Spiky pond rush

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Spiky pond rush
Spiky pond rush (Schoenoplectiella mucronata), in the illustration on the right (2a-f)

Spiky pond rush ( Schoenoplectiella mucronata ), in the illustration on the right (2a-f)

Systematics
Monocots
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sourgrass family (Cyperaceae)
Genre : Schoenoplectiella
Type : Spiky pond rush
Scientific name
Schoenoplectiella mucronata
( L. ) J. Jung & HKChoi

The prickly pond rush or prickly pond rush ( Schoenoplectiella mucronata ) is a species of the genus Schoenoplectiella within the sour grass family (Cyperaceae). It is widespread in the Old World .

description

illustration
inflorescence
Spiky pond rush ( Schoenoplectiella mucronata )

Vegetative characteristics

The prickly pond rush is a usually overwintering green, perennial, rarely annual, herbaceous plant and usually reaches heights of 40 to 70 (30 to 100) centimeters. The root system is relatively small. It does not form runners , but a short rhizome . It often forms small, few-stemmed, but also very large clumps with numerous stems. The stiffly upright, unbranched stems are relatively thick, with a diameter of 2 to 5 millimeters, with a conspicuously sharp triangular cross-section, with recessed sides, rather soft and grayish, light to grass green.

Leaf blades are absent or reduced to a spike tip. There are no ligules . The leaf sheaths do not fray. The lower two leaf sheaths are brown up to 25 millimeters long and the upper ones are up to 10 centimeters or more long, green and often with a broad brown border.

Inflorescence and flower

The flowering period in Central Europe extends from August to October. The only green, smooth spiral bract has with 2 up to or over 10 centimeters the length of the inflorescence, and it continues the stalk erect to the anthesis in a line, but later it is oblique and at the fruiting time it is clearly bent to about right angles; the top is blunt. Three to twenty (rarely more) sessile spikelets stand together in a cephalic inflorescence , which has a diameter of about 2 centimeters. The spikelets are egg-shaped to elliptical in outline with a length of 7 to 18 millimeters and a width of 4 to 5 millimeters. The gray-brown, often reddish tint, glabrous husks are 2.7 to 4 millimeters in length, broad-egg-shaped or boat-shaped with a dry-skinned, slightly curved back, frayed edge and a blunt upper end that has a short spike tip (hence the botanical and German names) and they have a green central nerve. The hermaphrodite flowers are usually threefold. The reduced bracts are usually six, rarely only four, brown perianth bristles that are the same length or slightly longer than the fruit. and which are directed backwards and rough (visible with a strong magnifying glass). The three stamens have anthers about 0.8 to 1 millimeter long. There are three scars.

fruit

The shiny, initially light green, later dark brown and blackish-brown when ripe, nuts are outlined with a length of 1.7 to 2, rarely up to 2.5 millimeters and a width of 1.2 to 1.7 millimeters - egg-shaped to broadly elliptical, thick plano-convex to barely recognizable, unequal triangular with many sloping, undulating furrows (transversely wrinkled) and with a length of 0.2 millimeters tiny pointed.

Chromosome set

Base chromosome number is x = 21; there is diploidy , i.e. 2n = 42 (for Germany). There are also statements with 2n = 38 or 44.

ecology

The spiky pond ridge is a helomorphic hydrophyte and hemicryptophyte . The prickly pond rush is plurienn-pollakanth, which means a specimen flowers and fruit more than once in its life, so it is persistent. The rhizomes can also reproduce vegetatively .

The prickly pond ridge is self- compatible. The pollination is carried by the wind.

The diaspore is the nut fruit. The diaspores are often spread by water birds.

Occurrence and endangerment

The prickly pond rush is widespread in the Old World in Europe (especially in the southwestern part), in Africa and Madagascar , on islands of the western Indian Ocean, on the Arabian Peninsula, Asia from the Indian subcontinent to Japan, as well as Malesia and Australia . There are sites in Portugal , Spain , France including Corsica , Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Italy including Sicily , Hungary , Poland , Slovakia , Slovenia , Serbia , Croatia , Bulgaria , Romania , Albania , Greece , Ukraine , Egypt , Tanzania , Uganda , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Gabon , Guinea , Guinea-Bissau , Nigeria , Zambia , Madagascar (in the provinces of Antananarivo , Fianarantsoa , Toamasina ), Mauritius , Réunion , Yemen , Turkey , Iran , Iraq , Israel , Lebanon , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Uzbekistan , Afghanistan , Mongolia , in the Russian Primorye region , in Korea , on the Japanese islands of Honshu , Kyushu and Shikoku , in Taiwan, the People's Republic of China , Bhutan , Nepal , in northern Pakistan , in India , Sri Lanka , Thailand , Vietnam , Indonesia , Malaysia , the Philippines , Papua New Guinea and Australia (states New South Wales , Queensland , We star Australia , Northern Territory ). It is a neophyte in some US states, for example in California , Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kentucky and Tennessee, in Chile and on the Azores . It is rated as an invasive plant in some areas of the world . It typically thrives on organic sediments or sometimes on clay in marshland, at the edges of standing water, and in rice fields.

The spiky pond ridge is a sub-oceanic, Mediterranean floral element . Apparently, it is occasionally introduced into Central Europe from its main area of distribution , the Mediterranean countries . The prickly pond rush colonizes the banks of stagnant or slowly flowing waters on the inner edge of the reed belt in Central Europe . She shies away from late frosts and winter cold. Therefore it occurs in Central Europe only in climatically favored areas. Overall, it is very rare in Central Europe, but it usually forms smaller populations at its locations . In Germany there are few individual finds in the Upper Rhine Plain , in Kraichgau , in Franconia and near Regensburg . In 1970/71 in southern Bavaria it consistently occurred in only one place in the Lake Constance area, where it has disappeared since 1991; In 2002 and 2003 new discoveries were made in the Isar valley near Landshut and Dingolfing; the former occurrences in the Regental between Cham and Pösing could be confirmed again from 2007 to 2008; In 2008, inconsistent evidence was reported at Ering.

The main occurrences of the prickly pond rush are in nutrient-rich waters. The prickly pond rush is a characteristic of the class Phragmitetea Tx. et Prsg 1942. It thrives in reed beds and large sedge beds of the class Phragmito-Magnocaricetea.

The prickly pond rush thrives best on alkaline , temporarily flooded, then dry mud soils , if these have a high nitrogen content, it thrives particularly well. It thrives in the colline altitude range .

The pointer values ​​according to Ellenberg are: light number L 8 = half-light to full-light plant; Temperature number T 7 = heat indicator; Continental number K 4 = sub-oceanic, showing temperate maritime climate; Humidity index F 10 = alternating water pointer; Humidity change = showing no change in humidity; Reaction number R 7 = weak acid to weak base pointer; Nitrogen number N 8 = showing pronounced nitrogen abundance; Salt number S 0 = not bearing salt; it is not resistant to heavy metals.

The prickly pond sedge is endangered throughout Central Europe and is in decline in Central Europe. The prickly pond sedge was classified as critically endangered in Germany's 1996 Red List of Fern and Flowering Plants. In Baden-Württemberg it is considered extinct, in Bavaria critically endangered (1996) or critically endangered (2003) and in Rhineland-Palatinate and Saxony-Anhalt as inconsistent; There is no proof in the other German federal states. For the whole of Switzerland the prickly pond ridge is considered to be "endangered", but in some cannons it is "critically endangered" (CR) or even "regionally extinct".

Systematics

It was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné under the name ( Basionym ) Scirpus mucronatus in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 50. The new combination to Schoenoplectiella mucronata (L.) J.Jung & HKChoi took place in 2010 by J.Jung and HKChoi in Systematic Rearrangement of Korean Scirpus L. sl (Cyperaceae) as Inferred from Nuclear ITS and Chloroplast rbcL Sequences. in Journal of Plant Biology , Volume 53, No. 3, 2010, p. 230. The specific epithet mucronatus / mucronata refers to the spike tip of the husk. There are numerous synonyms for Schoenoplectiella mucronata (L.) J. Jung & HKChoi : Isolepis mucronata (L.) Fourr. , Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla , Heleophylax mucronatus (L.) Schinz & Thell. Scop , Scirpus glomeratus . nom. illeg., Scirpus tricarinatus Pers. , Scirpus triangulatus Roxb. , Scirpus muticus D. Don , Eleocharis triangulata (Roxb.) Sieber ex C. Presl , Scirpus acutus J. Presl & C. Presl nom. illeg., Scirpus mysurensis B. Heyne ex Wall. nom. nud., Scirpus preslii A.Dietr. , Scirpus javanus Nees , Scirpus mauritanicus Steud. , Scirpus sundanus Miq. , Scirpus cognatus Hance, Scirpus abactus Ohwi , Scirpus mucronatus var. Robustus Miq. , Scirpus mucronatus var. Tataranus Honda , Hymenochaeta preslii (A.Dietr.) Nakai , Scirpus triangulatus var. Brevibracteatus T.Koyama , Scirpus triangulatus var. Sanguineus Tang & FTWang , Scirpus triangulatus var. Trialatus Tang & FTWang , Scirpus triangulatus var. Tripteris Tang & FTWang , Schoenoplectus triangulatus (Roxb.) Soják , Schoenoplectus javanus (Nees) Palla , Schoenoplectus mucronatus subsp. robustus (Miq.) T.Koyama , Schoenoplectus mucronatus var. sanguineus (Tang & FTWang) PCLI , Schoenoplectus mucronatus var. ishizawae Kohno, Iokawa & Daigobo , Schoenoplectus mucronatus var. tataranus (Honda) Kohno, Iokawa & Daigobo , Schoenoplectus mucronatus var. antrorsispinulosus Iokawa, Kohno & Daigobo , Schoenoplectus mucronatus var. robustus (Miq.) T. Koyama , Schoenoplectiella mucronata var. ishizawae (Kohno, Iokawa & Daigobo) Hayas. , Schoenoplectiella mucronata var. Antrorsispinulosa (Iokawa, Kohno & Daigobo) Hayas. , Schoenoplectiella triangulata (Roxb.) J. Jung & HKChoi .

Their systematic position is controversial. It was placed in 1888 by Eduard Palla in negotiations of the Imperial-Royal Zoological-Botanical Society in Vienna , 38 (session), p. 49 in the genus Schoenoplectus newly established by him . This publication is invalid for the name Schoenoplectus mucronatus ; it was not until A. Kerner: Schedae ad Floram Exsiccatam Austro-Hungaricam , Volume 5, 1889, p. 91 that Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla ex A. Kern was published . Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla was not recognized by numerous later editors due to ambiguities in the definition, so they left this species in a large genus Scirpus with many forms. After the revision by Kaare Arnstein Lye , she was included again in Schoenoplectus . Recent studies, which are mainly based on molecular genetic methods (comparison of homologous DNA sequences ), have shown that this genus Schoenoplectus s. l. in the conventional sense presumably does not represent a natural unit and belongs to the genera Schoenoplectus s. st. and Schoenoplectiella must be broken down; these are not sister groups . The correct name would therefore be Schoenoplectiella mucronata (L.) J. Jung & HKChoi . This change has not yet been made in many florists and databases.

Economic importance

Schoenoplerctiella mucronata is a significant " weed " in rice fields . Measures to control this species are recommended in North America. It is forage for grazing animals.

Common names

Common English names are: bog bulrush, ricefield bulrush, roughseed bulrush.

literature

  • S. Galen Smith: Schoenoplectus. : Schoenoplectus mucronatus , p. 58 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 23: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515207-7
  • Henning Haeupler , Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= the fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). 2nd, corrected and enlarged edition. Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8001-4990-2 .
  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe. Franckh-Kosmos-Verlag, 2nd revised edition 1994, 2000, Volume 5, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
  • Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi, Arno Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 8: Special part (Spermatophyta, subclasses Commelinidae part 2, Arecidae, Liliidae part 2): Juncaceae to Orchidaceae. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8001-3359-8 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Stachelspitzige pond ridge ( Schoenoplectus mucronatus ). In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Schoenoplectiella mucronata at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i S. Galen Smith, 2013: Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla ROUGH-SEED BULRUSH, RICE-FIELD BULRUSH - data sheet at Jepson eFlora .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g S. Galen Smith: Schoenoplectus (Reichenbach) Palla : Schoenoplectus mucronatus (Linnaeus) Palla , p. 58 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 23: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515207-7
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Spiky pond sedge ( Schoenoplectus mucronatus ) - data sheet from S. Klotz, I. Kühn, W. Durka (Ed.), 2002: BiolFlor - A database on biological-ecological characteristics of vascular plants in Germany . ( Memento of the original from March 6, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www2.ufz.de
  6. ↑ a b c d Schoenoplectiella mucronata at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Missouri . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  7. ↑ a b c Schoenoplectus mucronatus data sheet at InfoFlora, the national data and information center for Swiss flora.
  8. ↑ Schoenoplectiella mucronata at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  9. ↑ a b Schoenoplectiella mucronata at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  10. ↑ Schoenoplectus mucronatus - data sheet from Schede di Botanica - Flora Italiana .
  11. ^ KL Wilson, April 2014: Schoenoplectus mucronatus - data sheet at New South Wales Flora online .
  12. ↑ Schoenoplectus mucronatus - data sheet at Western Australian Flora online .
  13. ↑ a b c d e Schoenoplectiella mucronata in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
  14. ↑ a b Schoenoplectus mucronatus in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014.3. Posted by: RV Lansdown, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
  15. ↑ a b c data sheet with identification key and photos at Blumen in Swabia .
  16. ↑ a b c Michael Hassler, Bernd Schmitt: Schoenoplectiella mucronata - data sheet in the flora of Germany .
  17. ↑ a b c Spiky pond sedge ( Schoenoplectus mucronatus ) - Profile of the vascular plants of Bavaria of the Botanical Information Node Bavaria = BIB - a project of the Working Group on Flora of Bavaria . ( Memento of the original from December 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bayernflora.de
  18. ^ Linnaeus scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org in 1753 .
  19. ↑ Schoenoplectiella mucronata at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed February 18, 2015.
  20. ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Schoenoplectiella mucronata. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved February 17, 2015.
  21. ↑ Palla scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org in 1888 .
  22. ↑ On the problem of the valid publication of Schoenoplectus mucronatus at National Species List APNI / APC - biodiversity.org . ( Memento of the original from April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / biodiversity.org.au
  23. ↑ Derek R. Shiels, Diana L. Hurlbut, Samantha K. Lichtenwald, Anna K. Monfils: Monophyly and Phylogeny of Schoenoplectus and Schoenoplectiella (Cyperaceae): Evidence from Chloroplast and Nuclear DNA Sequences. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 39, Issue 1, 2014, pp. 132-144. doi : 10.1600 / 036364414X678198
  24. ↑ Eisuke Hayasaka: Delineation of Schoenoplectiella Lye (Cyperaceae), a genus newly segregated from Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Palla. In: Journal of Japanese Botany , Volume 87, Issue 3, 2012, pp. 169-186.
  25. ↑ LeRoy Holm: World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution. John Wiley & Sons, 1997 ISBN 9780471047018 . P. 722 ff. (Sub Scirpus mucronatus )
  26. ↑ Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas (North America).
  27. ↑ Data sheet from the International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds .

Web links

Commons : Spike-tipped pond rush ( Schoenoplectus mucronatus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

further reading