Black Kopfried

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Black Kopfried
Black Kopfried (Schoenus nigricans)

Black Kopfried ( Schoenus nigricans )

Systematics
Monocots
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sourgrass family (Cyperaceae)
Genre : Kopfried ( Schoenus )
Type : Black Kopfried
Scientific name
Schoenus nigricans
L.

The black head rush ( Schoenus nigricans ), also called head rush , is a species of plant within the sour grass family (Cyperaceae). It is cosmopolitan.

description

Black head rivet ( Schoenus nigricans )
illustration

The black head is a wintering green, perennial herbaceous plant . The bins like plant reaches stature heights between 20 and 80 centimeters and grows in operating range and solid Horsten , which in turn can form dense lawn. The round, blue to gray-green stems grow rigidly upright, later overhanging and are only leafed at the base. The leaf sheaths are long, black or yellow-brown and shiny. The leaves are very narrow, bristly and rough. The lower of the one or two bracts clearly towers above the inflorescence .

The terminal inflorescence consists of five to twenty head-like contracted, short-stalked, two- to seven-flowered spikelets . The spikelets are lanceolate and 8 to 12 millimeters long. The single flowers are hermaphroditic, the upper ones are sometimes male. They each have one to six short, hairy, brownish bristles . These are significantly shorter than the fruit. The husks are arranged in two rows. They are lanceolate, pointed and strongly keeled, black-brown in color and reach a length between 5 and 7 millimeters. The keel and back are rough. The stylus is thickened at the base. The white fruit is bluntly triangular and up to 1.5 millimeters long.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 44 or 54.

ecology

The black head is a helomorphic hemicryptophyte . The black head is a full light plant.

The pollination is carried by the wind ( anemophily ).

The diaspores are spread by the wind, by Velcro spreading, but the fruits are also carried away by animals or self-spread.

Distribution and location

The black headfirst is widespread in Europe , the Middle East and Central Asia , Africa and the New World. In Europe, its distribution area extends from the Mediterranean to Iceland , England and Scotland , to Denmark , in the Baltic Sea area on the islands it occurs up to 59 ° north latitude.

In Germany , the main area of ​​distribution is in the foothills of the Alps , with smaller occurrences in the Upper Rhine area , on the East Frisian Islands and in the North German lowlands . There are other, largely extinct deposits in the low mountain range . In the Alps it rises to the tree line .

In Central Europe it grows in flat limestone bogs , on banks, spring slopes, in pipe grass meadows on wet, more or less loamy , calcareous tuff and peat soils . His ecological focus is on lime-rich, low-nitrogen to low-nitrogen, wet, often flooded soils with often poor airflow.

The black head appears in various limestone intermoor societies . Typical companion of the black head Ried in Schoenetum nigricantis W.Koch 1926 (= Orchido Schoenetum nigricantis Oberd. 1957) are the Marsh Helleborine ( Epipactis palustris ), the eleocharis quinqueflora ( Eleocharis quinqueflora ), the broadleaf cotton grass ( Eriophorum latifolium ) and the Common Butterwort ( Pinguicula vulgaris ). If the black copfried appears together with its sister species, the rust-red copfried ( Schoenus ferrugineus ), both species often form a hybrid , the bastard copfried ( Schoenus × Scheuchzeri ), which then usually occurs more frequently than its parent species. On the North Sea coast, the Schwarze Kopfriet also thrives in the Junco-Schoenetum.

The head flock is of no interest for agricultural use, because the black head fodder is not tasty feed and it is not high enough for use as litter. It is thanks to this that the Kopfried's sites have been preserved undisturbed here and there, and with them their mostly interesting accompanying flora.

literature

  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
  • Jürke Grau, Bruno P. Kremer, Bodo M. Möseler, Gerhard Rambold, Dagmar Triebel: Grasses. Sweet grasses, sour grasses, rushes and grass-like families in Europe (= Steinbach's natural guide). New, edit. Special edition. Mosaik, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-576-10702-9 .
  • Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora . With the collaboration of Theo Müller. 7th, revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1994, ISBN 3-8252-1828-7 .
  • Fritz Runge: The plant communities of Central Europe. A small overview. 8/9 improved and increased edition. Aschendorff, Münster 1986, ISBN 3-402-04383-1 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Schwarzes Kopfried. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  166 .
  3. ↑ a b Georg Philippi: Cyperaceae. In: Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi, Arno Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . tape 8 : Special part (Spermatophyta, subclasses Commelinidae part 2, Arecidae, Liliidae part 2): Juncaceae to Orchidaceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1998, ISBN 3-8001-3359-8 , Schoenus , p. 95-97 .
  4. ↑ a b c d Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : Swan flowers to duckweed plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X , p. 238 .

Web links

Commons : Black Kopfried ( Schoenus nigricans )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files