Het Wilhelmus
Het Wilhelmus | |
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Title in German | Wilhelm |
country | Netherlands |
Usage period | officially since 1932 |
text | unknown |
melody | Adriaen Valerius |
Sheet of music | |
Audio files |
Het Wilhelmus ("Das Wilhelm [lied]"), also called Geusenhymne , is the national anthem of the Netherlands . The version derived from it De Wilhelmus ("Der Wilhelm") is also the hymn of the grand ducal family of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg .
history
Whether it is the oldest national anthem in the world is controversial, but ultimately a question of definition . If one defines a national anthem as a unity of melody and text, then Het Wilhelmus is probably the oldest in the world, sung from the 16th century. However, it has only been the official national anthem of the Netherlands since 1932.
The text was written by an unknown author between 1568 and 1572 in honor of William I of Orange-Nassau during the uprising against the Spanish (also known as the Eighty Years War ). There are various hypotheses in research on the question of authorship. From the vicinity of Wilhelm of Orange, Philips van Marnix is often named as the alleged author, and occasionally Dirck Volkertszoon Coornhert , while Bram Maljaars' 1996 dissertation based on stylistic and linguistic evidence led to the assumption that the text was originally written by Dutch emigrants in a High German dialect has been written. On the other hand, the historian Gudrun Dekker came to the conclusion in 2008 that Marnix van Sint Aldegonde was the author. The melody was first published in 1626 by Adriaen Valerius in his "Neder-Landtsche Gedenck-Clanck". It originally goes back to the soldier's song "O la folle entreprise du prince de Condé", which originated in the Huguenot Wars and, from the point of view of a Catholic soldier , mocked Louis I. de Bourbon, prince de Condé , the leader of the Huguenot army during the unsuccessful siege of Chartres 1568. In Michael Praetorius ' Terpsichore , a collection of 312 instrumental dances published in 1612, “Wilhelm von Nass.” Appears as a four-part dance piece under No. 185, with a slightly modified melody.
The oldest known print of the Dutch text to date is a copy of the Geuzenliedboek dated 1576/77 in the Lower Saxony State and University Library in Göttingen . The oldest surviving High German version can be found in a song pamphlet published in Strasbourg from 1573 with the title Ein schön neüw Lied / von dem Printzen von Vranien. Wilhelm von Nassawe / I am from Teütschem blood. Jm Thon. How to sing the song of the Count of Rome.
When the Netherlands became a kingdom in 1815, this piece was not chosen as the national anthem because it was too closely linked to the party that backed the House of Orange-Nassau . Rather, due to a competition, Vienna Neêrlands Bloed was chosen as the national anthem. The popularity of Het Wilhelmus never waned, and on May 10, 1932 it was finally promoted to the national anthem.
text
Usually only the first stanza of the hymn is sung, but the sixth stanza is also sung for festive occasions.
The hymn is an acrostic ; that is, the first letters of the fifteen stanzas result in the original name Willem van Nassov .
The current version differs from the original version mainly in the more modern spelling and the formation of forms, which, however, still reflect a historical state of language development (19th century) and do not entirely correspond to today's grammar of Dutch.
Original text 1568 | Translation 1582 | Standard version today | ||
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First verse | ||||
W ilhelmus van Nassouwe |
W ilhelmus von Nassawe |
W ilhelmus van Nassouwe |
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Second stanza | ||||
I n Godes vrees te leven |
I n God Forcht to live, |
I n Godes vrees te leven |
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Third verse | ||||
L ydt u myn Ondersaten |
L eid you, my saucer, |
L ijdt u, mijn onderzaten |
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Fourth verse |
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L yf en goet al te samen |
L eib and well as together, |
L ijf en goed al te samen |
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Fifth verse |
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E del en Hooch gheboren |
E del and highly born |
E del en hooggeboren, |
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Sixth verse |
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M ijn Schilt ende betrouwen |
M a sign and my vertrawen, |
M ijn schild ende betrouwen |
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Seventh verse |
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V an al die my beswaren, |
V on all the complain, |
V an al die mij bezwaren |
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Eighth stanza |
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As David moeste vluchten |
A ls David was ordered to flee |
A ls David moeste vluchten |
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Ninth verse |
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N a tsuer sal ick ontfanghen |
N och Sawr I will receive, |
N a 't zuur zal ik ontvangen |
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Tenth verse |
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N iet doet my sea mercy |
N othing does me more mercy |
N iet doet mij meer mercy |
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Eleventh stanza |
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As a prins op gheseten |
A s tied up at the printz, |
As a prins opgezeten |
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Twelfth stanza |
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S oo het the will of the armies |
S o it is the |
Z o het the will of the man |
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Thirteenth verse |
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S eer Prinslick was ghedreven |
S was ehr christian driven |
Z eer christlijk was gedreven |
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Fourteenth verse |
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O orlof mijn poor Schapen |
U rlaub create my poor, |
O orlof, mijn poor schapen |
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Fifteenth verse |
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V oor Godt wil ick belijden |
V or God will I profess, |
V oor God wil ik belijden |
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acrostic |
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WILLEM VAN NASSOV |
WILLEM VAN NASSUV |
WILLEM VAN NAZZOV |
To the first verse
The early Dutch word Duyts in the first stanza meant primarily "Dutch" and had " Germanic " as a secondary meaning . In the latter sense, it was used at that time as a counter-term to the Romance languages and their speakers, but it had no (as sometimes claimed in the Nazi era ) Pan-Germanic connotation. Around 1570, "Duyts" was not the most common or unambiguous name used by the Dutch; probably with this choice of words the poet only wanted to assure the Dutch rebels that William of Orange belonged to them and not to the Spanish Habsburgs. Since the 16th century the word “duytsch” has been subject to a constant change in meaning, so that from around 1700 it was used as a name for the Germans or as an antonym to the Romance-speaking area.
In the official version of the song from 1932, the spelling was modernized to "duitschen" (unambiguously "German"). During the German occupation of the Netherlands (1940–45) and after the Second World War, many Dutch people replaced “duitsch” with “dietsch”, a poetic expression for the Dutch language, because of anti- German hatred.
Wilhelm von Oranien was born as the son of Count Wilhelm von Nassau-Dillenburg and his wife Juliana zu Stolberg in Dillenburg in what is now Hesse ; According to today's parlance, he would be of “German blood” due to his origin and place of birth. However, his mother tongue was French and there was no political entity "Germany" in the 16th century.
To the sixth stanza
Because of the lines “Drive out the tyranny that wounded my heart”, the “Wilhelmus” was forbidden during the occupation in World War II . That is why the sixth verse is sung in addition to the first verse on festive occasions.
See also
Web links
- "Wilhelmus van Nassouwe" (sheet music)
- Audio stream of the national anthem of the Netherlands (Real Player; 0 kB)
- De Wilhelmus Site ( Memento of April 17, 0140 in the Internet Archive ) (Dutch)
- German translation of Wilhelmus on Lyrics Translate
- Translation of the first and sixth stanzas at the Federal Agency for Civic Education , also as MP3 and PDF.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Abraham (Bram) Maljaars: Het Wilhelmus: auteurschap, catering en strekking: een critical toetsing en nieuwe interpretatie. Kok (Kampen) 1996
- ^ "Wilhelmus" and the Germans. on: world online. April 17, 1996.
- ^ Gudrun Anne Dekker: The national anthem "Het Wilhelmus" was written in Haarlem. Books on Demand , Norderstedt 2012 ( limited book preview on Google Books)
- ↑ Het Wilhelmus is schreven in 1572 in Haarlem . on nu.nl
- ^ Adrianus Valerius: Nederlandtsche Gedenck-Clanck. Kortelick openbarende de voornaemste divorced van de seventhien Neder-Landsche provintien, 't sedert den aenvang der Inlandsche beroerten end troublen, tot den iare 1625 […] , Haarlem 1626 ( limited preview in google book search)
- ↑ Nederlandes Liederenbank (Dutch)
- ^ Complete edition Michael Praetorius, Volume XV. Published by Friedrich Blume. Möseler Verlag Wolfenbüttel, 1929. p. 315.
- ^ Martine de Bruin: Een nóg ouder geuzenliedboek. Signalement van de druk [1576-1577] with de oudst bekende Nederlandse Wilhelmustext. In: Louis Peter Grijp, Frank Willaert (eds.): De fiere nachtegaal. Het Nederlandse lied in de middeleeuwen. Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2008, ISBN 978-90-8964-021-5 , pp. 231-250 (Dutch), book preview on Google Books .
- ^ Eberhard Nehlsen: Wilhelmus von Nassauen: Studies on the reception of a Dutch song in the German-speaking area from the 16th to the 20th century . Lit, Munster; Hamburg 1993, ISBN 3-89473-744-1 , p. 52-61 .
- ↑ A beautiful song made in honor of the Prince of Urania. In: Joseph Bergman (Hrsg.): The Ambraser Liederbuch from 1582. Literarischer Verein zu Stuttgart 1845 (Library of the Literary Society XII), No. CXLVI, pp. 187–190 ( digitized version of the Bavarian State Library).
- ↑ = fearless, fearless. In the Ambras songbook the spelling mistake is "inexperienced".
- ↑ = subjects
- ↑ = without fear
- ↑ = surprise, surprise
- ↑ = like
- ↑ = after sour
- ↑ In the original spelling mistake " ein ein "
- ↑ = misfortune, misfortune
- ↑ = sees
- ↑ = expected
- ↑ = at that time, then
- ↑ = severe weather
- ↑ = Farewell, my poor sheep
- ↑ = are
- ↑ = obey
- ^ M. Jansen: Atlas van de Nederlandse taal: Editie Vlaanderen. Lannoo Meulenhoff, 2018, pp. 29–30.
- ↑ M. Philippa, F. Debrabandere, A. Quak, T. Schoonheim and N. van der Sijs: Etymological Woordenboek van het Nederlands. Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal, Leiden 2003–2009.
- ↑ Ben ik van Duitsen / Dietsen bloed. On: onzetaal.nl
- ^ J. Stroop: De Groene Amsterdammer: Hoe praatte ze? Amsterdam 2004.