Stone grind
Stone grind | ||||||||||||
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Large-leaved stone yew ( Podocarpus macrophyllus ), leaves |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Podocarpus | ||||||||||||
L'Hérit ex Pers. |
The stone slices ( Podocarpus ) are a genus of plants in the family of stone slices (Podocarpaceae). The approximately 105 species thrive in the tropics .
description
Vegetative characteristics
Podocarpus species are evergreen shrubs or trees that can reach heights of about 40 meters. The alternate leaves are not needle-shaped, but lanceolate, they are coarse and leathery, they usually have a middle nerve and rarely a few parallel nerves.
Generative characteristics
Most of the Podocarpus species are dioecious separately sexed ( diocesan ). The seeds are surrounded by a seed coat ( arillus ) (like the yew trees , hence the German name).
distribution
The stone slices are represented with many species in the mountains of the tropics ; the distribution area of the genus Podocarpus extends south to Chile and New Zealand , in the north to Japan and Mexico .
In the southeast of Africa there were originally extensive stone beef forests, which among other things represent an important habitat for the Cape Parrot , which is now threatened with extinction . These forests have largely been cut down and reforested with tree species that are not native to southern Africa. Mainly eucalyptus species and conifers were used for this. Stone beech forests can only be found in inaccessible altitudes.
Systematics
The genus Podocarpus was established in 1807 by Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle in Christiaan Hendrik Persoon : Synopsis Plantarum , Vol. 2, 2, page 580. Type species is Podocarpus elongatus (Aiton) L'Herit. ex pers. The botanical genus name Podocarpus means “stalked fruit”. However, these naked animals do not bear fruits in the botanical sense, but stalked seeds with a colored aril . Podocarpus L'Hérit ex Pers. was preserved against Podocarpus Labill. Another synonym for Podocarpus L'Hérit ex Pers. nom. cons. is Margbensonia A.E. Bobrov & Melikyan .
There are 105 species in the genus Podocarpus . It is divided into two sub-genres and several sections. In the names of the subgenus and sections, the endings have been corrected in accordance with the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Article 32.6):
- Subgenus Podocarpus :
- Section Podocarpus : The only two species are common in southern Africa :
- Podocarpus elongatus (Aiton) L'Hér. ex pers. (Syn .: Podocarpus thunbergii var. Angustiloba Sim , Taxus capensis Lam. , Taxus elongata Aiton ): It occurs in the South African province of Western Cape from the Bokkeveld Mountains to Swellendam.
- Podocarpus latifolius ( Podocarpus latifolius (Thunb.) R.Br. ex Mirb. , Syn .: Podocarpus latifolius var. Confertus Pilg. , Podocarpus latifolius var. Latior Pilg. , Podocarpus latior (Pilg.) Gaussen , Podocarpus milanjianus Rendle , Podocarpus thunbergii Hook. ): It is common in southern Africa.
- Section Scytopodium : The six to eight species occur in Madagascar and from East to South Africa:
- Podocarpus capuronii de foliage. : This endemic is only known from five localities in the province of Fianarantsoa in central Madagascar.
- False yellowwood ( Podocarpus henkelii Stapf ex Dallim. & BDJacks. , Podocarpus ensiculus Melville , Podocarpus madagascariensis var. Procerus de Laub. ): It occurs in the South African provinces of Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal , Zimbabwe , Tanzania , Malawar and in Madagascari .
- Podocarpus humbertii de foliage. : This endangered species occurs only in five localities in the provinces of Antsiranana and Mahajanga in northern Madagascar.
- Podocarpus madagascariensis Baker : It occurs in Madagascar.
- Podocarpus neoprumnopitys Silba : There is only one known site in Madagascar.
- Podocarpus perrieri Gaussen & Woltz : There is only one known site of this endangered species in northern Africa.
- Podocarpus rostratus J. Laurent : Only a few sites are known in Madagascar.
- Podocarpus woltzii Gaussen : It occurs in Madagascar.
- Australes Section (southeastern Australia , New Zealand , New Caledonia , southern Chile )
- Podocarpus gnidioides Carrière : It occurs in southeastern New Caledonia.
- Cunningham's stone slab ( Podocarpus laetus Hooibr. Ex Endl. ): It occurs in New Zealand.
- Alpine stone slab ( Podocarpus lawrencei Hook. F. , Syn .: Podocarpus alpinus R.Br. ex Hook. F. ): It occurs from New South Wales to Tasmania.
- New Zealand Alpine Stone Slice ( Podocarpus nivalis Hook. ): It occurs in New Zealand.
- Chilean stone pulp ( Podocarpus nubigenus Lindl. ): It occurs from southern Chile to southern Argentina.
- Totara or Totara stone slice ( Podocarpus totara G.Benn. Ex D.Don ): It occurs in New Zealand.
- Crassiformes Section (Northeast Queensland )
- Podocarpus smithii de foliage. : It occurs in Queensland.
- Section Capitulati (central Chile, southern Brazil , in the Andes from northern Argentina to Ecuador )
- Podocarpus glomeratus D. Don : It occurs in Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru.
- Argentine stone pulp ( Podocarpus lambertii Klotzsch ex Endl. ): It occurs from southern and southeastern Brazil to Argentina.
- Podocarpus parlatorei pilgrimage. : It occurs in Bolivia, Peru and northwest Argentina.
- Willow-like stone yew ( Podocarpus salignus D.Don ): It occurs in southern and south-central Chile.
- Podocarpus sellowii Klotzsch ex Endl. : It occurs in two varieties in Brazil.
- Podocarpus sprucei Parl . : It occurs in western Ecuador and northern Peru.
- Podocarpus transiens (Pilg.) De Laub. : It occurs in Brazil.
- Pratenses section (southeast Mexico to Guyana and Peru )
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Podocarpus oleifolius D.Don : It occurs in two subspecies from Mexico to western South America:
- Podocarpus oleifolius subsp. costaricensis (J.Buchholz & NEGray) Silba : It occurs from Mexico to Panama.
- Podocarpus oleifolius subsp. oleifolius : It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Bolivia and Peru.
- Podocarpus pendulifolius J.Buchholz & NEGray : It occurs in northwestern Venezuela.
- Podocarpus tepuiensis J.Buchholz & NEGray : It occurs in southern Venezuela and in south-eastern Ecuador.
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Podocarpus oleifolius D.Don : It occurs in two subspecies from Mexico to western South America:
- Section Lanceolati (southern Mexico, Lesser Antilles , Venezuela to the highlands of Bolivia )
- Podocarpus coriaceus Rich. & A.Rich. : It occurs from Puerto Rico to Trinidad-Tobago.
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Podocarpus matudae Lundell : It occurs from Mexico to El Salvador. There are two subspecies:
- Podocarpus matudae subsp. jaliscanus (de Laub. & Silba) Silba : It occurs in the Mexican state of Jalisco.
- Podocarpus matudae subsp. matudae : It occurs from Mexico to El Salvador.
- Podocarpus rusbyi J.Buchholz & NEGray : It occurs from central Bolivia to Peru.
- Podocarpus salicifolius Klotzsch & H.Karst. ex Endl. : It occurs in Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Peru and northern Brazil.
- Podocarpus steyermarkii J.Buchholz & NEGray : It occurs from Venezuela to Guayana.
- Section Pumiles (Southern Caribbean Islands and Guyana Highlands)
- Narrow-leaved stone slab ( Podocarpus angustifolius Griseb. ): It occurs in western and south-central Cuba.
- Podocarpus aristulatus Parl . : It occurs in eastern Cuba.
- Podocarpus roraimae Pilg. (Syn .: Podocarpus buchholzii de Laub. ): It occurs from southern Venezuela to the Roraima-Tepui in Guyana.
- Podocarpus urbanii Pilg. : It occurs in eastern Jamaica.
- Section Nemorales (central and northern South America , south to Bolivia)
- Podocarpus brasiliensis de foliage. : It occurs from Venezuela to northern and central Brazil.
- Podocarpus celatus de foliage. : It occurs from southern Venezuela to Bolivia.
- Podocarpus guatemalensis Standl. : It occurs from Mexico to Colombia.
- Podocarpus magnifolius J.Buchholz & NEGray : It occurs in Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia and Peru.
- Podocarpus purdieanus Hook. : It occurs in central Jamaica.
- Podocarpus trinitensis J.Buchholz & NEGray : It occurs in Trinidad.
- Section Podocarpus : The only two species are common in southern Africa :
- Subgenus Foliolati :
- Foliolati Section ( Nepal to Sumatra , Philippines , and New Guinea to Tonga )
- Podocarpus archboldii N.E.Gray (Syn .: Podocarpus crassigemmis de Laub. ): It occurs from Guinea to New Britain.
- Podocarpus borneensis de foliage. : It occurs on Borneo.
- Podocarpus deflexus Ridl. : It occurs from the Malay Peninsula to northern Sumatra.
- Podocarpus insularis de foliage. : It occurs in New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands.
- Podocarpus levis de foliage. : It occurs from eastern Borneo to western New Guinea.
- Oleander-leaved stone yew ( Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don ): It occurs from Nepal to western and central Malesia.
- Podocarpus novae-caledoniae Vieill. ex Brongn. & Griseb. : It occurs in southeastern New Caledonia.
- Podocarpus pallidus N.E. Gray : It occurs in Tonga in the divisions' Eua and Vava'u.
- Podocarpus rubens de foliage. : It occurs from Sumatra to New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago.
- Podocarpus spathoides de foliage. : It occurs on the Malay Peninsula.
- Acuminati Section (northern Queensland, New Guinea, New Britain , Borneo )
- Podocarpus dispermus C.T.White : It is found in northeast Queensland.
- Podocarpus ledermannii Pilg. : It occurs in two varieties from New Guinea to New Britain.
- Podocarpus micropedunculatus de foliage. : It occurs in Borneo.
- Globulus Section ( Taiwan to Vietnam , Sumatra and Borneo, and New Caledonia)
- Podocarpus annamiensis N.E.Gray : It occurs in Hainan, Vietnam and Myanmar.
- Podocarpus globulus de foliage. : It occurs in Borneo.
- Podocarpus lucienii de foliage. : It occurs in New Caledonia.
- Podocarpus nakaii Hayata : It occurs in Taiwan.
- Podocarpus sylvestris J. Buchholz : It occurs in New Caledonia.
- Podocarpus teysmannii Miq. : It occurs in northern Myanmar and western Malesia.
- Longifoliolati section (Sumatra and Borneo, to Fiji )
- Podocarpus atjehensis (Wasscher) de foliage. : It occurs in northern Sumatra, Sulawesi and western New Guinea.
- Podocarpus bracteatus flower : It occurs in northern Sumatra, Java and Flores .
- Podocarpus confertus de Laub. : It occurs in northern and northwestern Borneo.
- Podocarpus decumbens N.E. Gray : It occurs in southeastern New Caledonia.
- Podocarpus degeneri (NEGray) de foliage. : It occurs in Fiji.
- Podocarpus gibbsiae N.E. Gray : It occurs in Borneo.
- Podocarpus longifoliolatus Pilg. : It occurs in southeastern New Caledonia.
- Podocarpus polyspermus de foliage. : It occurs in central New Caledonia.
- Podocarpus pseudobracteatus de Laub. : It occurs in two varieties in New Guinea.
- Podocarpus salomoniensis Wasscher : It occurs on the Solomon Islands.
- Graciles Section (southern China , from Malaysia to Fiji)
- Podocarpus affinis Seem. : It occurs on Viti Levu .
- Blue stone yew ( Podocarpus glaucus Foxw. ); It occurs from the Philippines to Papua Asia.
- Podocarpus lophatus de foliage. : It occurs in the Philippines.
- Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. : It occurs from Guangxi to Indochina and from Borneo to New Guinea.
- Podocarpus ramosii R.R.Mill (Syn .: Podocarpus rotundus de Laub. Non Bocharn. ): It occurs from eastern Borneo to the Philippines.
- Macrostachyi Section ( Southeast Asia to New Guinea)
- Podocarpus brassii Pilg. : It occurs in two varieties in New Guinea.
- Podocarpus brevifolius (Stapf) Foxw. : It occurs in Borneo.
- Podocarpus costalis C. Presl : It occurs from Taiwan to the Philippines and on the Nansei Islands .
- Podocarpus tixieri Gaussen ex Silba : It occurs from southeastern Thailand to southern Cambodia.
- Section Rumphius ( Hainan , south to Malaysia to northern Queensland)
- Podocarpus grayae de foliage. : It occurs from the north-eastern Northern Territory to northern Queensland.
- Podocarpus laubenfelsii Tiong : It occurs in Borneo.
- Podocarpus rumphii flower : It occurs in Hainan and from Malesia to New Guinea.
- Polystachyi Section (southern China and Japan , from Malaysia to New Guinea and northeastern Australia)
- Chinese stone yew ( Podocarpus chinensis Wall. Ex Parl. ): It occurs in Taiwan, Japan and from southern China to northern Myanmar. Some authors also put it to Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) Sweet .
- Podocarpus chingianus S.Y.Hu : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang .
- Podocarpus elatus R.Br. ex Endl. : It occurs in northern and eastern Australia.
- Podocarpus fasciculus de foliage. : It occurs from Japan to Taiwan.
- Podocarpus macrocarpus de foliage. : It occurs in northern Luzon .
- Large-leaved stone yew or temple stone yew ( Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) Sweet ), native to: South China, South Japan, Riukiu Islands. One can distinguish two varieties.
- Podocarpus polystachyus R.Br. ex Endl. : It occurs from Thailand to Malesia.
- Podocarpus ridleyi (Wasscher) NEGray : It occurs on the Malay Peninsula.
- Podocarpus subtropicalis de foliage. : It occurs in southern China.
- Spinulosi Section (southeastern and southwestern coasts of Australia)
- Podocarpus drouynianus F. Muell. : It occurs in southwestern Australia.
- Prickly stone lew ( Podocarpus spinulosus (Sm.) R.Br. ex Mirb. ): It occurs in the Australian states of Queensland and New South Wales .
- Foliolati Section ( Nepal to Sumatra , Philippines , and New Guinea to Tonga )
Without assignment to a sub-genus or section are:
- Podocarpus beecherae de foliage. : The species first described in 2003 occurs in southeastern New Caledonia.
- Podocarpus hookeri de foliage. : The species first described in 2015 occurs from Assam to Yunnan .
- Podocarpus laminaris de foliage. : The species first described in 2015 occurs in Papua New Guinea.
- Podocarpus novoguineensis de foliage. : The species first described in 2015 occurs in New Guinea.
- Podocarpus oblongus de foliage. : The species first described in 2015 occurs in western New Guinea.
- Podocarpus orarius R.R. Mill & M. Whiting : The species first described in 2012 occurs from New Guinea to the Solomon Islands.
- Podocarpus vanuatuensis de foliage. : The species first described in 2015 occurs in Vanuatu .
The following species, for example, no longer belong to the genus Podocarpus :
- Plum stone slice ( Prumnopitys andina (Poepp. Ex Endl.) De Laub. , Syn .: Podocarpus andinus Poepp. Ex Endl. , Prumnopitys elegans Phil. )
- New Zealand warthog ( Dacrycarpus dacrydioides (A.Rich.) De Laub. , Syn .: Podocarpus dacrydioides A.Rich. , Dacrydium excelsum D.Don , Podocarpus thujoides R.Br. , Nageia dacrydioides (A.Rich.) F.Muell. , Nageia excelsa (D.Don) Kuntze , Podocarpus excelsus (D.Don) Druce )
- Miro ( Prumnopitys ferruginea (G.Benn. Ex D.Don) de Laub. , Syn .: Podocarpus ferrugineus G.Benn. Ex D.Don , Stachycarpus ferrugineus (G.Benn. Ex D.Don) Tiegh. , Nageia ferruginea ( G.Benn. Ex D.Don) F.Muell. )
- Nagi tree ( Nageia nagi (Thunb.) Kuntze , Syn .: Podocarpus nagi (Thunb.) Pilg. , Decussocarpus nagi (Thunb.) De Laub. , Podocarpus formosensis Dummer , Podocarpus koshunensis (Kaneh.) Kaneh. )
- Slender Afro yellowwood ( Afrocarpus gracilior (Pilg.) CNPage , Syn .: Podocarpus gracilior Pilg. , Decussocarpus gracilior (Pilg.) De Laub. )
- Common Afro yellowwood ( Afrocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) CNPage , Syn .: Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R.Br. ex Mirb. )
Use as an ornamental plant
All species are not hardy in Central Europe . Several species are cultivated in the British Isles and can also be seen in gardens and parks there. Individual species are suitable as house plants and are even relatively robust.
swell
- Christopher J. Earle: Podocarpus. In: The Gymnosperm Database. October 14, 2011, accessed October 20, 2011 .
- Liguo Fu, Yong Li, Robert R. Mill: Podocarpaceae : Podocarpus - online with the same text as the printed work . In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 , pp. 81 (English). .
References and comments
- ↑ a b Podocarpus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed on April 29, 2019.
- ↑ a b c Species list for Podocarpus in the Red List of South African Plants
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Podocarpus at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Podocarpus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved May 2, 2019.
Web links
- Podocarpus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- Podocarpus at Tropicos.org. In: Flora Mesoamericana . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Vascular Plants of the Americas : Podocarpus at Tropicos.org. In: 83 . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis