website . (Sections Description and Systematics)
- ^ Louis Claude Marie Richard: Demonstrations botaniques, ou, Analyze du fruit considéré en général. Gabon, Paris 1808, p. Ix (online) .
- ^ William JD Iles, Selena Y. Smith, Sean W. Graham: A well-supported phylogenetic framework for the monocot order Alismatales reveals multiple losses of the plastid NADH dehydrogenase complex and a strong long-branch effect . In: Paul Wilkin, Simon J. Mayo (eds.): Early Events in Monocot Evolution (= Systematics Association Special Volume Series ). tape 83 . Cambridge University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-1-107-24460-3 , pp. 17 ( discussion on Maundiaceae in the Google book search).
- ^ Anna Trias-Blasi, William J. Baker, Anna L. Haigh, David A. Simpson, Odile Weber, Paul Wilkin: A genus-level phylogenetic linear sequence of monocots . Taxon, 2015, Volume 64, pp. 552-581. doi : 10.12705 / 643.9
- ↑ The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group : An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2016, Volume 181, pp. 1-20. doi : 10.1111 / boj.12385
- ↑ Juncaginaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
- ↑ a b c d Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Juncaginaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 21, 2020.
further reading
- Sabine von Mering, Joachim W. Kadereit: Phylogeny, Systematics, and Recircumscription of Juncaginaceae - A Cosmopolitan Wetland Family. In: Diversity, Phylogeny, and Diversity of the Monocotyledons , Aarhus University, 2010, pp. 55-79. PDF.
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