Act of Free Choice

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Indonesia Today; Western New Guinea forms the eastern border, Aceh the western border . The marked cities are Sabang and Merauke , which play a proverbial role in the Indonesian national understanding.

The Act of Free Choice was a controversial vote with which Indonesia legitimized the takeover of Western New Guinea ( West Papua ) in 1969 with the support of the UN .

Preparations for West Papuan independence began in late 1961, massively disrupting Indonesia's 1942 goal of territory within the Dutch East Indies . With the help of the USA , Indonesia succeeded in placing West New Guinea under Indonesian administration in 1963, but with the condition agreed in the New York Agreement between the Netherlands and Indonesia in 1962 that the Papuans confirm their affiliation to Indonesia by 1969 in a referendum under the supervision of the UN . In order to ensure both the desired outcome of the vote and to gain international credibility, the one thousand electors chosen from the tribal leaders of Western New Guinea were initially trained by Indonesia for the election, which took place at the time of the landing of the first man on the moon . Only two foreign journalists were admitted as observers. Due to a mixture of financial influence and the threat of torture , the election result was unanimously in favor of Indonesia. The UN supported the fraud , tried to get rid of the matter as quickly as possible, and saw its role in the New York Agreement as fulfilled. The Act of Free Choice (German: Free Choice , Indonesian: Pepera - Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat) is therefore generally known in Western New Guinea as the Act of No Choice (German: Vote without choice). In a revision of the procedure before the UN, Indonesia not only fears losing one of its most resource-rich provinces and largest sources of finance, but also sees the legitimacy and unity of the nation at risk.

prehistory

Colonial times

In 1848 the Netherlands and Great Britain shared the traditional Melanesian island of New Guinea at 141st longitude. The eastern half known as Papua New Guinea was divided between Germany and Great Britain in 1884 . The southeastern British New Guinea went to Australia as Papua in 1906, while the northeastern German part ( Kaiser-Wilhelms-Land and the Bismarck Archipelago of German New Guinea ) was placed under Australian administration after the First World War. Ruled by Australia as Papua New Guinea after World War II, it gained independence in 1975 .

The western half of New Guinea became part of the Dutch East Indies under the name Dutch New Guinea . The Dutch had little interest in the area, using it as a place for officials transferred to prison, for interning rebels and as a checkpoint on the sea routes to the Spice Islands . The main interest was the protection of the lucrative colonies west of New Guinea. The first geological exploration took place in 1907.

Preparation for independence

On August 17, 1945, two days after Japan's defeat in World War II, Indonesia's independence was proclaimed, which the Netherlands did not recognize. After four years, Indonesia's independence was accepted under international pressure on December 27, 1949. At the previous round table conference, however, the Netherlands managed to exclude Western New Guinea from the transfer of sovereignty to Indonesia. Instead, an agreement through further negotiations within a year was agreed. Indonesia made diplomatic efforts against the Netherlands, supported by military undertakings. President Sukarno successfully used this campaign to claim Papua as a strategy to consolidate national unity in a time of deep divisions among the Indonesian elite. That "Papua is part of Indonesia" was one of the issues on which all political leaders and parties agreed.

In the early 1950s, talks on the future of Western New Guinea failed, and the Netherlands began to prepare Western New Guinea for independence . With the help of the United Nations, the country should become independent in the 1970s through the formation of a national elite, the formation of parties and unions, the formation of the New Guinea Council (April 5), universal suffrage, the drafting of the morning star flag, a national anthem and an emblem become. On September 27th, the Dutch Foreign Minister Joseph Luns presented the plan at the UN General Assembly. Indonesia protested.

In order not to be thrown back and forth between the powers and to show the international community that the Papuans can stand on their own two feet and soon be able to form their own nation, 70 leaders of Papuans met on October 19, 1961 at the First Papuan Congress 17 members in the National Council. A political manifesto was adopted:

“On the basis of our people's desire for independence, through the mediation of the National Committee and our People's Representation, the Council of New Guinea, the government of Dutch New Guinea and the Netherlands request that on November 1st
  1. Our flag next to the flag of the Netherlands is hoisted
  2. Our national anthem, Hai Tanahku Papua , with which Wilhelmus is sung
  3. The name of our country is West Papua
  4. The name of our people is Papua.
On this basis we, the people of Papua, demand our own place like other free peoples and among the nations we wish Papua to contribute to the maintenance of peace in the world. "
Sukarno's vision: Indonesia the size of the Dutch East Indies

The flag and coat of arms were confirmed by the Netherlands on November 18th. On December 1, 1961, the flag of the Republic of West Papua was publicly hoisted for the first time. "There was great jubilation in the country, the people danced, sang and celebrated the beginning of a new era." Sukarno now saw his vision of Indonesia in danger, which would affect all the islands of the former Dutch East Indies - from Sabang (Sumatra / Aceh) to Merauke ( West Papua) - included. He understood that the new nationalism of West Papua posed a far greater threat to Indonesia than the continuation of the Dutch administration. In the Trikora speech on December 19, Sukarno gave the "order for the liberation of West Irish":

  1. To prevent the formation of the Papuan marionette state
  2. which belongs to Indonesia West Irian under the Indonesian flag to provide
  3. Preparation for general mobilization in defense of Indonesia's unity. Immediately afterwards, under the leadership of the young Suharto, Indonesian paratroopers from the Kostrad Strategic Army Command, which had just been created for this purpose, began military attacks to “liberate” Western New Guinea (Manadala Command). On January 15, the Dutch sank an Indonesian patrol boat and on March 24 a destroyer presumably of Russian origin.

In the Trikora speech, Sukarno had emphasized the closeness to the socialist states, which would support Indonesia in the West Irish affair in contrast to the imperialist countries. Now the United States began to pressure the Netherlands to turn the country over to Indonesia. Without international support (the UN and Australia followed the United States), in August 1962 the Netherlands agreed to the US diplomat Ellsworth Bunker's plan - now known as the New York Agreement - to transfer the Republic of West Papua to Indonesia after a transitional period under UN supervision to be passed on the condition that a free choice of national self-determination of the people of West New Guinea by Indonesia under UN supervision until the end of 1969: the Act of Free Choice.

The most important part for the Papuans was Article 18 of the New York Agreement:

“Indonesia, with the help and participation of the United Nations representative and his staff, will ensure that the people of the territory have the opportunity to freely choose. The following must be taken into account: ... d) All adults, men and women who are not foreigners, must be given the opportunity to participate in this act of self-determination, which must be designed in accordance with international practice. "

This enabled the Netherlands to save face. Indonesia celebrated the triumph.

On September 1, 9 out of 28 members of the New Guinea Council approved the New York Agreement, which had been passed without the participation of the Papuans. On a second vote, half of the council members left the meeting. Of the remaining 14, 12 supported the agreement and two voted against.

Under Indonesian administration

On October 1, 1962, Western New Guinea was handed over to the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority ( UNTEA ), which was to run the country for at least seven months. A maximum duration was not agreed and immediately after the expiry of seven months, the area was placed under Indonesian administration on May 1, 1963. The UN administration did not bring about a really neutral phase due to a lack of power, will and ability. However, it allows the Dutch administration to withdraw. While Papuan officials and police initially took over the tasks, especially in the regional administration, far more Indonesian officials and military personnel quickly streamed into the country than planned and quickly took over power. They exerted strong pressure on the Papuans to acknowledge belonging to Indonesia and to give up the dream of self-determination. Violent actions by the Indonesian military soon followed, which marked the new administration over the next few decades. Rapid impoverishment followed, legal certainty deteriorated and civil rights were lost. Everything that was reminiscent of the Netherlands was systematically removed. The police of the Republic of West Papua were locked in barracks, political groups and the New Guinea Council disbanded. The use of the national symbols including the words “Papua” and “Melanesian” became illegal, public gatherings of all kinds illegal, freedom of movement and expression restricted and the education system destroyed. This led to increasing negative reactions from the Papuans. In particular, the hinterland of Manokwari was in constant opposition, which was followed by tough military action. The death toll soon rose into the thousands. For the US, the matter was settled. The Netherlands, like Australia, cared too much for good relations with Indonesia to interfere.

Indonesia had long since ceased to intend to take care of the agreed Act of Free Choice. Sukarno, though kindly treated by Kennedy, expropriated almost all foreign companies (except Texaco). In 1965, Indonesia resigned from the UN in protest against Malaysia's appointment as a temporary member of the UN Security Council.

After Sukarno was overthrown and the Communist Party was annihilated in the 1965 bloodbath, the new President Suharto tried to gain international reputation and, in particular, to establish good contacts with the western industrialized countries. US mining giant Freeport was invited to initial talks in the spring of 1966. After the passing of the new foreign investment law, Freeport received a contract for 30-year usage rights to the wealthy Ertsberg copper mine in western New Guinea on terms that were largely chosen by him and was henceforth a close ally of the Suharto government.

In his speech on Independence Day in 1968, Suharto emphasized that the obligations of the New York Agreement would be met and that the referendum would take place by the end of 1969. However, the people of West Irish would not be given up, but their struggle for freedom and their desire to be part of the Indonesian people would be supported. The upcoming Act of Free Choice was a national issue that determined the unity and integrity of the Republic of Indonesia.

While individual Papuan chiefs made positive comments about Indonesia, general opinion and the situation had clearly deteriorated. An employee of the foreign minister stated that Indonesian administrative, financial and economic mistakes had not only caused disappointment but also generated support for the independence of West Papua. The needs of the people were simple, but Indonesia did not meet them.

"Even sadder was the uncomfortable fact that the majority of Indonesian officials ... believed that the Papuans were not Indonesians, but merely subjects to be oppressed."

Herlina, who participated in the Indonesian liberation of Western New Guinea, writes:

“My tears were hardly wiped away by pride and happiness that our curly haired brothers had become free rulers in their own country when my heart suddenly ached terribly. ... Rejoicing and reflecting on the first victory, I can smell the beginning of a new colonization by ourselves! I cried out, my grief mixed with anger. " (Ibid.)

After initially cooperating with the Indonesians, it was precisely the Papuan elite that rebelled against Indonesian control. The centers of resistance were the more developed areas of Western New Guinea such as Biak, Enarotali, Waghete, Waren, Ransiki, Manokwari, Ajmaru, the Arfak region on the Vogelkop Peninsula and the area around Gelvink Bay. In a conversation between two members of the British and American embassies in Jakarta in 1968:

“The Indonesians have tried everything from using B26 bombers to shooting with grenades and mortars, and yet the situation remains on the verge of rebellion. There is no doubt that such unsuccessful attempts at repression lead to acts of violence every now and then. "

Act of No Choice

In early 1969, the Indonesian military began "Operation Authority" ( Operasi Wibawa ), the third military operation since 1963. According to Governor Eliezer Bonay's estimate, around 30,000 Papuans had been murdered by 1969. US Ambassador Frank Galbraith reported rumors that genocide was planned against the Papuan. As the Act of Free Choice approached, the military not only killed, but terrorized and intimidated the population into not voting for independence.

Manipulation of the electors

Like Sukarno, Suharto had left no doubt that the Indonesian government was only considering a result of the Papuan referendum. Thus, the vote had to be organized with the sole purpose of achieving the desired result. The proposal by UN envoy Ortiz Sanz - one man, one voice - was unsuitable for this. The selected Papuan representatives were brought to a training session for the election. First, the men received gifts such as new clothes, flashlights, and radios.

“With the help of an interpreter - most of them did not speak Indonesian - they were taught that as soon as they heard the word 'Indonesia' they jump up excitedly, throw up their arms and say 'Yes!' should call. When it comes to the word 'Papua', however, they should all sit down and say nothing. ... If someone got up at the word 'Papua', they would be kicked or beaten "

Benny Wenda's father from the Lani tribe did not cooperate. Another Papuan was found as a replacement, the vote took place without him:

“He stayed in prison for three weeks until the election was over. After his release, he wanted to return to his village, but the military did not let him go. For another year they detained him, drilled and terrorized him, and tried to brainwash him to the point where he said, 'I am Indonesian, I am proud to be Indonesian' " (ibid.).

The election days

electors
district date number
Merauke July 14th 175
Wamena 17th July 175
Nabire July 19 175
Fac-fac July 23 075
Sorong July 26th 110
Manokwari 29th of July 075
Biak July 31 130
Jayapura August 2nd 110
total 1025

In the days leading up to the vote, tanks and soldiers ruled the streets of Jayapura. According to a private assessment of the UN envoy, 95% of Papuans were in favor of independence. On July 14, 1969, the Act of Free Choice began in Merauke with the unanimous vote to remain with Indonesia. The ambassadors of the Netherlands and Australia were among the guests. On July 17th, Indonesia will be voted unanimously in Wamena, and on July 19th in Nabire. There were 60,000 Papuans on the run because of a rebellion, there was a lack of electors who had to be flown in. Nevertheless, journalist Hugh Lunn was approached by three Papuans about the irregularities, but the UN team was not interested. It was followed by Fak Fak on July 23, Sorong on July 26, Manokwari on July 29 . Papuan protesters were trucked away by security forces, while the only foreign journalist was monitored by eight security guards. Even Manokwari's rebel leader and OPM founder Ludwig Mandacen expressed his loyalty to Indonesia. Biak voted on July 31, Jayapura, with the German ambassador present, on August 2. The total number of Papuans who participated in the 'Act' varies between 1022 and 1028, depending on the source.

Reactions

After the triumph of Indonesia over the successful implementation of the Act of Free Choice, there was a brisk interest in the freedom movement OPM . Neil Armstrong was the first person to land on the moon (July 20), just as successfully but with more international attention . The newspaper Die Welt noted on August 5th:

"A chapter of western colonial history comes to an end - a chapter of Asian colonial history begins ... The Papuans have the same relationship with the Indonesians as the Eskimos have with the Basques."

While the press was generally critical, foreign policy-makers were more concerned about the discrediting of the impartiality and integrity of the UN Secretariat.

U.N.

Article 16 of the New York Agreement, sending UN experts to prepare for the election, had not been complied with. The central requirement of the election in Article 18, that it “is to be made in accordance with international practice” , was changed in the UN resolution to “in accordance with Indonesian practice” . The right of freedom of expression , physical freedom of movement and freedom of assembly , as noted in Article 22 , was also not guaranteed, admitted UN Commissioner Ortiz Sanz.

The UN still managed to save face: on November 19, 1969, the UN adopted Resolution 2504 (XXIV) with 84 votes in favor, 30 abstentions, in which the Act of Free Choice was noted and thus the fulfillment of the The role of the UN in the implementation of the decision as agreed in the New York Agreement. Despite intensive lobbying by Indonesia, Australia and the Netherlands, some African countries under Ghana's leadership remained critical (the later UN Secretary General Kofi Annan was one of Ghana's diplomats at the time). However, a motion to adjourn and further investigate the Act and a motion by Ghana for a further referendum in 1975 had been denied. The Netherlands had now also taken over from Indonesia. The general argument was that Western New Guinea had no viable basis and no other country was ready to take responsibility for Western New Guinea.

The British United Nations Association stated:

"An extraordinary situation was created: the UN mission originally sent to West Papua to provide advice, support and assistance in the implementation of the UN [New York Agreement] ended with actively working against it."

Persecutions

For the Papuans, the matter was not over:

“Everyone who voted had to report to [the military post] once a week. They were ordered never to speak about the election or what had happened to them while they were away. Their coming and going was monitored and restricted if necessary, and they even had to report the location of their gardens to the military. "

The police began to pursue those who broke the silence about the 1969 'election'.

Current situation

Indonesia today, excluding East Timor

After the end of the Suharto government, the Second Papua Congress met in Jayapura in 2000. The third resolution read:

“The people of Papua are rejecting the results of the Act of Free Choice through the Second Congress because it was carried out under duress, intimidation, sadistic killings, military violence and immoral conduct contrary to humanitarian principles. Therefore, the people of Papua demand that the United Nations revoke Resolution 2504 of December 19, 1969. "

Almost every Papuan family knows a friend or relative who was tortured by the army, maimed for life, or arrested and never returned. In 2006, Kuegler reported on professional killers who break into the houses of critics of the regime in the event of a power failure, kill them silently by breaking their necks and making the corpses disappear without a trace. Indonesians who used to work in East Timor have learned from the mistakes made there. Among other things, the dead are dismembered and disposed of in the sea so that mass graves do not lead to international protest. Tourists and scientists should also not interfere in Indonesian domestic politics:

“People who want to rebel against the government have their tongues cut out. It would be better for them to ask the Americans to find a new home for them on the moon "

In 1969, the Indonesian military commander warned the Papuans while the world watched Apollo 11 eagerly .

It is not known exactly how many fatalities the takeover of West Papua by Indonesia cost. Often the estimate of 100,000 dead is given. While some reports such as the Yale Report 2003 or a study by the University of Sydney in 2005 speak of genocide , the International Crisis Group believes that the culture of impunity has led the military to react excessively with violence. Some Papuans, on the other hand, say the situation is worse than East Timor, because the fragmented, inaccessible terrain makes it easy for the military to wipe out one of the 250 or so tribes in a valley and not even notice it.

The military is also involved in illegal logging ( merbau ) and export, which not only destroys the last intact rainforest in Asia, but also the habitat of the Papuans.

Chakravarthy Narasimhan, former Undersecretary of the United Nations and U Thant's then representative in West Papua, said in a 2001 interview:

“Everything was only used to gloss over [English: whitewash]. The United Nations wanted to get rid of this problem as quickly as possible ... Nobody thought of the millions of people whose most basic human rights were trampled on ... How could anyone seriously believe that all voters were unanimously in favor of to join his (Suhartos) regime? ... Such unanimity is simply unknown in democracies "

Many Papuan observers believe that it is precisely the military’s security practices - including widespread killings, torture, kidnappings and other human rights violations - that fuel the desire for independence in people's hearts.

Since 2003, no more foreign journalists have been allowed into the country, so that "Indonesia's unity and cohesion are not endangered," according to the official explanation. Scientists, tourists and NGO workers must report to the police and apply for a permit for each location they visit. Diplomats are not refused entry, but have been asked to postpone their visit. The military said to an Indonesian journalist:

"Are you making a problem? We'll kill you - no problem! ” .

An official tourism handbook from 1998 states: "In the 1969 vote, the people of Irian Jayas voted to be part of Indonesia" . (Indonesian Tourism Guide)

Timetable

1945
Indonesia proclaims independence from the Netherlands. The Indonesian Revolution is passing New Guinea.
1949
Round table conference. Western New Guinea will not be surrendered to Indonesia. (Article 2 of the Agreement)
1950
Indonesia takes the position that Western New Guinea has been part of Indonesia since the declaration of independence in 1945. The Netherlands are preparing Western New Guinea for independence
1955
Failure of the Geneva talks between Indonesia and the Netherlands
1958
Operation Hike, based on the initiative of the CIA, to overthrow Indonesia's President Sukarno, fails. It is the CIA's biggest failure prior to the Bay of Pigs invasion .
1960
Freeport geologists are exploring the Ertsberg mine in western New Guinea. Under the conditions of the Sukarno government, a large financial commitment is not very attractive.
1961
Foundation of the " Strategic Army Command " Kostrad with Suharto as Commander in Chief (March 6th)
October 19 First Papua Congress approves the independence of the Republic of West Papua.
1st December first official raising of the morning star flag of the Republic of West Papua.
December 19th Sukarnos Trikora speech on the "Liberation of West Irish". The friendship with the socialist states is emphasized. Under Suharto's leadership, the military begins attacks on Dutch New Guinea .
1962
January – June Heinrich Harrer manages the first ascent of Puncak Jaya . The morning star is also hoisted.
August 15 Settlement of the dispute between Indonesia and the Netherlands over the future of Western New Guinea in the New York Agreement
October 1st handover of administration to the UN
1963
May 1st annexed to Indonesia under the name Irian Barat.
November 22: Sukarno loses an ally with the murder of US President John F. Kennedy . US policy towards Indonesia is fundamentally changing.
December 1: After the morning star flag is hoisted, the Indonesian military and police begin persecuting and killing thousands of Papuans.
1965
Indonesia's exit from the UN, Sukarno expropriates many foreign companies.
The Papuan freedom movement , OPM, which was founded in 1964 , is known through an action in Manokwari
Sukarno was disempowered . The US-friendly General Suharto takes over the government.
1967
US company Freeport receives a 30-year contract from Suharto on self-selected terms for copper mining in western New Guinea and becomes an important ally of Jakarta
1969
July-August Implementation of the Act of Free Choice to legitimize belonging to Indonesia (July 14 to August 2), while Neil Armstrong becomes the first person to land on the moon (July 20)
November 19: The UN General Assembly takes note of the implementation of the Act of Free Choice and regards its role in the New York Agreement as fulfilled.
1973
At the opening of Freeport's Ertsberg mine in western New Guinea, Suharto announced the renaming of the land to Irian Jaya.
1975
Henry Kissinger gives the go-ahead for Suharto's invasion of East Timor . Suharto should only wait until the US President has left Indonesia.
1998
End of the Suharto era. Under President Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie , East Timor was subordinated to the UN in 1999 and became independent under Megawati Sukarnoputri in 2002.
1999
President Wahid renames Irian Jaya West Papua and gives financial support to the 2nd Papua Congress.
2000
In order to avoid an open confrontation with Jakarta, the 2nd Papua Congress in Jayapura asserts that independence was proclaimed at the 1st Congress in 1961. Shortly afterwards, the most important council members are arrested. Indonesian President Wahid voted out of office, among other things, because of his Papua-friendly policies.
The Australian musician David Bridie is releasing a CD album entitled "Act of Free Choice".
2001
On Independence Day, President Sukarnoputri apologizes to the Papuans for injustices and promises extensive autonomy.
Theys Eluay, chairman of the Papua Congress, is murdered by the Indonesian military. Two high-ranking generals in Jakarta are suspected to be clients.
Due to the special autonomy status, more taxes remain in Papua and are supposed to finance education and health care.
2003
Yale Report on Genocide Tendency in Western New Guinea.
Entry ban for foreign journalists
2004
Publication of secret US documents reveals US support for Indonesia in 1969 and Indonesia's election manipulation. Henry Kissinger , a board member at Freeport-McMoRan after 1995, was well informed in 1969 that Indonesia was influencing the desired outcome of the Act of Free Choice and gave President Nixon appropriate advice.
2005
The study on Dutch colonial history and the Act of Free Choice, “Een daad van vrije keuze” by Pieter Drooglever, commissioned by the Dutch Foreign Minister , is published.
2006
Freeport-McMoRan is Indonesia's largest taxpayer and operates the Grasberg Mine in Western New Guinea, the world's largest gold mine and the copper mine with the lowest production costs, with massive long-term damage to the environment. The Indonesian military received financial support from Freeport, as did the Papua Congress, which is striving for independence from Indonesia.

See also

supporting documents

Historical documents

  • Manifesto First Papuan Peoples' Congress, October 19, 1961 in Kaisiepo 2003 Appendix C.
  • Governor of Netherlands New Guinea: Territorial Flag Ordinance. November 18, 1961 in Kaisiëpo 2003 Appendix D.
  • Sukarno: The Peoples Command for the Liberation of West Irian . (Trikora speech) Jogjakarta, December 19, 1961 http://www.papuaweb.org/goi/pidato/1961-12-jogjakarta.html
  • New Guinea Council: Advisory Note concerning the use of the right to self-determination. Feb. 1962 - Kaisiepo 2003 Appendix B
  • New York Agreement: Agreement Between the Republic of Indonesia and the Kingdom of the Netherlands Concerning West New Guinea (West Irian) New York, August 15, 1962 New York Agreement ( Memento of November 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  • United Nations General Assembly: Report of the Secretary-General regarding the act of self-determination in West Irian. UNGA A / 7723 Twenty-forth session, Agenda Item 98, November 6, 1969 pdf 7 MB with a report by the Indonesian government
  • UN Resolution 2504 (XXIV) AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA AND THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS CONCERNING WEST NEW GUINEA (WEST IRIAN). November 20, 1969 pdf 104 kB
  • Brad Simpson: Indonesia's 1969 Takeover of West Papua Not by Free Choice. Washington 2004 http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB128 (published secret documents of the US government, pdf 7.5 MB)

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Richard Chauvel: Australia, Indonesia and the Papuan crises 2006 http://www.nautilus.org/~rmit/forum-reports/0614a-chauvel.html
  2. ↑ Chavel, Papua Conflict, p. 11, see also Historical Documents
  3. ↑ Governor of West New Guinea: Territorial Flag Ordinance. in Kaisiëpo 2003 Appendix D
  4. ↑ Kuegler 2006 p. 314
  5. ↑ Sukarno: Order to liberate West Irians. Jogjakarta December 19, 1961 http://www.papuaweb.org/goi/pidato/1961-12-jogjakarta.html
  6. ↑ Saltford pdf p. Xvi
  7. ^ Translation from Kuegler 2006 p. 317
  8. ↑ a b Kaisiëpo 2003
  9. ↑ Denis Leith p. 12
  10. ↑ Chauvel, Papua Conflict p. 17f
  11. ↑ Chauvel, Papua Conflict p. 22
  12. ^ Public Record Office Great Britain, FCO 15/162. DH1 / 7 supplement 4 quoted from Kuegler 2006 p. 340
  13. ↑ Neles Tebay: Joint efforts of the religious communities for peace in West New Guinea. Aachen 2006 ISSN  1618-6222 , PDF 360 kB ( Memento from April 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) p. 6
  14. ↑ Neles Tebay: Human Rights in Papua: An overview. Berlin 2003 html
  15. ↑ Over 250 different languages ​​are spoken in Papua
  16. ↑ Kuegler 2006 p. 318
  17. ↑ Kuegler 2006 p. 316
  18. ↑ Saltford pdf pp. Xxvi f and 340ff
  19. ↑ after Saltford pdf p. 351
  20. ↑ e.g. Time Magazine, August 22, 1969: Indonesia: An Act Free of Choice Friday, Aug. 22, 1969
  21. ^ Saltford pdf p. 353
  22. ↑ s. Historical documents
  23. ^ Saltford pdf p. 359
  24. ^ Saltford pdf p. 352
  25. ↑ Report by Benny Wenda's father, from the Lani tribe, in Kuegler 2006 p. 319f
  26. ^ After Chauvel, Papua Conflict. P. 59, footnote 50
  27. ↑ How we Papua see the political status of our country. May 2000 Dutch parliamentarians in West Papua. Mission
  28. ↑ according to Kuegler 2006, p. 341
  29. ↑ International Crisis Group: Papua: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions. Crisis Group Asia Briefing N ° 53, September 5, 2006 pdf 515 kB: Papua: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions ( Memento from September 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Section V
  30. ^ Rumble in the Jungle. Fighting for freedom in West Papua. in Do or Die magazine No 8, 1999 pdf 2.7 MB: http://www.eco-action.org/ssp/rumble.pdf
  31. ↑ Nick Chesterfield: Terror - Razing the Forrest. Guns, Corruption, Illegal Logging, Ji & the indonesian Military in Papua Niugini. Windsor Australia 2006
  32. ^ Slobodan Lekic: Historic Vote was a Sham: Ex-UN Chiefs Admit. ( Memento of June 19, 2002 in the Internet Archive ) Sydney Morning Herald, November 23, 2001, quoted from Kuegler, 2006, p. 341, accessed on May 11, 2015.
  33. ↑ Chauvel, Papua Conflict. P. 24
  34. ↑ International Crisis Group: Papua: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions. Crisis Group Asia Briefing N ° 53, September 5, 2006 pdf 515 kB Papua: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions ( Memento from September 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  35. ↑ Russ Baker: The Deforesting of Irian Jaya ( Memento of October 7, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) In: The Nation magazin, February 7, 1994, in English, accessed on May 11, 2015.
  36. ↑ Ismani, V. Your Guidebook Irian Jaya Province. Department of Tourism: Jayapura 1998
  37. ↑ Lyrics: Act of Free Choice ( Memento from April 17, 2003 in the Internet Archive ) (English) Retrieved May 11, 2015.
  38. ↑ Chauvel, Papua Conflict. P. 34.53
  39. ↑ Brad Simpson: Indonesia's 1969 Takeover of West Papua Not by "Free Choice" Washington, July 2004 http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB128/