Western New Guinea

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Western New Guinea
designation West Papua (after the indigenous people, the Papua), formerly West Irish ( Indonesian Irian Jaya )
status Two provinces: Papua and Papua Barat
surface 421,981 km²
The highest point 4,884 m ( Puncak Jaya )
languages Indonesian and another 268 different languages ​​and idioms
Residents 2.93 million, of which about 52% Papua, 48% Indonesian immigrants (2002)
Population density 6.9 inhabitants per km²
Religions 1.8 million Christians, 0.5 million Muslims, 7,000 Hindus, 4,000 Buddhists.
Life expectancy 64 years
Capital Jayapura
governor Barnabas Suebu
Military commander Major General Zamroni
economy Tropical wood ( Merbau ), oil, natural gas, copper and gold. 80% of the population live below the poverty line in traditional subsistence farming
Internet www.papua.go.id
Time zone UTC + 9

Western New Guinea or West Papua is the western half of the equatorial island of New Guinea , which is part of the continent of Australia . Western New Guinea is part of the Republic of Indonesia , while the eastern half forms a separate state as Papua New Guinea .

Western New Guinea is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the north and the Arafura Sea to the south . The 141st degree of longitude forms the eastern border with Papua New Guinea . The 2.4 million inhabitants speak 274 different languages, most of which are counted among the Papuan languages . The traditional Melanesian residents call themselves Papuans . The last intact tropical rainforest in Asia is home to the greatest biodiversity outside of the Amazon . In addition to glaciated mountains more than 4000 meters high, there are rich copper deposits and the largest gold mine in the world . The world's largest mangrove swamps on the south coast are home to large deposits of natural gas. One of the richest and best preserved coral reefs in the world is located on the Vogelkop Peninsula .

After Indonesia's takeover of the former colony of Dutch New Guinea by the so-called Act of Free Choice of 1969, numerous human rights violations against the Melanesian population followed . It is estimated that the military abducted and murdered over 100,000 people and are actively involved in the illegal logging that makes Western New Guinea the world's largest supplier of the valuable tropical timber Merbau and destroys the habitat of the indigenous population in the process. Due to resettlement and displacement, a large part of the population is now Indonesian.

designation

West New Guinea (German also Dutch New Guinea ) was the Dutch name until 1962 the Indonesians named it after their name for the island New Guinea - Irian - Irian Barat (Westirian). 1973 at the opening of Freeport mine by Suharto , the province was Irian Jaya (Victorious Irian) renamed. In 1999, under increasing pressure for independence, President Wahid named the province of Papua (January 1, 2001). The traditional residents named their country West Papua in 1961 . The Suharto government made no ethnic distinctions, all residents were Indonesians. The terms "Papua", "West Papua" and "Melanesian" were forbidden because the Indonesian government did not recognize their existence in connection with the independence movement. After the subdivision of Western New Guinea into the two provinces of West Irian Jaya and Papua, Indonesia also uses the cultural and religious term Tanah Papua (Land of Papua) to refer to West New Guinea as a whole.

Papuans say Irian stands for Ikut Republic Indonesia Anti Nederlands - German: "Follow the Republic of Indonesia against the Netherlands". In the language of Biak stand Irian - actually: iryan - for: The sun's rays selling the haze of the sea .

Papua comes from a Malay word for “curly haired”, based on the typical appearance of the Melanesian indigenous population. The native name first appeared in European sources with the arrival of the Portuguese navigator and captain António de Abreu in 1551.

geography

Administrative division of Western New Guinea with the provinces of Papua (dark green) and West Papua
Topography of Western New Guinea

The 421,981 km² large western New Guinea (for comparison the area of ​​Germany: 357,104 km²) forms the western part of New Guinea , the second largest island in the world after Greenland. The main city is Jayapura .

Originally all of Western New Guinea formed the Indonesian province of West Irian ( Indonesian Irian Jaya ). In 2001 it was granted special status as an autonomous province of Papua . In 2003 West-Irian Jaya ( Indonesian Irian Jaya Barat ) was split off , which has been called West Papua since 2007 ( Indonesian Papua Barat ). According to critics, however, the separation undermines Papua's autonomous status. From the perspective of many Papuans, Indonesia rules like a colonial power . Indonesia, on the other hand, fears independence for Western New Guinea because it would lose access to its resources and its national unity would be threatened.

The highest mountain is 4884  m of Puncak Jaya (Indonesian for "Victory Peak"), the highest mountain in Oceania, which to the highest mountains of the seven continents, the Seven Summits is counted. Located on the Pacific Ring of Fire , Western New Guinea is one of the most earthquake-active zones in the world.

The terrain is either swampy or rugged, making road construction often difficult and costly. Accordingly, the road network is only slightly expanded. The Papuan jungle is considered to be the most impenetrable in the world. The coastal regions are the most developed.

Cities: Jayapura , Biak , Sorong , Manokwari , Fakfak , Merauke , Timika , Kuala Kencana , "Copper City " Tembagapura , Wamena , Nabire , Enarotali .

The longest rivers are Mamberamo (870 km), Digul (800 km) and Waipoga (570 km). They can swell considerably after frequent heavy rains.

Offshore islands

In the north, beyond the Cenderawasih Bay , there are the Schouten Islands , consisting of Biak with an international airport, Numfor , Supiori and other small islands. To the south of it are Yapen (also spelled Japen), Num and Korridu .

To the west of the Vogelkop Peninsula are Waigeo , Misool , the Raja Ampat Islands and Gag with its nickel deposits .

To the south of the Vogelkop peninsula is the small island of Adi . The neighboring Kai and Aru Islands are no longer included in New Guinea.

In the south, near the border with Papua New Guinea, are Yos-Sudarso and Komoran .

climate

The climate with an average of 25 ° C is determined less by the temperature than by the rainfall. Rainy and dry periods are regionally different because of the mountains dividing the island from north to south. Annual rainfall is typically between 2,000 and 4,000 mm. Individual areas have up to 11,000 mm of rain annually. 400 mm of precipitation can fall in four hours.

Flora and fauna

Papuan hornbill

With only a few exceptions, Western New Guinea is characterized by a fundamental lack of biological information. Nevertheless, Western New Guinea is considered to be the most biodiverse area in the world. The existing ecosystems offer the richest and most diverse combination in the Tropical Pacific: lowland rainforest, mountain rainforest, subalpine vegetation zone , peat and freshwater swamp forest, savannah and grassland, mangroves and seas (a distinction must be made between the northern and southern halves of the country and the the somewhat separate Vogelkop peninsula ). Many animals and plants are endemic , so they only occur here.

The archipelago Raja Ampat , located in the center of the coral triangle, proved to be one of the world's richest tropical coral reefs in 2001, with over 75% of the world's known coral species and 1200 species of fish. Western New Guinea is also home to 250 freshwater fish. The best known species are the rainbow fish and blue eyes .

In contrast to the flora, the fauna of New Guinea is closely related to that of Australia. To the east of the Wallace Line , the absence of larger mammals is characteristic. Instead of monkeys, there is a wide variety of marsupials , around 70 species such as cuscus , possum , bag mice , bandikuts , wallabies and tree kangaroos . Of the egg-laying mammals , the endangered long-billed hedgehog occurs. 36 are known Bird of Paradise species (Indonesian: Cenderawasih ), the toxic Pitohui , up to 1.80 meters wide cassowary , Krontauben , parrots , megapodes as the bush chicken , 70 bat species , inguinal and Guinea crocodile , snakes and lizards . The favorite game of the Papuans are feral domestic pigs . Among the 455 butterflies are seven of the large bird butterflies ( Ornithoptera spp. ).

The unique flora is characterized by a large number of palm species ( calamus , sago palm , betel palm , nipapalme ), mangroves , araucarias , rhododendrons , 1200 tree species (for example screw trees , catapult trees , casuarinas , merbau ), climbing plants, epiphytes , ferns and orchids. Conservation International estimates 60 to 90% of the plant species as endemic .

The most accessible lowland rainforest is at greatest risk. The designation of a protected area like the great Lorentz National Park means little in western New Guinea. Road construction entails illegal logging. The subalpine vegetation zone is particularly sensitive.

It was not until 1995 that the mammal expert Tim Flannery found the black and white dinghy , a tree kangaroo that only occurs in the mountainous region around the Freeport mine . In 2006, several new animal species were discovered again during expeditions by Conservation International in the Foja Mountains and the Raja-Ampat area.

history

Members of the Kaja-Kaja family from southern Western New Guinea, before 1919
Dutch New Guinea 1916

Papuans and Melanesians have inhabited the island for at least 40,000 years. The Spanish navigator Íñigo Ortiz de Retez was the first European to reach the area in 1545, sailing along the north coast to the mouth of the Mamberamo . Even before the arrival of the first Spanish and Portuguese Christians, the Muslim sultanate of Tidore had ruled western New Guinea . In 1660 the Dutch East India Company initially tried in vain to occupy the resource-rich New Guinea, and further expeditions of discovery and exploration followed. In the 19th century, the Netherlands again asserted their claims to New Guinea and took the region under their rule on August 24, 1828. The eastern border was determined along the 141st longitude. A Dutch settlement was built near Fort Du Bus in Triton Bay. In 1885 and 1895, the British and the Germans , who occupied and divided the eastern half of New Guinea in 1884 (today's Papua New Guinea ), recognized that they were part of the Dutch East Indies .

In World War II the occupied Japanese island, but were driven out by the Allies 1944th Thereafter, the Dutch regained control of the area known as Dutch New Guinea . In 1949 the Netherlands had to give independence to the rest of Indonesia, but retained Western New Guinea, although Indonesia claimed it. The reason given by the Netherlands for sticking to the area was that the Melanesian population was too different from that of the other Indonesian islands; the real reason is likely to have been the interest in oil deposits.

In 1952, Western New Guinea received internal self-government, and Indonesia renewed its claims. In October 1961 a parliament, the Nieuw Guinea Raad , was formed. The Netherlands and the local government agreed the independence of Western New Guinea for 1970. On December 1, 1961, the morning star flag of the Republic of West Papua was publicly hoisted for the first time: "There was great jubilation in the country, people danced, sang and celebrated the beginning of a new era."

Dutch officers in New Guinea, late 1940s.

Alarmed by the Papuan independence efforts, Indonesia tried in the spring of 1962 to land troops in western New Guinea in order to realize the goal of a territory within the borders of the Dutch East Indies of 1942. Under pressure from the USA, the New York Agreement was concluded between the Netherlands and Indonesia on August 15 through the mediation of the US diplomat Ellsworth Bunker , which regulated the transition of Western New Guinea into Indonesian rule. The United Nations ( UNSF ) took over the administration of the island part on October 1st and handed it over to Indonesia on May 1st, 1963. A short time later, the first resettlement campaigns began, which were intended to drive the native Papuans out of areas that were intended for colonization by Indonesians.

In 1964, the Papua independence movementorganisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM) was founded to enforce the will for political self-determination against Indonesia. The military success of the OPM remained limited. Again and again it was the misconduct of the Indonesian government and its military that caused displeasure and thus also the OPM. From 1965 General Suharto favored the mining of western New Guinea's mineral resources by the US company Freeport . In April 1967 he issued production licenses for the Ertsberg-Grasberg gold and copper mine . Freeport did everything possible to oppose an independence referendum.

The referendum provided for in the New York Agreement, known as the Act of Free Choice , on staying with Indonesia resulted in a unanimous vote for Indonesia by a thousand elected electors in the summer of 1969 and is referred to by critics as the Act of No Choice . The voters were influenced by gifts and threats of torture , and those not willing to cooperate were replaced by others. The UN supported this process and saw its role in the New York Agreement as fulfilled.

To date, over 100,000 of the former 700,000 Papuans have lost their lives to violence. They are the target of openly racist campaigns in which paramilitary groups, Islamists from the Islamist Defenders Front , as well as members of the police and armed forces participate. About 800,000 Indonesians have immigrated to Western New Guinea; The basis for this is the so-called Transmigrasi policy, which provides for the resettlement of people from the densely populated Indonesian main island of Java to less populated islands. Even after the controversial Transmigrasi program has been suspended, Indonesian immigrants have come to the island on their own. The proclamation of the independent Republic of West Papua in 1971 was not recognized by Indonesia. In 1973 the name was changed to Irian Jaya ("Victorious Irian").

In 2000 there was a renewed proclamation of the independence of the Republic of West Papua, which was again not recognized by Indonesia. For this, the province received internal autonomy on January 1, 2001. On November 10, 2001, members of the Kopassus units abducted and killed the independence leader Theys Eluay , who headed the Papua Council (PDP), the most important independence movement. His driver has since disappeared too. On January 7, 2002, the province was renamed Papua. In 2003, with considerable protest from the local population, it was finally divided between the two provinces of Irian Jaya Barat and Papua. According to the special autonomy law, the representatives of West Papua should have been consulted. This solo effort by Indonesia under Megawati Sukarnoputri is perceived by the Papuans as a strategy of sharing and ruling. Journalists have not been allowed into Western New Guinea since 2003, where the armed forces' wars for lucrative additional income are concentrated. 150,000 Papuans are said to have been killed between 1963 and 1983.

Indonesian rule

Under the Dutch administration and their ambitious development program until 1962, the Papuans did not feel like a colony. The Indonesians, on the other hand, dismantled Dutch equipment everywhere after their invasion in 1963 and took them to Java. Books about Papua were burned and singing songs about Papua was banned. Those who owned books about Papua were suspected and threatened. The name Papua was forbidden. While racial affiliations were mentioned all over Indonesia, in Western New Guinea it had to be "Indonesians from West Irish". Since 2001 the restrictions on the press have tightened again.

The Indonesian rule over Western New Guinea also brought the idea of ​​a national unity of 250 different and often divided Papuan tribes. Instead of the unity of Indonesia formulated in the Pancasila ideology, the opposite had been achieved. The idea of ​​Western New Guinea independence is far more popular today than it was in 1963.

Importance of Western New Guinea for Indonesia

Indonesia "from Sabang to Merauke". Like Aceh, Western New Guinea is central to Indonesia's legitimacy and unity. From 1963 to 1971, the Indonesian Post issued special postage stamps for Western New Guinea ( Irian Barat ).

The formula “from Sabang to Merauke ” symbolizes the cohesion of Indonesia, which is spread over numerous islands and peoples and shaken by various conflicts: Everything that was a Dutch colony in Southeast Asia is supposed to be Indonesia, freed from colonial power. While the loss of East Timor was perceived as a national humiliation, Papua, represented by Merauke in the formula, is of far greater political, economic and symbolic importance for Indonesia. It is viewed by Jakarta as an integral part of the republic. Unlike the independence of East Timor , the loss of Western New Guinea would presumably threaten the legitimacy and unity of the Indonesian state.

In addition, Freeport, Indonesia's largest taxpayer, is located in Western New Guinea. Much of Indonesia's liquefied natural gas is also located here. Logging profits are estimated at $ 100 million to over a billion dollars annually.

Military and police

Since Indonesia never had serious external enemies, internal conflicts are an essential reason for the power of the Indonesian military. At the same time, the military sees itself as the founder of the Indonesian state and does not feel accountable to it. If offenses are punished at all, it only affects lower ranks. This impunity combined with the internal necessity of military conflicts has led to the effect that is perceived as state terrorism : the so-called security forces are the real threat and trigger of fear, repression and murder. For decades, Papuans have been fleeing their villages when the Indonesian military and the Mobile Police Brigade ( Brimob ) arrive. A strategy of creating conflict, destabilizing and eliminating any aspirations for independence is pursued.

The Papuan opposition avoids militant clashes and instead strives to create a stable and safe peace zone. The violent conflicts of recent years such as Wasior 2001, the shooting of two US citizens at the Freeport mine in 2002 and the conflicts in Mulia at the end of 2006 all point to targeted provocations by the Indonesian military or paramilitary forces commanded by the Indonesian military, which officially are represented as actions of the liberation movement OPM. The fall of Sukarno in 1966 already followed this pattern: a seemingly absurd attack on their own forces was accused of the communists. In the major military operation that followed, the strong Indonesian Communist Party was completely wiped out and Sukarno was ousted from power. The military are not afraid to repeat human rights violations like in East Timor in western New Guinea. Individual high officers have already threatened this.

Military commanders
2001 Mahidine Simbolone
2003 Nurdin Zainal
2005 George Toisutta
2006 Zamroni

From the Act of Free Choice 1969 to 1998, Western New Guinea was a "Military Area of ​​Operations" under the full control of the TNI armed forces , which in 1977 did not shrink from using napalm to bomb villages on the Baliem Plateau. In the mid-1990s, Western New Guinea was the most militarized area in Indonesia. Soldiers received double wages. In 1998 the area received the status of a "monitored unrest province". After East Timor's independence , units stationed there were relocated to western New Guinea. Former East Timorese police chief Timbul Silaen was appointed chief of police in Western New Guinea in 2003. In 2006, the number of soldiers had increased to over 30,000, which is justified by securing the border with Papua New Guinea . TNI and Kopassus now control Vanimo themselves , the capital of the Sandaun Province in Papua New Guinea. Refugees are being persecuted to Papua New Guinea, as are several 100 students from Jayapura University (UNCEN), 200 of whom are believed to have been murdered. Film recordings of the refugee students can be seen in the film "West Papua - The secret war in Asia".

The scarce pay in Western New Guinea has resulted in the military being involved in practically every lucrative business, especially illegal logging ( Merbau for one billion dollars annually), smuggling of protected animal species and the entertainment industry (alcohol, prostitution , casinos ). Protection money is requested and, for example, Freeport pays plenty. 80% of the soldiers' income comes from such illegal activities. Often there is violent rivalry for lucrative resources. These military and police activities and rivalries have particularly intensified around the rich Freeport mine in the Timika region.

The military command stationed in Western New Guinea is Trikora (Kodam XVII).

Human rights

Military operations
1965-1967 Operasi Sadar (consciousness)
1967 Operasi Brathayudha about 3500 dead
1969 Operasi Wibawa (Authority) approximately 30,000 people have been murdered since 1963
1977 Operasi Tumpas (annihilation) 12,397 dead
1981 Operasi Sapu Bersih I dan II (Purges I and II) 3,500 dead
1982 Operasi Galang I dan II (reinforcement I and II)
1983-1984 Operasi Tumpas (annihilation)
1985 Operasi Sapu Bersih (Purge) 517 dead, 200 houses burned down
1996 Mapnduma: 158 dead, 166 houses and 13 churches destroyed
2001 Wasior ( Manokwari ): 4 dead, 5 disappeared, 6 tortures
2003 Wamena: 9 dead, 38 tortures, thousands displaced, destroyed houses, churches, hospitals
2004 Puncak Jaya: over 6,000 refugees and 35 dead
2006-2007 Mulia, Puncak Jaya: 5000 refugees, one dead so far

"An Indonesian soldier can kill a Papuan with impunity anytime, anywhere, for any reason."

- Neles Tebay

The repression is lower than in the 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s. However, murder , torture and arrests are still the order of the day. It is not known exactly how many fatalities the takeover of western New Guinea by Indonesia cost. Often the estimate of 100,000 dead is given. After President Wahid was ousted in August 2001, the brief political "spring" that began in 1999 ended and the human rights situation deteriorated again.

While some reports like the Yale Report 2003 or a study by the University of Sydney in 2005 speak of genocide , the International Crisis Group believes that the “culture of impunity” has led the military to react excessively with violence. Some Papuans claim that the situation is worse than East Timor , as the Papuans are poorly educated and the fragmented, inaccessible terrain makes it easy for the military to wipe out one of the 250 tribes in a valley and not even notice it. Kuegler writes that the incidents in Wasior 2001 (see below) are genocide under Indonesian law.

Attacks on the security forces result in severe retaliation against the civilian population. Often entire villages are on the run. With impunity and unobserved, the military also quickly shoots Papuans who dare to protest against logging on their property. In 2001, in Wasior, the military had not yet paid for the logging rights agreed upon after four years. There was criticism of the Papuans and rivalries between the military and the Brimop special police unit, which were also directed against the Papuans. A lawyer and a Papuan government official were tortured. One teacher died under torture. It was reported that the Brimob beheaded a seven-year-old child and brutally murdered his pregnant mother. 5000 people were on the run.

In August 2002, two Americans and an Indonesian were killed on the military-controlled private access road to the Freeport mine. Despite the FBI's help, the crime has not been solved and there are rumors that the military was the authorship to claim protection payments. At the end of 2001, Papuan leader Theys Eluay was murdered by Kopassus soldiers, even though he was friends with the military. The chief of staff of the Indonesian army publicly described the soldiers, who were sentenced to one to three and a half years in prison, as heroes. Theys Eluay has become a symbol of the lawless action of the military that threatens every Papua.

Even the church leaders of the Evangelical Church of Papua fear being "slaughtered" or kidnapped. They are on death lists and are under surveillance by the Indonesian secret service. Pastor Herman Awom, a member of the Papua Council and Vice Chairman of the Evangelical Church, has been kidnapped several times. Between 2002 and 2005 the Indonesian military burned 23 churches. A pastor was accused by soldiers of being a member of the OPM and killed. Sabine Kuegler reported in 2006 that people disappeared without a trace during night power failures. The people are killed quickly and professionally, the bodies cannot be found. The perpetrators have learned from East Timor not to leave any traces such as mass graves. Instead, fishermen have found dismembered bodies in the sea.

Foreign human rights organizations have not been allowed to enter Western New Guinea from Indonesia since 2003. The United Nations Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is also not allowed to enter. In 2002 the bonus for executing an independence activist was 240 euros.

flag

The forbidden morning star flag

The flag chosen by the First Papua Congress on October 19, 1961 before the New York Agreement was called the Morgenstern ( Bintang Kejora , Dutch Morgenster ) and consists of a white star on a red background with blue and white horizontal stripes in the flight section. This flag was introduced in 1961 together with the Dutch government as a symbol and first step towards the planned self-government of the Papuan people. After the public hoisting on December 1, 1961, the Indonesian nationalists understood the impending independence of Papua, which endangered the idea of ​​the unity of Indonesia from Sabang in Aceh to Merauke in western New Guinea. The cohesion of the multi-ethnic state was in danger. In the Trikora speech on December 19, Sukarno gave the “order for the liberation of West Irish”, which ultimately led to the New York Agreement in 1962. Under the Suharto government, flag raising resulted in imprisonment, torture or death. Since the end of Wahid's government , showing the morning star has become life-threatening again, is viewed as high treason and punished with imprisonment for up to 20 years. Since 1963, December 1st has symbolized for the Papuans the desire to end Indonesian rule. From the Papuans' point of view, Indonesia did not implement a liberating decolonization , but rules as a new colonial power .

Merdeka

Liberation from Dutch colonial rule is central to Indonesia. “Liberation” - in Indonesian Merdeka - can also be translated as “freedom” or “independence”. "Indonesia merdeka, dari Sabang sampai Merauke" (a free Indonesia from Sabang to Merauke) was a slogan of the Indonesian revolution 1945-1949. The Indonesian presidential palace is named Merdeka . In the Trikora speech in 1961 Sukarno gave the "order to liberate West Irians".

In Western New Guinea, on the other hand, the term merdeka is not used for the unity of Indonesia. The Papuan Movement for Independence from Indonesia (Organization Papua Merdeka ) has him in their name, and Merdeka is called when the forbidden morning star flag is raised .

External relations

As early as 1962, successful Indonesian foreign policy was the key to conquering Western New Guinea. While the military attacks against the Netherlands had little success, the Dutch gave up their plans for Western New Guinea's independence very quickly when the US backed Indonesia's claim to Western New Guinea.

Founded in 1994, the US-Indonesian company says of itself that it is a non-governmental organization , but is dominated by large corporations such as Texaco, Mobile, General Electric, Chevron, American Express and Freeport. Members are from the Indonesian elite, as well as ambassadors and other top officials. At the end of 2005, a bill in the US Congress that was supposed to deal with the validity of the Act of Free Choice of 1969 and the special autonomy of Western New Guinea (HR 2601) was prevented.

Freeport is not only a wealthy taxpayer, but with his good contacts in Washington he was a favorite child of the Suharto government from the start and did international lobbying for Indonesia to attract foreign capital into the country after the expropriations of international corporations and the bloodbath of 1965 and Indonesia to gain international recognition.

According to secret documents published in 2002, Henry Kissinger was helpful in both the 1969 Act of Free Choice and the Indonesian invasion of East Timor in 1975. Later, the former US Secretary of State was a board member at Freeport and prevented President Abdurrahman Wahid from critical investigations into Freeport's pollution in western New Guinea by the Grasberg -Mine and its huge spoil .

Under pressure from Indonesia, Australia has classified the OPM as a terrorist organization , making it difficult for Australians and Papuans, who work for peaceful conflict resolution, to work in public. Australia officially supports the Indonesian line. Only small parts of the Australian opposition support a peaceful solution to the West Papua conflict.

International isolation

For decades, Indonesia has been using the principle of forced deportation cekal ( cegah tangkal : lists of the immigration authorities, which Indonesians are not allowed to leave the country and which foreigners are not allowed to enter the country) against foreign critics . Therefore, all international representatives and organizations that want to cooperate with Indonesia have taken the habit of keeping quiet. This also applies to the Vatican. Germany also exports armaments and helped with major technological projects such as the controversial dam construction on Mamberamo (stopped for financial reasons) without criticizing it.

Due to a lack of critical information, rumors circulated by the state can spread quickly and have a major impact on social sentiment. Public disinformation has traditionally been a basis of Indonesian domestic politics .

Western New Guinea in particular has been isolated from abroad by Indonesia for years. Only those who do business with the Indonesian government or the military or who adhere to strict conditions as tourists are allowed into the country: apply for a residence permit with a precise travel route ( surat jalan ) and report to any police station en route. Foreign journalists and media, UN organizations (specifically UNHCR ), international human rights organizations and environmental protection organizations are not granted entry permits . Even diplomats are reporting that their visit West New Guinea was banned for years by Jakarta. After several years of reporting on Western New Guinea and Aceh, the International Crisis Group was expelled in 2004.

The so far not banned churches are therefore currently the most important link for the Papuans to foreign countries.

With her book Dschungelkind , Sabine Kuegler, who grew up in Papua, became a bestselling author in 2005. Criticized for the lack of representation of the political situation, Kuegler drove to Western New Guinea in 2006, met secretly with forbidden groups (some of these people were murdered shortly afterwards), noted eyewitness reports and then published the book Call of the Jungle . Kuegler is no longer permitted to re-enter Western New Guinea.

corruption

Corruption is widespread in Asia. Especially in the Suharto period, Indonesia was considered the most corrupt country in Asia for many years and is listed by Transparency International among the most corrupt nations in the world. The region with the highest levels of corruption in Indonesia is Western New Guinea. Corruption , collusion and nepotism , known for short as KKN, have long been an accepted part of the Indonesian exercise of power and economic culture. They were brought to Western New Guinea by Indonesians and their military and have spread to bureaucratic Papuans. Until 1997, the World Bank covered Indonesian corruption and allowed its influential country reports to be forged.

Likewise, the Indonesian judiciary is riddled with corruption at every stage of the legal process, from the police to the prosecutor's office to the judges. As with the military, bribes are used to supplement poor subsistence income. Often judges make arrangements with prosecutors to make it easy for judges to acquit a defendant. In particular, the Indonesian legal system fails to prosecute human rights violations and supports the culture of impunity.

Ingo Wandelt writes about the Indonesian military:

“Well-being and security have degenerated into goods. The population knows that the armed forces can be bought and that you have to buy them if you want to ensure personal safety. "

Freeport has always adhered to this rule and has proven to have invested millions in the security forces in the Timika region.

Judicial system

Papuans put on trial do not expect any legal process. Negotiations typically take place in an atmosphere of intimidation, fear, and repression. Defendants in police custody are often tortured and put under pressure by the Indonesian “security forces”, for example to extort false confessions. Contact with lawyers is systematically prevented. Only with the help of international pressure are lawyers elected by the defendants admitted and it is possible that the lawyers can ask questions and read their pleadings to the end.

Witnesses are also threatened and intimidated. An Indonesian security officer assassinated a witness in the Theys Eluay murder. In 2006, police officers attacked a group of witnesses after a trial and even interfered with medical treatment of the injured. Witnesses therefore hide or run away because they fear the worst for themselves and their families.

population

Man in the Baliem Valley

The population density is comparatively low at around six inhabitants / km², but corresponds to the subsistence economy of the traditional inhabitants, some of whom are still hunters and gatherers and do not know any agriculture . The native population consists only to a small part of Papua, immigrants from the rest of Indonesia are in the majority today.

Ethnic groups and languages

About 300 indigenous peoples reside in New Guinea, numbering over 200,000 people, a few are still considered uncontacted groups . In Western New Guinea there are hundreds of groups with over 250 different languages ​​( Papua languages and Austronesian languages ), who for the most part feed as hunters and gatherers . Better known are the Dani , Asmat and Fayu as well as the Kamoro and Amungme because of recurring conflicts with the Grasberg mine . In the 1970s, the West Irian project of the German Research Foundation researched, among other things, the Eipo and Mek, who live in the mountains.

In a particularly inaccessible swampy and wooded region in Irian Jaya, small groups of hunters and gatherers live, which are characterized, among other things, by their unusual dwellings. The Kopkapka, Kombai and Korowai live in tree houses up to 20 meters - in individual cases even up to 50 meters - above the ground. There are only a few hundred people left who follow this traditional lifestyle.

Part of the indigenous population is in danger, as the Jakarta government is granting concessions for logging and mining, thus giving up the local population for expulsion by the concessionaire. The latter proceed in such a way that they use methods of bribery, corruption and / or blackmail by armed units of the Indonesian military. Members of other notorious special forces also pay for the machinations.

In 2002, about 1,242,000 locals and 1,146,000 immigrants lived in West Papua. Almost half of the total population consists of migrants and their descendants. 73 percent of the total population live in rural areas. The immigrants are mostly concentrated in the cities and their hinterland. Papuans make up less than 20 percent of the urban population. Immigrants from other parts of Indonesia can recognize up yellowish medium brown skin color and mostly straight hair at her, while the Papua a dark brown to black skin and curly hair have. The lingua franca is Indonesian .

The life expectancy of the Papuans is 40 to 45 years. In the highlands, most Papuans do not live to be 45 years old. Child mortality is very high. In 2006, Western New Guinea had the highest rate of HIV infection ( AIDS ) in Indonesia. With 49 AIDS cases per 100,000 population, the rate is twice as high as in Jakarta and is almost twenty times the national average (2.6). After malaria , tuberculosis is the second most common disease.

On the disdain of the Papuans, Müller writes:

“Papuans are 'second-class citizens' in Indonesia - justice towards and equal treatment for Papuans is not always given. On the part of the Indonesians, who come from outside Papua, there is often racism against the Papuans. They are viewed as inferior, primitive and stupid. On the one hand, it has to do with the black skin color of the Papuans. The Indonesian ideal is to have light skin tone. That is why Papua is at the bottom of the scale. On the other hand, they have the smell of the primitive, because many Papuans in the highlands live at Stone Age level and as good as undressed. Compared to Javanese culture, Papuans are usually more direct and are therefore viewed as gross. The poor mastery of modern cultural skills and the often poorer schooling in Papua lead to the prejudice that they are stupid. But apparently even where Papuans are well educated, they are viewed as stupid. [...] Due to the low esteem for the Papuans, the inhibition threshold with regard to the willingness to violate human rights by the Indonesian government is also low. "

Religions

In Western New Guinea there are up to 250 different groups of peoples, who are again divided into 100 different ethnic religious groups. Due to the Transmigrasi policy of the Indonesian central government and the aim of immigration by numerous non-Papuans, however, the number of indigenous religions is decreasing, while the proportion of Islam has increased sharply over the last few decades (at least in statistics). Sunni Muslims now make up 21% of the population of Western New Guinea. There are also very small minorities of Buddhists and Hindus.

The Indonesian military is also said to work with militias of Muslim settlers from Java ( " Laskar Jihad " ).

(For more information on indigenous beliefs, see: Indigenous Religions in Papua New Guinea )

Proselytizing

On February 5, 1855, the two Germans Carl Wilhelm Ottow and Johann Gottlob Geißler landed as the first missionaries in the area of ​​Dutch New Guinea on the island of Mansinam. The first city of New Guinea was later built around Otto's grave: Manokwari . Today, Christians make up the majority with 78%, of which 54% are Protestant and 24% Catholic. 21% are Muslims, mostly immigrants from Java. There are also a few Hindus and Buddhists. Animistic practices and traditions are widespread. A large part of the population was only superficially Christianized. The “pig cult” - the great importance of pigs in Papuan culture - is considered to be the decisive moment for the triumph of Christianity in Western New Guinea.

Benny Giay on the cargo cult :

“The term 'cargoism' comes from Western social scientists and missionaries, but is derived from a Papuan dream of a better future. The people here imagine history as a sequence of epochs. When the missionaries arrived in the highlands by air, they brought a lot of goods with them, and people thought: Ah, a new era is dawning, with an abundance of goods, of air cargo: 'Cargo.'
This is how the term came about: The missionaries always came with Cargo. You can't see religion, only in reflection of what people do, what they own. And our people thought that this Christian god was somehow related to material goods. If we follow him we will be like these missionaries. Because of this, most of them became Christians. Later they were disappointed because of course they didn't get rich like white missionaries. Then they began to develop their own theories. Based on their old assumption that a new era was about to dawn, they now thought the missionaries were depriving them of part of the new religion: the one that had to do with goods. There seemed to be a secret they wouldn't tell us.
American missionaries unfortunately only look at us from this point of view. That's not fair: the truth is that the Church, the mission, has denied us access to other aspects of knowledge. She brought us Bibles and then left us behind for the Indonesians to kill us [...]
I think that's how they send us to hell. "

Churches today

Church in Kualakencana

Well-known personalities of the Papuan churches are for example Benny Giay , Hermann Saud , Herman Awom and Neles Tebay .

Culture

Bonding with the ancestors

What Gunter Konrad writes about the Asmat is typical of the Papuan tribes:

“In the view of the Asmat, humans never exist in their earthly existence in isolation, on their own. It is inseparable from the world of the ancestors, an infinite reservoir of powers. The closer he can make this connection to this other world, the greater his strength and security to follow a successful path in life. This is the key to a sphere of religious sentiment that gives the Asmat the consciousness of having a permanent place in the world. In an effort to intensify the relationships between the world of the earthly and that of the ancestors, he reaches for relics and draws strength from them. He sleeps with the ancestral skull under his head or has the cervical vertebra hanging around his neck as an amulet. "

The Asmat carving art has its roots here. The Dingiso tree kangaroo , which is only found in western New Guinea, is considered by the Moni to be one of their ancestors and is therefore not hunted. The Fayu even took the dead into their huts and left them to rot there. The ancestors were proudly introduced to the visitor based on their bones.

music

The traditional music of the whole island is divided into sacred music, which is an indispensable part of cultic rituals, and into songs and instrumental pieces that are used for entertainment. The part of sacred music, which is essential for culture, is secret, it may only be played and heard by initiated men. Hourglass-shaped drums ( Kundu ) , slit drums (Garamut) and bamboo flutes are widely used . Along with the prohibition of many rituals and the introduction of Christianity, influences from Western and Indonesian pop music in the 20th century destroyed or changed a large part of traditional music. Today acoustic and electric guitars are the main instruments of publicly performing pop bands.

media

The dominant daily newspaper is the Cenderawasih Pos . The newspaper, which is close to the military, has submitted to self-censorship. The critical Tifa Irian appears weekly in Jayapura .

Since 2003, no more foreign journalists have been allowed into the country, so that "Indonesia's unity and cohesion are not endangered," according to the official explanation. Some Jakarta correspondents have been granted entry permits but are not allowed to report on politics or human rights issues. Defense Minister Juwono Sudarsono justifies the ban on all foreign media, churches and non-governmental organizations out of concern that their presence in Western New Guinea would “encourage human rights campaigns”.

The military said to an Indonesian journalist:

"Are you making a problem? We'll kill you - no problem! "

economy

Transportation problems
No country in the world has more runways or more airlines per capita than the world's second largest island. Nowhere are the ticket prices higher, and presumably nowhere are the runways in worse condition.

“You won't get anywhere without a plane. Post goes by plane. Medicines, sick people, government officials, food, building materials, whatever you want, it has to be flown.
However, the population density is so low that no commercial airline could provide such services: we are talking about maintaining a 350-meter runway and providing a plane for regions with just 2000 people. There's nothing to be earned ... "

The indigenous tribal peoples practice subsistence farming - the cultivation of sweet potatoes is widespread - or are even hunters and gatherers like the Fayu . Typical means of payment, for example for bride prices, are wild boars . Vegetable production for markets is the exception (Wamena) and often fails, as does the sale of fish (for example Kamoro in Timika) due to transport problems. In the traditional cultures of Papua, property is not inherited, but distributed.

There is no continuous road system in Western New Guinea . In 2000, only 25 percent of the 16,000 km long road network was paved. Many areas can only be reached by plane. Shipping traffic along the coasts, with the exception of the larger ports, is sparse compared to the period up to the mid-1960s. Due to the poor accessibility, the production costs are high compared to other areas of Indonesia. It is cheaper to do commercial tropical agriculture elsewhere. There is only a small agribusiness sector, such as oil palm plantations . Smallholders supply the markets with agricultural products, especially in areas with transmigration.

Small-scale crafts, retail trade, transportation, small and street restaurants are dominated by Indonesian immigrants. The large and larger private companies are mostly run by Indonesians of Chinese descent. Few Papuans are real entrepreneurs. Among the workers and employees, Papuans can usually only be found on the lower levels. Only flagship positions such as the office of governor are more often occupied by Papuans.

“In 2004 the Evangelical Synod started an economic cooperative on the Mamberamo River. They set up a small airfield and sent a pastor to teach the residents how to market their fish. Until then, Indonesians had controlled the trade.
The project bore fruit in early 2005, and in April the Indonesians had to cease business operations. You then invited ten military officers and accused the pastor of being a terrorist. The military destroyed the building of the cooperative, the church, the pastor's house and threatened him and his wife. The cooperative was closed, the trade is now controlled by Indonesians again. "

The per capita gross domestic product of Western New Guinea was around 1,085 dollars in 1999. It was fourth out of 26 Indonesian provinces. Without mining, which accounts for 63% of the gross domestic product, Western New Guinea is below the average for the Indonesian provinces.

Along the islands of Kabra, Misool, Batanta and Waigeo near the Vogelkop Peninsula, there are large pearl cultivation facilities at the river outlets , which have polluted the entire environment.

Logging

Logging is the raw materials sector with the greatest geographic impact on Western New Guinea. The Suharto government distributed logging licenses among business associates, the military, senior officials and their families. Concessions have been granted for 130,000 km² (of the 422,000 km² in western New Guinea). 220,000 km² are classified as a usable area in demarcation from protected areas. The largest company is the Djajanti Group , which is owned by Suharto's cousin Sudwikatomo. Another large company, Barita Pacific Timber , is run by Suharto's business friend Prayogo Pangestu. The smaller Hanurata is controlled by the Suharto family.

“In addition to corporations such as Freeport or BP, the chainsaw rules in New Guinea . The German brand Stihl is better known than Mercedes, Hitler or Beckenbauer. The howling of the saw has replaced the call of the bird of paradise. "

Merbau parquet

Merbau

Despite an export ban since 2001, Western New Guinea is the world's largest source of the extremely high quality tropical timber Merbau ( Intsia bijuga ), 90 percent of which is illegally felled . The main customers are China and Japan. Only the inaccessibility of the terrain due to swamps and fissures are a certain protection if this makes road construction too expensive for wood removal. Illegal exports in ports are not adequately monitored. The risk of being caught is low, and a comparatively low sentence is even rarer. In 2002 Governor Solossa is said to have issued export permits for Merbau under pressure from timber companies.

From 1998 to 2001 the Merbau export increased from 50,000 m³ to 660,000 m³. Since the official export ban, the wood has been smuggled through Malaysia with the help of corrupt officials and the military . In 2005 around 300,000 m³ of Merbau left the country every month. At $ 400 per cubic meter, that's over a billion dollars a year. In 2005, Germany used around 4,500 m³ of Merbau, preferably for wooden floors . Today, Merbau is part of the standard range of parquet in German hardware stores. The German Tarkett even claimed to have FSC -certified Merbau on offer, as did the Hellweg hardware store chain at the end of 2006. Merbau, allegedly from Malaysia, usually comes from western New Guinea. In all other countries, the natural sites of Merbau have long been exhausted due to excessive mining. Papua New Guinea's export in 2004 was only 11,000 m³, less than the EU's consumption.

biodiversity

Western New Guinea has an extremely wide range of valuable but often little-known tree species, for example dracontomelum, araucarias , kauri trees , stone slices or some pterocarpus species (also padauk and red sandalwood). Popular smuggling and trade goods is also the most precious in Indonesia gaharu called agarwood , a rare fragrance and wood smoking chips from the lowland rain forests as the Asmat and Mappi that on the international markets the gold price can exceed.

Corruption and violence

No logging in Western New Guinea occurs without the involvement of the military. Officers and commanders collaborate with industry; lower ranks make money through other unofficial methods. The soldiers are officially stationed as security forces. Companies pay bribes to keep business running smoothly. Local Papuans who protest are intimidated, charged with belonging to separatist guerrilla movements such as the OPM , threatened or killed. A number of deaths occurred in 2001 in Wasior during violent riots. A rumor about the unsolved murder of the military friend of the Papuan leader Theys Eluay claims that the cause was a rivalry between two high-ranking generals in Jakarta over logging concessions in western New Guinea. Kopassus units that killed Eluays use Hanurata land as a base. The military in the Timika region had Freeport build their own port with which they can pursue smuggling undisturbed.

Natural resources

The ore wealth of the mountain range that runs through Indonesia and New Guinea is incredible. In the mid-1990s, the biggest scam in the mining business, the fabricated claim by the Bre-X company that they found the largest gold deposits on earth in this area , convinced even the large, conservative mining companies. Even the Suharto clan, which was never interested in mining, competed fiercely internally for the find, arbitrarily expropriated Bre-X and destroyed the internationally highly regarded Indonesian reliability in the mining business.

Freeport

The US company Freeport-McMoRan , one of the largest mining groups, has been active in Western New Guinea since the first days of the Suharto government . Freeport not only operates the largest gold mine in the world and the copper mine with the lowest production costs in an extremely remote region , Freeport was a close ally and supporter of the Indonesian government from the beginning of the Suharto era and has been one of the ten national pearls of Indonesia since 1973. Freeport has been Indonesia's largest taxpayer since the 1990s, generating more than half of Western New Guinea's gross domestic product. Freeport's lobbyists such as former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and the US-Indonesian Society successfully influenced the US and Indonesian governments. While the US-Indonesian company founded in 1994 says of itself that it is an NGO, it is dominated by large corporations such as Texaco, Mobile, General Electric, Chevron, American Express and Freeport. Members are from the Indonesian elite as well as ambassadors and other top officials. According to Denise Leith, society is effectively lobbying to avert dangers, for example from human rights groups and trade unions.

After the publication of numerous human rights violations by the military guarding the mine, the Freeport mine has increasingly been the focus of attention from international human rights groups since 1995 and has been under special observation by environmentalists due to serious long-term environmental damage. Despite extensive efforts by the Group in recent years, the Norwegian Pension Fund classified Freeport shares in 2006 as unethical.

Freeport is closely associated with the Indonesian military TNI , which on the one hand protects the mine, and on the other hand benefits greatly from the mine itself. Freeport provides extensive material and financial support and has also flown military personnel to combat missions against local villages in the Mountain Papua. Occasionally, military units compete for Freeport's generous support.

The close connection of the internationally important US corporation with the Indonesian government and the military, but also the financing of the Papuan independence movement leads Denise Leith to the conclusion that the fate of Papua is inextricably linked with Freeport.

Besides Japan, Aurubis AG is also a major buyer of the Papuan copper concentrate .

nickel

On the twelve by eight kilometer island of Gag in the administrative district of Raja Ampat , rich nickel deposits have been known since the 1950s . After Voiseys Bay, Canada, and Goro, New Caledonia , it is said to be the third largest deposit in the world at 216 million tons. Indonesia placed the forests under protection in 1999, which rules out opencast mining . The planned deep-sea disposal has provoked strong criticism from environmental protection associations. The company consortium with BHP Billiton stopped the exploration in 2002.

natural gas

In Berau / Bentuni bay on the Vogelkophalbinsel developed BP with an investment of three billion dollars the mammoth project Tangguh to promote liquefied natural gas . The goal is 7 million tons of annual production. In 2002 Indonesia extracted 23 million tons, making it one of the world's best. Western New Guinea alone would then, for example, far outperform Russia.

Western New Guinea has estimated liquefied natural gas reserves of 480 million tons, of which 280 million tons are in the Tangguh region.

oil

Indonesia produces one percent of world oil production, but has been a net importer since 2004. Western New Guinea's estimated reserves are 109 million barrels . The state-owned Indonesian Pertamina, Petrochina , ConocoPhillips , BP , CNOOC , KNOC, PT Waropen Perkasa and others have already produced oil in Western New Guinea, among others. Shell , Amoco , BHP Billiton and Total have already produced oil. The small refinery Kasim with a capacity of 100,000 barrels / day processed around 84,000 barrels a day in 2004.

tourism

Diving trips, bird watching, trips to indigenous groups with pig festivals, trips with dugout canoes , jungle treks and mountain climbing of the over 4000 meter high peaks and glaciers, especially the 4884 meter high Carstensz pyramid (Puncak Jaya) are popular. Trips to “cannibals” and “first contacts with previously undiscovered tribes” are touted. The island is a high risk malaria area. Earthquakes are not uncommon.

New Guinea is famous for its carvings. In western New Guinea, the Asmat are particularly known for their craftsmanship.

Traveling in Papua is strictly regulated. Tourists need a police permit ( Surat Jalan ) to visit destinations inland. All locations of the trip must be entered precisely. Travelers are required to use this form to report to the police at their destination. Contacts with local human rights groups, representatives of the independence movement and student movements should be avoided. A Swiss ethnologist who photographed the morning star flag in 2000 was forced to witness the bloody torture of other prisoners in Jayapura prison for twelve days, in which a 19-year-old student was killed. Journalists disguised as tourists have been repeatedly expelled. For many areas there are no access permits for foreigners.

The high valley of Wamena became one of Indonesia's top attractions and one of Papua's greatest sources of foreign currency in the 1990s with its nude and adorned tribal warriors. When revenues fell, guides and officials formed a kind of mafia that put many visitors off.

literature

Politics and history

Human rights

nature

Web links

Commons : Western New Guinea  - collection of images, videos and audio files
  • west-papua-netz.de West Papua Network
  • naturvoelker.org Friends of the primitive peoples V. (FdN Human Rights Organization) with news and films As the German section of Friends of Peoples close to Nature (FPCN) klick , FdN was the only organization to receive the mandate from the OPM ( organasi Papua Merdeka) and its new leader Mathias Wenda to represent West Papua's aspirations for independence at the international level.
  • Catholic Diocese of Jayapura: hampapua.org Human rights situation West Papua (English)
  • reg.westpapua The latest information in English from West Papua. (Newsgroup initiated by Tapol. 2007 often the first source of news).
  • papuaweb.org Bibliography, current publications, German, English, Indonesian titles including PDF files (English commentary)

Individual evidence

  1. ^ First Papua Congress, October 19, 1961 - in Kaisiepo 2003.
  2. ↑ Leith p. XXV
  3. ↑ Paul M. Taylor, IRIAN YAYA, the land and its inhabitants. P. 29 (Terms: Papua and Irian)
  4. ↑ www.expat.or.id , kualakencana.com
  5. ↑ tembagapura.com
  6. ^ Conservation International: Biological Assessment of the Wapoga River Area ( Memento of March 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) . Washington 2000.
  7. ^ Conservation International: Scientists Confirm Bird's Head Seascape Is Richest on Earth. ( Memento of November 29, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) September 2006 - see also Vogelkoppeninsel
  8. ^ Dingiso page from Tim Flannery , Roger Martin, Alexandra Szalay: Tree Kangaroos: A Curious Natural History. Melbourne 1996.
  9. ↑ Waldemar Stöhr, Art and Culture from the South Seas , Clausmeyer Collection, Melanesien, p. 107.
  10. ↑ Dutch New Guinea in detail in Dutch: nl: Nederlands Nieuw-Guinea
  11. ^ GEO , July 2002: The Struggle for Papua
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g h Philippe Pataud Célérier; translated by Nicola Liebert: West Papua is rising again - Despite repression by the Indonesian government, the liberation movement is not giving up . In: Barbara Bauer, Dorothee d'Aprile (ed.): Le Monde diplomatique . No. 12/25 . TAZ / WOZ , December 2019, ISSN  1434-2561 , p. 14 .
  13. ↑ Kuegler 2006, p. 314.
  14. ↑ Chauvel, Bakhti 2004.
  15. ↑ see Act of Free Choice
  16. ↑ At Ipenburg: The life and death of Theys Eluay. ( Memento from March 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Inside Indonesia 70, 2002.
  17. ↑ a b Le Monde diplomatique: The Papuans under Indonesian rule
  18. ↑ Blair King 2006, p. 22.
  19. ↑ Denise Leith: Words are Dangerous. Why West Papua is so significant to Jakarta. ( Memento from September 19, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) In: The Quarterly. PEN Center, Sydney 125.2006, June. ISSN  1442-9195 (pdf, 1 MB)
  20. ↑ Freeport paid $ 180 million in annual taxes to Indonesia between 1999 and 2001.
  21. ↑ Watch Indonesia! : “These quasi-regular and seemingly independent militias are integrated into the command structure of the regular territorial and operational military units and are organized, equipped, maintained and commanded by them. Their long feigned independence is now considered refuted. They are an extension of the TNI and a new form of warfare. In the meantime, the armed forces can unrest across the country quite arbitrarily, surgically precise, localized and targeted against certain target groups and then stop them without being too conspicuous themselves. Unrest never happens by chance, but always has recognizable 'provocateurs' in the background. The form, course and end of the unrest follow similar patterns and burn out with their set fire to targets because the majority of the population rejects them and does not encourage them further. ”From Ingo Wandelt: The Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia ( Memento from 25 September 2006 in the Internet Archive ) . 2000.
  22. ^ Nick Chesterfield: West Papua border mission report. June 17, 2006.
  23. ↑ Friends of the primitive peoples V .: West Papua - The secret was in Asia. August 20, 2007.
  24. ↑ Lesley McCulloch: Trifungsi: the role of the Indonesian Military in business. Bonn International Center for Conversion, 2000.
  25. ↑ Neles Tebay: Joint efforts of the religious communities for peace in West Papua. Aachen 2006, ISSN  1618-6222 , PDF 360 kB ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) p. 6.
  26. ↑ Neles Tebay: Joint efforts of the religious communities for peace in West Papua. Aachen 2006; ISSN  1618-6222 , p. 7 ( PDF, 360 kB ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ))
  27. ^ International Crisis Group: Resources and Conflict in Papua. Brussels 2002 PDF 737 kB ( Memento of August 8, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) p. 8.
  28. ↑ 100,000 fatalities is the most conservative figure. The Society for Threatened Peoples names 200,000, the Evangelical Church Papus 300,000 to 400,000 victims. The range of fluctuation is particularly remarkable.
  29. ^ Yale Law School: Indonesian Human Rights Abuses in West Papua: Application of the Law of Genocide to the History of Indonesian Control. 2003 PDF 360 kB
  30. ^ John Wing, Peter King: Genocide in West Papua? The role of the Indonesian state apparatus and a current needs assessment of the Papuan people. University of Sydney 2005, ISBN 0-9752391-7-1 , online ( Memento of October 11, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) (English, PDF; 2.3 MB) Retrieved May 11, 2015.
  31. ↑ International Crisis Group: Papua: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions. Crisis Group Asia Briefing No. 53, 2006 Papua: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions - PDF 515 kB ( Memento from September 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Section V
  32. ^ Rumble in the Jungle. Fighting for freedom in West Papua. in Do or Die magazine No. 8, 1999 PDF 2.7 MB
  33. ↑ a b Kuegler 2006, Chapter 15, The Events of Wasior.
  34. ^ Evangelical Church of West Papua: Report on the current situation, September 2005 ( Memento of September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  35. ^ West Papua Network, Circular 23 , September 2002, p. 12.
  36. ^ Governor of Dutch New Guinea: Territorial Flag Ordinance. November 18, 1961.
  37. ↑ Sukarno: Order for the liberation of West Irish. Yogyakarta December 19, 1961, see also Act of Free Choice
  38. ↑ for example Kuegler 2006.
  39. ↑ In 2004 10 and 15 years' imprisonment was imposed for hoisting the flag. in International Crisis Group 2006, p. 11, footnote 73
  40. ↑ Ingo Wandelt: TNI and abroad. ( Memento from September 25, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Watch Indonesia! 2000.
  41. ^ West Papua Network , E-Info No. 182, October 6, 2006.
  42. ^ "Dschungelkind" - book by Sabine Kügler stirs up the myth of the "noble wild" ( memento from April 19, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), press release of the Society for Threatened Peoples , February 18, 2005. (German)
  43. ^ Bert Hofman, Kai Kaiser, Günther G. Schulze: Decentralization and Corruption - First Experiences from Indonesia. German Institute for Economic Research Quarterly Issues on Economic Research 73 (2004), 2 page 17
  44. ↑ Denis Leith 2002, pp. 33-34.
  45. ↑ Neles Tebay 2006, p. 16.
  46. ^ Ingo Wandelt: The Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia. ( Memento from September 25, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Berlin, Watch Indonesia! 2000.
  47. ↑ Sabine Kuegler reports in " Call of the Jungle " how she fled as a little girl and was persecuted after she happened to be an eyewitness to a shooting.
  48. ↑ Steffen Keulig 2003, p. 48f, even observed an overpopulation
  49. ↑ Heinrich Harrer's porters on the first ascent of Puncak Jaya in spring 1962.
  50. ↑ Kuegler 2006, the Fayu are known since Kuegler's bestseller "Jungle Child" from 2005.
  51. ↑ Neles Tebay of 2006.
  52. ↑ Martin Müller 2005; Steffen Keulig 2003.
  53. ↑ Takeshi Fujitani: The Papua region is the HIV capital of Indonesia - but why? ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) In: Asahi Shimbun / International Herald Tribune. July 12, 2006. ISSN  0294-8052
  54. ↑ Martin Müller 2005, p. 15.
  55. ↑ 2008, p. 176. Feature WDR 3, WDR / NDR documentation.
  56. ↑ Profile West Papua - official Indonesian website ( Memento from June 30, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
  57. ^ International Crisis Group : Resources and Conflict in Papua. Brussel 2002 PDF 737 kB ( Memento of August 8, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), p. 8.
  58. ↑ ag-friedensforschung.de
  59. ↑ On the pig cult among the Eipo in the highlands of West Papua.
  60. ^ Benny Giay, Papuan and Protestant theologian.
  61. ↑ Rainer Scholz: Who eats whom? Swan song in New Guinea. 2006, p. 17. Feature WDR 5, production WDR / NDR.
  62. ↑ Jared Diamond book Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed
  63. ↑ Gunter Konrad: From the Asmat. In: Heinrich Harrer: Under Papuas. People and culture since their stone age. Innsbruck 1976, p. 42f.
  64. ^ Sabine Kuegler : Jungle Child. Droemer. Munich 2005, ISBN 3-426-27361-6 .
  65. ^ Homepage of the Cenderawasih Pos ( Memento from September 29, 2004 in the Internet Archive )
  66. ^ West Papua Network, Newsletter No. 33 , December 2004.
  67. ↑ International Federation of Journalists (IFJ): Foreign media ban in West Papua continues to obstruct press freedom. February 2006.
  68. ↑ Russ Baker: The Deforesting of Irian Jaya ( Memento of October 7, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) In: The Nation magazin, February 7, 1994, in English, accessed on May 11, 2015.
  69. ↑ Rainer Scholz: Who eats whom? Swan song in New Guinea. Feature WDR 5, May 2006, production WDR / NDR PDF p. 2.
  70. ↑ Martin Müller, p. 9.
  71. ↑ Martin Müller, p. 11.
  72. ↑ Martin Müller, p. 14f.
  73. ↑ Rainer Scholz: Who eats whom? Swan song in New Guinea. Feature WDR 5, May 2006, production WDR / NDR PDF p. 15.
  74. ↑ Heiko Bleher, Expedition Report Bentuni Bay 2000. in Aquaristik-Fachmagazin No. 189 February 2006, p. 80 - Conservation International, however, did not observe any effects on the reefs in 2001
  75. ^ A b International Crisis Group: Resources and Conflict in Papua. Brussel 2002 PDF 737 kB ( Memento of August 8, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  76. ↑ Rainer Scholz: Who eats whom? Swan song in New Guinea. Feature WDR 5, May 2006, production WDR / NDR PDF 94 kB, p. 13.
  77. ↑ EIA, Telapak: Stemming the Tide: Halting The Regional Trade in Stolen Timber in Asia. November 2005 PDF 600 kB ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  78. ↑ For a detailed discussion of tree species see: FUNDWI: The Role of Forest-based Industries in the Economic and Social Development of West Irian. New York: United Nations 1968. 7 MB
  79. ↑ Watch Indonesia !: Freeport under attack - Kissinger's dirty business In 2000, Kissinger put a brake on President Wahid's critical action against Freeport
  80. ↑ ( United States-Indonesia Society )
  81. ^ A b Denise Leith: The Politics of Power. Freeport in Suharto's Indonesia. Hawai 2002, ISBN 0-8248-2566-7 .
  82. ^ Because of Ok Tedi: Protest at the general meeting of the Norddeutsche Affinerie
  83. ↑ BHP Pursues Nickel Mining in Gag Island Protected Forest Area ( Memento from December 16, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) and Gag Island nickel project remains on care and maintenance ( Memento from August 24, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
  84. ↑ Tangguh LNG Project: Summary Environmental Assessment. 2005 pdf 2.3 MB ( Memento from March 6, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  85. ↑ usembassyjakarta.org ( Memento of December 14, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) 2005 report with data from 2004. Converted with a factor: 1 TCF (trillion cubic foot) is about 20 million tons
  86. ↑ usembassyjakarta.org ( Memento of December 14, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) 2005 report with data from 2004 - without exact figures for Western New Guinea
  87. ↑ Tourism overview on Papuaweb
  88. ↑ Oswald Iten: Torture and murder in the dungeon of Jayapura. Twelve days as an inmate in an Indonesian prison. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung. December 22, 2000 ( the student killed was Ori Ndoronggi ( Memento from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ))
  89. ↑ Rainer Scholz: Who eats whom? Swan song in New Guinea. 2006, p. 4. Feature WDR 5. Production WDR / NDR (PDF)

Coordinates: 4 °  S , 136 °  E