Stonecaceae

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Stonecaceae
Slender Afro yellowwood (Afrocarpus gracilior)

Slender Afro yellowwood ( Afrocarpus gracilior )

Systematics
Empire : Plants (Plantae)
Department : Vascular plants (tracheophyta)
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class : Coniferopsida
Order : Conifers (Coniferales)
Family : Stonecaceae
Scientific name
Podocarpaceae
Final

The stone slices (Podocarpaceae) are a family of conifers (Coniferales).

description

Illustration of a female Podocarpus macrophyllus
Phyllocladus alpinus with phyllocladia
The seed of Podocarpus elatus , which is completely covered by the “Epimatium”, and underneath the fleshy stem area, the “receptacle”.
Male inflorescences of Podocarpus macrophyllus

Vegetative characteristics

There are evergreen trees and bushes . The trunk is mostly straight and the branches are mostly horizontal. The largest species of the family is Podocarpus totara , the largest specimen of which is called "Pouakani" and is located near Mangapehi in the King Country, Southern Waikato in New Zealand . It has a trunk diameter of 388 cm, a stature height of 42.7 m and an estimated volume of 203.7 m³. There are very contradicting statements about the oldest specimens within the stone slab family. For some species one speaks of 700 to 800 years; for some, up to 1200 years. Since individual species do not thrive in the tropical lowlands, but in cooler upper altitudes, annual rings are formed in them that can be counted and used to determine their age. Something special is Parasitaxus usta , it is the only known parasitic species within the Pinopsida ; this New Caledonian species lives parasitically on another species from the Podocarpaceae: Falcatifolium taxoides .

The leaves, which are usually arranged in a spiral or two rows on the branches, are rarely needle-shaped or scale-shaped like the better-known taxa of the Pinopsida; there is usually a clear, flat, lanceolate to oval leaf blade. In the genus Phyllocladus , instead of leaves, phyllocladia take on the task of photosynthesis , there are leaf-like widened branches ( short shoots ) that are lobed at the edge.

Generative characteristics

They are monoecious ( monoecious ) or mostly dioecious ( diocese ) of separate sexes. The male cones usually look like kittens and contain many stamens . Each stamen has two pollen sacs. The pollen grains are usually winged. The female cones standing on thin stalks ( homologous to the inflorescences of the Bedecktsamer) are mostly strongly reduced and often consist of only a few fleshy complex of cover and seed scales. In some species, sterile seed scales can be fused with the cone axis to form a fleshy stem area.

The seed of Afrocarpus gracilior is completely covered by the "Epimatium".

The female cones usually ripen within a year. Often the wingless seeds stand individually and are completely surrounded by a fleshy seed coat (like the aril of the yew , hence the German name), it develops from the cover seed scale complex and is called "Epimatium". In a few genera ( Saxegothea ) there are small cones with a few (two to 20) seeds. Two germ layers ( cotyledons ) are formed, each of which has two parallel vascular bundles .

Distribution and history of development

Podocarpaceae fossils are known from the Early Middle Triassic , and root fossils are also known from the Triassic.

Dacrydium cupressinum , called "Rimu trees", in the habitat in Karapoti Gorge , New Zealand .

The family has its distribution mainly in tropical and subtropical mountain forests of the southern hemisphere . Their disjoint area largely coincides with the geological continent of Gondwana . The centers of biodiversity are in Australia , New Caledonia , Tasmania and New Zealand . There are also species in Malesia and South America . The South American species are mainly found in the Andes . Some genera also extend north of the equator to Southeast Asia or the Philippines . The areas of the genus Podocarpus ( Podocarpus ) extend to the southern Japan and southern China within Asia or to Mexico in the New World , and Nageia there is also to southern China and southern India . There are also two genera in Africa , the widespread stone slices ( Podocarpus ) and the endemic Afro yellow woods ( Afrocarpus ). There are two types in Cuba .

Systematics

The Podocarpaceae family was established in 1847 by Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher in Synopsis Coniferarum , p. 203. The type genus is Podocarpus L'Hér. ex pers. The botanical generic name Podocarpus is made up of the Greek words pous , podós for foot and karpós for fruit, ie "foot fruit" and refers to the seed-bearing "receptacle" of the ripe seeds of Podocarpus species surrounded by the "epimatium" . Synonyms for Podocarpaceae Endl. nom. cons. are: Phyllocladaceae Bessey , Phyllocladaceae Elcore ex H.Keng , Pherosphaeraceae Nakai , Acmopylaceae Melikian & AVBobrov , Saxegothaeaceae Gaussen ex Doweld & Reveal , Microcachrydaceae Doweld & Reveal , Bracteocarpaceae Melikian & AVBobrov , Dacrycarpaceae Melikian & AVBobrov , Falcatifoliaceae Melikian & AVBobrov , Halocarpaceae Melikian & AVBobrov , Lepidothamnaceae Melikian & AVBobrov , Microstrobaceae Doweld & Reveal , Parasitaxaceae Melikian & AVBobrov , Prumnopityaceae Melikian & AVBobrov .

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
Dacrydium cupressinum
Podocarpus latifolius
Male inflorescences of Prumnopitys taxifolia
Saxegothaea conspicua

The Podocarpaceae family includes 18 to 19 genera with 170 to 200 species:

  • Acmopyle Pilg. : There are only two endemic species: one in Fiji , the other in New Caledonia .
  • Afro yellow wood ( Afrocarpus (J.Buchholz & NEGray) CNPage ): The five or six species are common in Africa and Madagascar.
  • Dacrycarpus (Endl.) De Laub. : The approximately nine species are distributed from northern Myanmar through southern China to New Guinea (five species) New Zealand and Fiji .
  • Dacrydium Sol. ex Lamb. : The 21 to 29 species are distributed from Southeast Asia to New Zealand.
  • Falcatifolium de foliage. : The four or five species are distributed from Malaysia to New Caledonia.
  • Halocarpus Quinn : The only three species occur only in New Zealand.
  • Lagarostrobos Quinn : It is a monotypic genus with the only species:
  • Lepidothamnus Phil .: Of the three species, two occur in New Zealand and one in Chile and neighboring areas in Argentina.
  • Manoao Molloy : It is a monotypical genus with the only species:
    • Manoao colensoi (Hook.) Molloy (Syn .: Lagarostrobos colensoi (Hook.) Quinn ): It occurs in New Zealand.
  • Microcachrys hook. f. : It is a monotypic genus with a single species:
    • Microcachrys tetragona hook. f. : This endemic occurs only in western Tasmania at altitudes above 1000 meters.
  • Nageia Gaertn. : The approximately five species are distributed from southern India and Bangladesh via Indochina and Malesia to New Britain and from southern China to southern Japan .
  • Parasitaxus de foliage. : It is a monotypic genus with a single species:
  • Pectinopitys C.N.Page (Syn .: Stachypitys A.V. Bobrov & Melikyan non Schenk ): It was set up in 2019. The approximately six species were separated from the genus Prumnopitys and are found in northeastern Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand and from Costa Rica to northwestern Venezuela and Bolivia.
  • Pherosphaera W.Archer (Syn .: Microstrobos J.Garden & LASJohnson ): Of the only two species, one occurs only in Tasmania and the other only in the Blue Mountains in the Australian state of New South Wales .
  • Phyllocladus Rich. & Mirbel : The fiveor sospecies occur in eastern India, Celebes , the Moluccas , Borneo and Papua New Guinea , Tasmania and New Zealand.
  • Podocarpus ( Podocarpus . L'Hér ex Pers. Nom cons, Syn .:.. Margbensonia A.V.Bobrov & Melikyan ): They are since 2015 about 109 species in Indochina , China, Japan , Malesia to the Pacific Islands, New Zealand , Australia , New Caledonia , Africa , Madagascar and widespread in the New World.
  • Prumnopitys Phil. (Syn .: Botryopitys Doweld , Stachycarpus Tiegh. , Van-tieghemia A.V.Bobrov & Melikyan nom. Illeg.): The only three species have been in New Zealand since 2019, from Colombia to northwestern Venezuela as well as Peru and southern South America in front.
  • Retrophyllum C.N.Page : It was installed in 1989. Of the six species in 2016, two come from New Caledonia, two from tropical South America (from the eastern slopes of the Andes to the Brazilian Amazon basin) and, since 2016, two from eastern Malesia via the Solomon Islands to the Fiji islands and the molluk island of Morotai spread.
  • Saxegothaea Lindl. : It is a monotypic genus with the only species:
    • Patagonian yew ( Saxegothaea conspicua Lindl. ): It thrives at altitudes of 0 to 1000 meters in southern Chile and neighboring areas in southern Argentina.
  • Sundacarpus (J.Buchholz & NEGray) CNPage : Is a monotypical genus with only one species; it may belong to the genus Prumnopitys (this is controversial):

The genus Phyllocladus is also included in the Podocarpaceae, according to molecular biological studies it belongs here, some botanists viewed it as a separate family Phyllocladaceae. The main deviation from other genera is the photosynthetic organs: the actual leaves are reduced to scales, instead they have phyllocladia .

use

Few species are used as ornamental plants ; in tropical and subtropical areas in parks and gardens, few species worldwide as indoor plants.

Some species were used to produce wood, or better said overexploited, so that their stocks are endangered. Many species are threatened. The hardwood of Dacrydium cupressinum is particularly beautiful and veneers are made from it, for example . Lepidothamnus intermedius supplies wood for boat building. The wood from Nageia nagi is used in many ways. The wood is used by Phyllocladus species, Prumnopitys species and many Podocarpus species.

The “receptacle” and / or “epimatium” of some Dacrydium species, Podocarpus species, Prumnopitys and Microcachrys tetragona are eaten raw or cooked. The resin of some types of Dacrydium is processed into chewing gum or beer-like beverages. From Prumnopitys taxifolia a beer-like drink is made from the latex. The leaves of Nageia nagi are eaten cooked and the seeds are used to produce an oil for both food and industry. The bark of Dacrydium cupressinum contains tannin . Dyes are made from Phyllocladus species.

swell

  • Christopher J. Earle: Podocarpaceae. In: The Gymnosperm Database. January 17, 2020, accessed on March 30, 2020 .

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Podocarpaceae on the AP website.
  2. ↑ Podocarpaceae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 4, 2015.
  3. ↑ a b Maarten JM Christenhusz, James L. Reveal, Aljos Farjon, Martin F. Gardner, Robert R. Mill, Mark W. Chase: A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 19, 2011, pp. 55-70. Full text PDF.
  4. ↑ Podocarpaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Christopher J. Earle: Podocarpaceae. In: The Gymnosperm Database. January 17, 2020, accessed on March 30, 2020 .
  6. ↑ Patrick Knopf, Christian Schulz, Damon P. Little, Thomas Stützel, Dennis W. Stevenson: Relationships within Podocarpaceae based on DNA sequence, anatomical, morphological, and biogeographical data. In: Cladistics , Volume 28, Issue 3, November 2011, pp. 271-299. doi : 10.1111 / j.1096-0031.2011.00381.x
  7. ↑ a b Christopher N. Page; New and maintained genera in the taxonomic alliance of Prumnopitys sl (Podocarpaceae), and circumscription of a new genus: Pectinopitys. In: New Zealand Journal of Botany , Volume 57, Issue 3, 2019, pp. 137–153. doi : 10.1080 / 0028825x.2019.1625933
  8. ^ Robert R. Mill: A monographic revision of Retrophyllum (Podocarpaceae). In: Edinburgh Journal of Botany , Volume 74, Issue 3, July 2016, pp. 171-261. doi : 10.1017 / S0960428616000081
  9. ↑ Search for "Podocarpaceae" in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Retrieved November 10, 2009.
  10. ↑ a b Entries on Podocarpaceae in Plants For A Future

Web links

Commons : Podocarpaceae  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Carmen Ulloa Ulloa, PM Jørgensen: Podocarpaceae. In: Arboles y arbustos de los Andes del Ecuador. 2004, Retrieved October 21, 2011 (Spanish).