Honorary award
| Honorary award | ||||||||||||
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Germander speedwell ( Veronica chamaedrys ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Veronica | ||||||||||||
| L. |
Speedwell ( Veronica ) is a plant genus that by molecular biological studies on the family of plantain plants is counted (Plantaginaceae). In older literature it is usually listed under the figwort family , pharynx family (Scrophulariaceae) or as a separate family of the speedwell family (Veronicaceae). With up to 450 species , the genus Veronica is very species-rich. There are also numerous representatives in Central Europe. The German-language generic name Ehrenpreis comes from the appreciation of the Wald-Ehrenpreis ( Veronica officinalis ) in naturopathy: "Honor and prize as vera unica medicina , the only true remedy".
description
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Vegetative characteristics
Speedwell species are annual to perennial herbaceous plants . The species that used to belong to the genus Hebe are shrubby or even tree-shaped. All in all, however, they are mostly small-growing plants with creeping or ascending stems . The opposite leaves are short-stalked or sessile.
Generative characteristics
Many flowers are often grouped together in spike-like inflorescences . The small, mostly blue (more rarely white) flowers are four-fold due to the omission of a sepal (in some species recurrence of a smaller fifth sepal) or two petals growing together. The number of stamens is reduced from five to two.
Locations
As a location, many species occurring in Central Europe prefer loamy sandy to mild loamy soils, for example as “ weeds ” in gardens, on meadows , pastures and on arable land in root crop rotation. But there are also species within bodies of water.
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Systematics and distribution
The genus Veronica was established by Carl von Linné . Synonyms for Veronica L. are: Hebe Juss. , Petrodora Fourr. , Pocilla Fourr. , Pseudolysimachion Opiz , Veronicastrum Fabr. , Veronicella Fabr.
The genus Veronica is divided into sub-genera and sections.
Speedwell species are distributed holarctic across Europe , North America and North Asia. There are also areas in tropical-alpine Africa , New Guinea , Australia and New Zealand .
There are about 450 species in the genus Veronica :
Veronica species found in Central Europe :
- Stone whale speedwell ( Veronica acinifolia L. )
- Field speedwell ( Veronica agrestis L. )
- Alpine speedwell ( Veronica alpina L. )
- Blue water speedwell ( Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. )
- Mud speedwell ( Veronica anagalloides Guss. ): It occurs in southern, central and eastern Europe, in the temperate areas of Asia and in North Africa.
- Leafless speedwell ( Veronica aphylla L. )
- Pointed-tooth speedwell ( Veronica argute-serrata Regel & Schmalh. ): Its homeland is Greece, Armenia, Transcaucasia , Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Central Asia and the Chinese province of Xinjiang . He is a neophyte in Baden-Württemberg.
- Field speedwell ( Veronica arvensis L. )
- Austrian speedwell ( Veronica austriaca L. )
- Bachbunge ( Veronica beccabunga L. )
- Daisy speedwell ( Veronica bellidioides L. ): It occurs in Central Europe, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe.
- Reddish water speedwell ( Veronica catenata Pennell )
- Germander speedwell ( Veronica chamaedrys L. )
- Heath speedwell ( Veronica dillenii Crantz )
- Thread speedwell ( Veronica filiformis Sm. )
- Rock Speedwell ( Veronica fruticans Jacq. , Syn .: Veronica saxatilis Scop. )
- Semi-shrub speedwell ( Veronica fruticulosa L. ): It occurs in Spain, France, Italy, Slovenia, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Bulgaria and the Ukraine.
- Ivy speedwell ( Veronica hederifolia L. )
- Long-leaved speedwell ( Veronica longifolia L. , Syn .: Pseudolysimachion longifolium (L.) Opiz )
- Mountain speedwell ( Veronica montana L. )
- Speedwell ( Veronica officinalis L. )
- Dull Speedwell ( Veronica opaca Fries ): It occurs in Central, Eastern, Southeastern Europe, France, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland.
- Foreign speedwell ( Veronica peregrina L. )
- Persian speedwell ( Veronica persica Poiret )
- Shiny Speedwell ( Veronica polita Fries )
- Formerly speedwell ( Veronica praecox All. )
- Perching speedwell ( Veronica prostrata L. ): It occurs in two subspecies in southern, central and eastern Europe, in Turkey, in the Caucasus and in western Siberia.
- Serpentine Speedwell ( Veronica scardica Griseb. ): It comes in the Czech Republic, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, the Balkan Peninsula, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, European Russia, Lebanon, Turkey, Syria and in Iran.
- Shield speedwell ( Veronica scutellata L. )
- Quendel speedwell ( Veronica serpyllifolia L. )
- Spiked speedwell ( Veronica spicata L. , Syn .: Pseudolysimachion spicatum (L.) Opiz )
- Panicle speedwell ( Veronica spuria L. , Syn .: Veronica foliosa Waldst. & Kit .; Pseudolysimachion spurium (L.) Rauschert ): It occurs in Poland, the Czech Republic, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Italy, Southeast Europe, Eastern Europe , in the Caucasus, in Central Asia, Siberia and in Mongolia.
- Grove speedwell ( Veronica sublobata M.A. Fisch. )
- Great speedwell ( Veronica teucrium L. )
- Three-part speedwell ( Veronica triphyllos L. )
- Nettle-leaved speedwell ( Veronica urticifolia Jacq. )
- Spring speedwell ( Veronica verna L. )
- Viennese germander speedwell ( Veronica vindobonensis (MAFisch.) MAFisch. )
Other Veronica species from Europe (selection):
- Veronica allionii Vill. : It occurs only in the French and Italian southwestern Alps .
- Veronica aragonensis straw : it is only found in the Spanish Pyrenees .
- Veronica aznavourii Dörfler : It occurs only in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula .
- Veronica bachofenii Heuffel : It is common in Eastern Europe.
- Veronica baumgartenii Roem. & Schult. : It occurs only in the Carpathian Mountains of Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine, Moldova, Bulgaria and Serbia.
- Caucasian speedwell ( Veronica caucasica M.Bieb. ): It occurs only in the Caucasus .
- Veronica chamaepithyoides Lam. : It only occurs in Spain.
- Veronica contandriopouli Quézel : It occurs only in southern Greece.
- Veronica crista-galli Steven : It occurs in the Caucasus.
- Veronica cymbalaria Bodard : It occurs in southern Europe.
- Veronica dabneyi Hochst. : This endemic occurs only in the Azores .
- Veronica erinoides Boiss. & Spruner : It only occurs in the mountains of southern Greece.
- Veronica euxina Turrill : It occurs in Bulgaria.
- Veronica gentianoides Vahl : It occurs in the Crimea , Turkey, the Caucasus and Iran .
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Veronica glauca Sm .: It occurs only on the Balkan Peninsula ; in addition the subspecies:
- Veronica glauca subsp. kavusica (Rech. f.) MAFisch. (Syn. Veronica kavusica Rech. F. ): This endemic occurs only in Crete .
- Veronica grisebachii Walters : It occurs in Bulgaria, Turkey and maybe also Greece.
- Veronica kindlii Adamović : It occurs in Greece and in the former Yugoslavia.
- Veronica mampodrensis Losa & P. Monts. : It occurs in Spain.
- Veronica melissifolia Poiret : It is common in Russia, Asia Minor and the Caucasus.
- Veronica Micrantha Hoffmanns. & Link : It only occurs in northern Portugal.
- Veronica multifida L .: It is widespread in Asia and Ukraine.
- Veronica nummularia Gouan : It occurs only in the Pyrenees and in the Cordillera Cantabrica .
- Veronica nummulariifolia Pourret
- Veronica orientalis Mill .: It occurs in the Crimea and in the Middle East.
- Veronica panormitana Tineo ex cast. : It occurs in the Mediterranean area.
- Veronica pectinata L .: It occurs in Bulgaria and Turkey.
- Veronica peduncularis Bieb. : It is common in Ukraine, Crimea, Asia Minor, the Caucasus and Russia.
- Veronica ponae Gouan : It occurs in Spain and France.
- Veronica repens Clarion ex DC. : It occurs only in Spain and Corsica .
- Veronica rhodopaea (Velen.) Sword ex Stoj. & Stefanov : It only occurs in the mountains in southern Bulgaria.
- Veronica rosea Desf. : It occurs in Spain (only at Antequera ) and in northwest Africa .
- Veronica Sartoriana Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs only in Greece and Crete.
- Veronica tenuifolia Asso : It occurs only in northeastern Spain.
- Veronica thessalica Bentham : It occurs only in Albania and Greece.
- Veronica thymifolia Sm . : It occurs only in southern Greece and on Crete.
- Veronica turrilliana Stoj. & Stefanov : It occurs on the eastern Balkan Peninsula and in Turkey.
- Veronica urumovii Velen. : It occurs in Bulgaria.
Other species are (including the earlier genus Hebe ):
- Veronica armena Boiss. & A.Huet : It occurs in Turkey and in the Caucasus region.
- Veronica Buchananii Hook. f. (Syn .: Hebe buchananii (Hook. F.) Cockayne & Allan ): It occurs in New Zealand.
- Veronica caespitosa Boiss. : It occurs in the Middle East.
- Veronica cinerea Boiss. & Balansa : It occurs in Turkey.
- Veronica kellereri swords & urum . : It occurs only in North Macedonia .
- Veronica kemulariae A.I. Kuth. : It occurs in the Caucasus and Georgia.
- Veronica Kochyana Benth. : It occurs in Turkey.
- Veronica nipponica Makino : It occurs in Japan.
- Veronica petraea Steven : It occurs in the Caucasus region.
- Veronica speciosa R. Cunn. ex A. Cunn. (Syn .: Hebe speciosa (R.Cunn. Ex A.Cunn.) Cockayne & Allan ): It occurs in New Zealand.
- Veronica tauricola Bornm. : It occurs in Turkey.
- American speedwell ( Veronica wormskjoldii Roem. & Schult. ): It occurs in North America and Greenland .
Depending on the author, no longer belong to the genus Veronica :
- Drugs Award ( Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. , Syn .: Veronica virginica L. )
- Blue Mänderle ( Paederota bonarota (L.) L. , Syn .: Veronica bonarota L. )
- Gelbes Mänderle ( Paederota lutea Scop. , Syn .: Veronica lutea (Scop.) Wettst. )
Poisonous and medicinal plant
In particular, the Wald-Ehrenpreis , also known as the Real Speedwell, is used as a natural remedy for external and internal use.
The bitterly tart and somewhat balsamic tasting herb (Herba Veronicae) is collected with the flowers in summer. Infusions of it are drunk as breast tea; the fresh herb, on the other hand, is used to prepare herbal juices.
The ingredients of the honorary award include bitter substances , tannins and saponins . Large herds of Veronica on pastures can lead to symptoms of poisoning from the saponins in cattle.
Popular belief
In the vernacular, the common blue germander speedwell is also known as storm flowers, as it was believed that they either bloom more often in thunderstorm years or that their picking causes rain or thunderstorms.
literature
- Nasr M. Hassan, Kadry N. Abdel Khalik: Systematic significance of seed morphology in the genus Veronica (Plantaginaceae), with special reference to the Egyptian taxa. In: Journal of Systematics and Evolution , Volume 52, Issue 2, 2014, pp. 215-230. doi : 10.1111 / jse.12054 (section systematics)
- Luz M. Muñoz ‐ Centeno, Dirk C. Albach, Jose A. Sanchez ‐ Agudo, María Montserrat Martínez ‐ Ortega: Systematic Significance of Seed Morphology in Veronica (Plantaginaceae): A Phylogenetic Perspective. In: Annals of Botany , Volume 98, Issue 2, 2006, pp. 335-350. doi : 10.1093 / aob / mcl120 (section systematics)
- Dirk C. Albach, Søren R. Jensen, Fevzi Özkögce, Renée J. Grayer: Veronica: chemical characters for the support of phylogenetic relationships based on nuclear ribosomal and plastid DNA sequence data. In: Biochemical Systematics and Ecology , Volume 33, Issue 11, 2005, pp. 1087-1106. doi : 10.1016 / j.bse.2005.06.002
- Dirk C. Albach, María Montserrat Martínez-Ortega, Mark W. Chase: Veronica: Parallel morphological evolution and phylogeography in the Mediterranean . In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. Volume 246, No. 3-4, 2004, pp. 177-194, DOI: 10.1007 / s00606-004-0148-9 .
- Dirk C. Albach, María Montserrat Martínez-Ortega, Manfred A. Fischer, Mark W. Chase: A new classification of the Veroniceae - Problems and possible solution. In: Taxon. Volume 53, No. 2, 2004, pp. 429-452, abstract .
- Dirk C. Albach, María Montserrat Martínez-Ortega, Manfred A. Fischer, Mark W. Chase: Evolution of Veroniceae: a phylogenetic perspective. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 91, No. 2, 2004, pp. 275-302, digitized .
- Stuart M. Walters, David A. Webb, NG Marchant: Veronica L. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (Eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1972, ISBN 0-521-08489-X , pp. 242–251 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
Individual evidence
- ↑ TollWasBlumenMachen.de: Veronica. Retrieved May 5, 2020 .
- ↑ a b c Karol Marhold: Plantaginaceae. : Veronica In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2011 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Veronica in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
- ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 840 .
- ↑ a b c Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
Web links
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