Bluebells

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Bluebells
Broad-leaved bellflower (Campanula latifolia), type species

Broad-leaved bellflower
( Campanula latifolia ), type species

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids II
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Bellflower family (Campanulaceae)
Subfamily : Campanuloideae
Genre : Bluebells
Scientific name
Campanula
L.

The bluebells ( Campanula ) are the largest genus of plants in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae).

description

Illustration of the felt bellflower ( Campanula bononiensis ) by Jacob Sturm

Vegetative characteristics

Bluebell species are mostly herbaceous plants , only a few species are annual or biennial. In the large genus there are both cushion-forming and ground-covering species . The leaves of most types of bluebells have small white glands on the edge of the leaf. Stipules are missing.

Generative characteristics

The flowers are usually in racemose or zymose inflorescences .

The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals are fused at their base. The five petals are tubular or bell-shaped, fused into the typical "bells", mostly the tips are free, these are traditionally referred to as "corolla lobes". The predominant colors of the petals are different shades of blue, lavender or white, more rarely they bloom light yellow. In all species there are occasionally individuals with a white (instead of blue) crown . There is only one circle with five fertile stamens . Three to five carpels have become an under constant ovary grown.

There are pores capsules designed limited to only a few species subtype of fruit capsules . The many seeds are scattered through holes.

ecology

Bluebell species are mostly protandric . First, the pollen is deposited on the stylus hair, then wither the dust bag and the insects can Absammeln the pollen from the stylus.

Bellflower species are wind and animal spreaders (semachory, a special propagation strategy of plants).

Site conditions

Bluebell species inhabit a wide variety of locations. In Europe they occur on meadows, on the edges of forests, roadsides or on rocky sites. Numerous species of bluebells can also be found in the high mountains at altitudes above 2000 meters.

Systematics and distribution

The genus name Campanula was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . The botanical generic name Campanula means bell , little bell and is related to the shape of the flower. Campanula latifolia L. was established as the lectotype species in 1913 .

In the scope of the genus according to C. Roquet et al. 2008 and Lammers 2007 are synonyms for Campanula : Astrocodon Fed. , Annaea Kolak. , Brachycodon Fed. , Campanulastrum Small , Cenekia Opiz , Decaprisma Raf. , Depierrea Schltdl. , Diosphaera Buser , Drymocodon Fourr. , Echinocodon Kolak. nom. illeg., Erinia Noulet , Fedorovia Kolak. , Gadellia Schulkina , Gaertnera Retz. nom. illeg., Hemisphaera Kolak. , Hyssaria Kolak. , Lacara Raf. , Loreia Raf. , Marianthemum cabinet , Medium Opiz nom. illeg., Medium Spach , Megalocalyx (Damboldt) Kolak. , Mzymtella Kolak. , Nenningia Opiz , Neocodon Kolak. & Serdyuk. , Pentropis Raf. , Petkovia Stef. , Popoviocodonia Fed. , Pseudocampanula Kolak. , Quinquelocularia K. Koch , Rapunculus Fourr. nom. illeg., Rapuntia Chevall. , Rapuntium Post & Kuntze (orth. Var.), Rotantha Small , Sachokiella Kolak. , Sicyocodon Feer , Symphyandra A.DC. , Symphiandra Steud. (orth. var.), Syncodon Fourr. , Sykoraea Opiz , Rapuntia Chevall. , Roucela Dumort. , Talanelis Raf. , Trachelioides Opiz , Tracheliopsis Buser , Weitenwebera Opiz .

Several phylogenetic studies have independently shown that Campanula is paraphyletic or polyphyletic , i.e. not a natural group. A new classification that takes into account the relationships within the genus does not yet exist. Since around 90 species have been examined in phylogenetic studies so far, further studies with a much larger number of species must be awaited. See the detailed discussion in Roquet et al. (2008) and Borsch et al. (2009). The paraphyly or polyphyly of Campanula further suggests that the similarities in flower structure arose from convergent adaptations to pollinators.

The genus Campanula is distributed almost worldwide. Campanula species thrive mainly from arctic to temperate areas of the northern hemisphere. Campanula species are most common from the Mediterranean to the Caucasus . In high European mountains ( Alps , Caucasus ) there are a particularly large number of species that can only be found there. Campanula is still the genus with the most small-scale distributed species in Europe. There are over 22 species in China, 12 of which are only there.

Species in Europe and the Middle East

The following table, which can be sorted, shows the name, habitus and distribution area of ​​more than 90 species of bellflower native to Europe and the Near East. The distribution areas are taken from,,. The distribution areas can be sorted by their approximate center point (given by the geographical latitude and longitude) (using the "ctrl" key is helpful)

Surname Common name image Distribution map Center of distribution in degrees
width length
Campanula alliariifolia
Willd.
Garlic rocket-leaf bellflower / rocket-leaf bellflower Campanula alliariifolia 1.jpg Distribution map Campanula alliariifolia.png 42 42
Campanula alpestris
All.
Allionis Bellflower / Maritime Alps G. Campanula alpestris 1.JPG Distribution map Campanula alpestris.png 44 9
Campanula alpina
Jacq.
Alpine bellflower Campanula alpina a1.jpg Distribution map Campanula alpina.png 46 20th
Campanula andrewsii
A.DC.
Campanula andrewsii 839.JPG Campanula distribution map Campanula andrewsii.png 38 22nd
Campanula armena
Steven
«Սևան» ազգային պարկ -341. Jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula armena.png 40 45
Campanula arvatica
lag.
Campanula arvatica subsp adsurgens (14824673133) .jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula arvatica.png 42 −3
Campanula asperuloides
lag.
Trachelium asperuloides GotBot 2015 001.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula asperuloides.png 38 22nd
Campanula autraniana
Albov
Campanula autraniana.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula autraniana.png 43 42
Campanula barbata
L.
Bearded Bellflower / Bart-G. Campanula barbata.jpg Distribution map Campanula barbata.png 47 10
Campanula baumgartenii
Becker
Lancet-leaved bellflower / Lower Austria bellflower Campanula baumgartenii Habitus.JPG Distribution map Campanula baumgartenii.png 46 15th
Campanula bayerniana
Rupr.
Campanula bayerniana kz01.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula bayerniana.png 40 47
Campanula bellidifiolia
Adams
Daisy-leaved bellflower Campanula bessenginica.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula bellidifiolia.png 43 43
Campanula betulifolia
K. Koch
Birch-leaved bellflower Campanula betulifolia kz02.jpg Distribution map Campanula betulifolia.png 41 43
Campanula bohemica
Hruby
Campanula bohemica2.JPG Distribution map Campanula bohemica.png 50 16
Campanula bononiensis
L.
Felt bellflower Campanula bononiensis inflorescence.jpg Distribution map Campanula bonnoniensis.png
Campanula bornmuelleri
Nabelek
Campanula bornmuelleri.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula bornmuelleri.png 37 43
Campanula carnica
Schiede ex Mert. & WDJKoch
Carnic or flax leaf G. Campanula cespitosa (lawn bellflower) 1.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula carnica.png 45 12
Campanula carpatica
L.
Carpathian bellflower Campanula carpatica a2.jpg Distribution map Campanula carpatica.png 48 22nd
Campanula cenisia
L.
Mont Cenis Bellflower CAMPANULA CENISIA.  (Detail).  Mont Cenis.  19-07-08.JPG Distribution map Campanula cenisia.png 46 10
Campanula cervicaria
L.
Bristly bellflower Skogsklocka.JPG Distribution map Campanula cervicaria.png
Campanula cespitosa
Scop.
Lawn Bellflower Campanula cespitosa (Lawn Bellflower) IMG 4103.JPG Distribution map Campanula cespitosa.png 43 18th
Campanula cochleariifolia
Lam.
Dwarf bellflower / low bellflower Campanula cochlearifolia a2.jpg Distribution map Campanula cochleariifolia.png 46 13
Campanula collina
ledge.
Mountain hill bellflower Campanula collina 2015 01.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula collina.png 42 42
Campanula dasyantha
M. Bieb.
Chamisso bellflower Campanula dasyantha subsp. chamissonis Campanula chamissonis 01.jpg Russia's Far East to Japan
Campanula dolomitica
EA bush
Campanula dolomitica.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula dolomitica.png 42 42
Campanula elatinoides
Moretti
Lombard G. Campanula elatinoides 4.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula elatinoides.png
Campanula excisia
Schleich. ex Murith
Campanula excisa.JPG Campanula distribution map Campanula excisa.png 44 8th
Campanula fenestrellata
Feer
Cut out bellflower Campanula fenestrellata.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula fenestrellata.png 43 15th
Campanula ficarioides
Timb.-Lagr.
Campanula spec Pyrenees.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula ficarioides.png 42 1
Campanula foliosa
Ten.
Campanula foliosa in Botanical Garden of Besançon.JPG Campanula distribution map Campanula foliosa.png 40 18th
Campanula fragilis
Cirillo.
Fragile bellflower Asterales - Campanula fragilis - 1.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula fragilis.png 42 14th
Campanula garganica
Ten.
Star cushion / Gargano bellflower Campanula garganica kz01.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula garganica.png 41 18th
Campanula gentilis
Kovonda
Alien bellflower Campanula gentilis1.JPG Campanula distribution map Campanula gentilis.png 48 13
Campanula glomerata
L.
Clump of bellflower Campanula glomerata.JPG Distribution map Campanula glomerata.png
Campanula grosskii
Heuff.
Grossek bellflower / Serbian bellflower Campanula großekii1.jpg Distribution map Campanula Großeskii.png 42 22nd
Campanula hercegovina
Epee & Fiala
Campanula hercegovina.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula hercegovina.png 43 19th
Campanula hispanica
Willk.
Campanula hispanica 1.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula hispanica.png 41 −1
Campanula hofmannii
(Pantan.) Greuter & Burdet
Ring bellflower Campanula hofmannii kz01.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula hofmannii.png 41 18th
Campanula incurva
Aucher ex A.DC
Campanula incurva.jpg Distribution map Campanula incurva.png 38 23
Campanula isophylla
Moretti
Star bellflower Campanula isophylla.jpg Distribution map Campanula isophylla.png 44 9
Campanula jacquinii
Sieber
Ring bellflower Trachelium jacquinii.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula jacquinii.png 34 25th
Campanula kladniana
(Schur) Witasek
Distribution map Campanula kladniana.png 47 22nd
Campanula lactiflora
M.Bieb.
Giant bellflower Campanula lactiflora 2.jpg Distribution map Campanula lactiflora.png 40 44
Campanula lanata
Friv.
Campanulaceae - Campanula lanata.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula lanata.png 40 21st
Campanula latifolia
L.
Broad-leaved bellflower Campanula aa.jpg Distribution map Campanula latifolia.png
Campanula lingulata
Waldst. & Kit.
Campanula lingulata.JPG Campanula distribution map Campanula lingulata.png 41 22nd
Campanula lusitanica
Freyn
Campanula lusitanica 20140501b.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula lusitanica.png 40 −5
Campanula macrostachya
Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.
Distribution map Campanula macrostachya.png 41 27
Campanula medium
L.
Mary's bellflower Campanula medium.JPG Distribution map Campanula medium.png 42 10
Campanula mirabilis
Albov
Campanula mirabilis - Колокольчик удивительный.JPG Campanula distribution map Campanula mirabilis.png 42 42
Campanula moravica
(Spitzn.) Kovanda
Moravian bellflower Campanula moravica1.JPG Distribution map Campanula moravica.png 46 19th
Campanula morettiana
Rchb.
Dolomites bellflower Dolomiten-Glockenblume - way to the Rotwandhütte (541) - 3rd day Rosengarten tour (9653654158) .jpg Distribution map Campanula morettiana.png 46 12
Campanula orphanidea
Boiss
Campanula orphanidea kz02.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula orphanidea.png 40 24
Campanula patula
L.
Meadow bellflower CampanulaPatula.jpg Distribution map Campanula patula.png
Campanula pendula
M.Bieb.
Symphyandra pendula1.jpg Distribution map Campanula pendula.png 42 41
Campanula persicifolia
L.
Peach-leaved bellflower / forest bellflower Peach-leavedBellflower.JPG Distribution map Campanula persicifolia.png
Campanula petraea
L.
Rock Bellflower Campanula petraea1.jpg Distribution map Campanula petraea.png 44 11
Campanula portenschlagiana
Schult.
Dalmatian bellflower Campanula portenschlagiana A.jpg Distribution map Campanula portenschlagiana.png 43 16
Campanula poscharskyana
sword
Hanging cushion bellflower / Poscharsky bellflower Campanula tommasiana2.jpg Distribution map Campanula poscharskyana.png 43 16
Campanula primulifolia
bread.
Gardenology-IMG 7877 hunt10aug.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula primulifolia.png 40 −4
Campanula pulla
L.
Dark bellflower Campanula pulla Wurzeralm.jpg Distribution map Campanula pulla.png 47 15th
Campanula punctata
Lam.
Dotted bellflower Campanula punctata (purple) .jpg Siberia, China, Japan
Campanula pyramidalis
L.
Pyramidal bellflower Campanula pyramidalis 001.jpg Distribution map Campanula pyramidalis.png 43 15th
Campanula raddeana
Trautv.
Caucasus bellflower Campanula raddeana (9341554337) .jpg Distribution map Campanula raddeana.png 40 45
Campanula raineri
Perp.
Insubric bellflower / Rainer bellflower Campanula raineri (BG Wroclaw) -1.JPG Distribution map Campanula raineri.png 45 12
Campanula rapunculoides
L.
Field bellflower Campanula rapunculoides Vuohenkello C VII08 H6203.jpg Distribution map Campanula rapunculoides.png
Campanula rapunculus
L.
Rapunzel Bellflower Campanula rapunculus W1.jpg Distribution map Campanula rapunculus.png
Campanula retrorsa
Labill.
Campanula retrorsa 1.JPG Campanula distribution map Campanula retrorsa.png 37 37
Campanula rhomboidalis
L.
Diamond-leaved bellflower Campanula rhomboidalis Sturm58.jpg Distribution map Campanula rhomboidalis.png 46 7th
Campanula romanica
Savul.
Distribution map Campanula romanica.png 44 27
Campanula rotundifolia
L.
Round-leaved bellflower Campanula rotundifolia 001.JPG Distribution map Campanula rotundifolia.png
Campanula sarmatica
Ker Gawl.
Sarmatian bellflower Campanula sarmatica.jpg Distribution map Campanula sarmatica.png 41 44
Campanula saxatilis
L.
Oxyria digyna + Campanula saxatilis.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula saxatilis.png 36 25th
Campanula saxifraga
M. Bieb.
Saxifrage G. Campanula aucheri, RBGE 2010.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula saxifraga.png 37 39
Campanula serrata
(Kit. Ex Schult.) Hendrych
Distribution map Campanula serrata.png 47 26th
Campanula sibirica
L.
Steppe Bellflower Campanula sibirica 001.JPG Distribution map Campanula sibirica.png
Campanula spatulata
Sm.
Mt. Parnassus-Παρνασσός Campanula spatulata.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula spatulata.png 38 23
Campanula speciosa
Pourr
Pyrenees Bellflower CAMPANULA SPECIOSA - BÒFIA - IB-344 (Campaneta gran) .jpg Distribution map Campanula speciosa.png 42 1
Campanula spicata
L.
Eternal bellflower Campanulaceae - Campanula spicata-3.JPG Campanula distribution map Campanula spicata.png 43 13
Campanula stenocodon
Boiss. & Reut.
Distribution map Campanula stenocodon.png 45 7th
Campanula stevenii
M.Bieb.
Campanula beauverdiana 136-8299.jpg Distribution map Campanula stevenii.png
Campanula stricta
L.
Campanula stricta.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula stricta.png 38 35
Campanula sulphurea
Boiss.
Campanula sulphurea 1.JPG Campanula distribution map Campanula sulphurea.png 33 35
Campanula tatrae
Borbás
Distribution map Campanula tatrae.png 49 20th
Campanula thyrsoides
L.
Ostrich bellflower Campanula thyrsoides.jpg Distribution map Campanula thyrsoides.png 46 15th
Campanula topaliane
Beauverd
Campanula topaliana 2.JPG Campanula distribution map Campanula topaliane.png 37 23
Campanula trachelium
L.
Nettle-leaved bellflower Campanula trachelium plant2.jpg Distribution map Campanula trachelium.png
Campanula transsilvanica
Schur ex Andrae:
Синя тинтява, .JPG Distribution map Campanula transsilvanica.png 43 24
Campanula tridentata
Schreb.
Three-toothed bellflower Campanula tridentata kz3.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula tridentata.png 38 43
Campanula uniflora
L.
Single-flowered bellflower Arctic Harebell - Campanula uniflora (4828792331) .jpg Distribution map Campanula uniflora.png
Campanula versicolor
Andrews
Different colored bellflower Campanula versicolor - panoramio.jpg Campanula distribution map Campanula versicolor.png 39 20th
Campanula waldsteiniana
Schult.
Waldstein Bellflower Distribution map Campanula waldsteiniana.png 43 15th
Campanula wanneri
Rochel
Symphyandra wanneri - Flickr - peganum (1) .jpg Distribution map Campanula wanneri.png 43 22nd
Campanula xylocarpa
Kovanda
Distribution map Campanula xylocarpa.png 47 19th
Campanula zoysii
Wulfen
Zois bellflower, Karawanken bellflower, Julian bellflower, Carniolan bellflower, nodding bellflower Favratia zoysii RF.jpg Distribution map Campanula zoysii.png 46 14th

Web links to images:

  1. plantarium.ru
  2. plantarium.ru
  3. treknature.com
  4. plantarium.ru
  5. florealpes.com
  6. botany.cz
  7. plantarium.ru
  8. biolib.cz

Use as an ornamental plant

Some types are used as ornamental plants for beds, planters and some types are even used as indoor plants for cool rooms. Varieties of some types of bluebells are horticulturally assigned to rock garden perennials, as their leaves tolerate the heat radiation of the rocks well.

In culture a large number of hybrids and elites have emerged.

Varieties (selection):

  • Seed reproducible varieties: 'Blue Clips', 'White Clips'. Other varieties: 'Karpatenkrone' (light blue), 'Karpatenglocke' (dark purple, 20 to 30 cm).
    • Varieties of Campanula portenschlagiana (covering): 'Birch Hybrid' (dark purple, vigorous), 'Resholt' (deep purple, re-flowering).
    • Varieties of Campanula poscharskyana ( vigorous ): 'Blauranke' (light blue), 'EH Frost' (white), 'Stella' (dark purple).

Others

The delicacy of most of the bluebell flowers and their blue color have surely inspired poets and storytellers to give so much thought to these plants.

The plants with the bell blossoms were mentioned as early as the 16th century.

Fairies and elves are often depicted with the flower bells as headgear.

In February 2001 the bellflower was named Perennial of the Year .

literature

  • T. Borsch, N. Korotkova, T. Raus, W. Lobin, C. Löhne: The “pet” D group II intron as a genus and species level marker: Utility for tree inference and species identification in the diverse genus “Campanula” (Campanulaceae). In: Willdenowia. Volume 39, No. 1, 2009, pp. 7-33, doi: 10.3372 / wi.39.39101 .
  • Cristina Roquet, Llorenç Sáez, Juan José Aldasoro, Alfonso Susanna, María Luisa Alarcón, Núria García-Jacas: Natural delineation, molecular phylogeny and floral evolution in Campanula. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 33, No. 1, 2008, pp. 203-217, doi: 10.1600 / 036364408783887465 .
  • Thomas G. Lammers: World Checklist and Bibliography of Campanulaceae. Kew Publishing, Richmond, Surrey, 2007, ISBN 978-1-84246-186-0 .
  • Jeong-Mi Park, Sanja Kovačić, Zlatko Liber, William MM Eddie, Gerald M. Schneeweiss: Phylogeny and Biogeography of Isophyllous Species of Campanula (Campanulaceae) in the Mediterranean Area. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 31, Issue 4, 2006. pp. 862-880. doi: 10.1600 / 036364406779695924
  • Sonja Kovačić: The genus Campanula L. (Campanulaceae) in Croatia, circum-Adriatic and west Balkan region. In: Acta Botanica Croatica. Volume 63, No. 2, 2004, pp. 171-202 ( hrcak.srce.hr PDF).
  • Bernd Hertle , Peter Kiermeier, Marion Nickig: Garden flowers - portraits and care instructions for popular garden flowers and attractive green plants. Gräfe and Unzer, Munich 1993, ISBN 3-7742-1796-3 .
  • Eugene Nasir: Flora of Pakistan 155: Campanulaceae. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi 1984, Campanula , pp. 6-20: Campanula at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  • A. Fedorov: Campanulaceae. In: BK Shishkin, EG Bobrov (ed.): Flora of the USSR. Founded by Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov. Volume XXIV: Dipsacaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Campanulaceae , Israel Program for Scientific Translations / Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation, Jerusalem / Washington, DC 1972, ISBN 0-7065-1254-5 , pp. 92-321 (English, translated by R. Lavoott; Russian original: Botanicheskii institut, Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow / Leningrad 1957, pp. 126–450), digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F95305%23page%2F116%2Fmode%2F1up~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D .
  • A. Fedorov, M. Kovanda: Campanulaceae. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae) . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1976, ISBN 0-521-08717-1 , pp. 74–93 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ WMM Eddie, DCG Cann: Campanula. In: J. Cullen et al .: The European Garden Flora: a Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-of-doors and under Glass. Vol. 6, Dicotyledons (Part IV): Loganiaceae to Compositae, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2000, ISBN 0-521-42097-0 . P. 466, limited preview in Google Book search.
  2. a b A. Fedorov, M. Kovanda: Campanulaceae. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae) . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1976, ISBN 0-521-08717-1 , pp. 74–93 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  3. Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 163 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D1%26issue%3D%26spage%3D163%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  4. ^ Campanula at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed February 5, 2018.
  5. a b c d C. Roquet, L. Sáez, JJ Aldasoro, A. Susanna, ML Alarcón, N. García-Jacas: Natural Delineation, Molecular Phylogeny and Floral Evolution in Campanula. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 33, No. 1, 2008, pp. 203-217, doi: 10.1600 / 036364408783887465 Abstract at BioOne.
  6. ^ A b c Campanula in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  7. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ld le lf lg lh li lj lk ll lm ln lo lp lq lr ls lt lu lv lw lx ly lz ma mb mc m d me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf pg ph pi pj pk pl pm pn po pp pq pr ps pt pu pv pw px py pz qa qb qc qd qe qf qg qh qi qj qk ql qm qn qo qp qq Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Campanula. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved February 18, 2018.
  8. WMM Eddie, T. Shulkina, J. Gaskin, RC Haberle, RK Jansen: Phylogeny of Campanulaceae s. st. inferred from ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 90, No. 4, 2003, pp. 554-575 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  9. a b T. Borsch, N. Korotkova, T. Raus, W. Lobin, C. Löhne: The petD group II intron as a species level marker: utility for tree inference and species identification in the diverse genus Campanula (Campanulaceae). In: Willdenowia. Volume 39, No. 1, 2009, pp. 7-33, doi: 10.3372 / wi.39.39101 .
  10. a b c d e f g h i j k l Deyuan Hong, Thomas G. Lammers, Laura L. Klein: Campanula. , P. 530 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of China Editorial Committee: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 19, Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 .
  11. a b c d e f S. Castroviejo, JJ Aldasoro, M. Alarcón, with contributions by Ralf Hand: Campanulaceae. Datasheet Campanula. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2010.
  12. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  894 .
  13. ^ Campanula at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  14. Michał Ronikier, Joanna Zalewska-Galosz: Independent evolutionary history between the Balkan ranges and more northerly mountains in Campanula alpina sl (Campanulaceae): Genetic divergence and morphological segregation of taxa. In: Taxon , Volume 63, 2014, pp. 116-131. doi: 10.12705 / 631.4
  15. ^ Burkhard Biel, Kit Tan: A new species of Campanula (Campanulaceae) from the island of Samothraki, NE Greece. In: Phytologia Balcanica. Volume 16, No. 3, 2010, pp. 351-353 ( bio.bas.bg PDF).
  16. Kit Tan, Burkhard Biel: Nomenclatural Note. In: Phytologia Balcanica. Volume 17, No. 2, 2011, p. 265 ( bio.bas.bg PDF).
  17. a b Jeong-Mi Park, Sanja Kovačić, Zlatko Liber, William MM Eddie, Gerald M. Schneeweiss: Phylogeny and Biogeography of Isophyllous Species of Campanula (Campanulaceae) in the Mediterranean Area. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 31, Issue 4, 2006, pp. 862-880. doi: 10.1600 / 036364406779695924
  18. a b Saša Stefanović, Dmitar Lakušić: Molecular reappraisal confirms that the Campanula trichocalycina-pichleri ​​complex belongs to Asyneuma (Campanulaceae). In: Botanica Serbica. Volume 33, No. 1, 2009, pp. 21-31 ( botanicaserbica.bio.bg.ac.rs PDF).
  19. a b Fabio Conti, Dmitar Lakušić: Asyneuma pichleri ​​(Campanulaceae), a neglected species of the Balkan Peninsula. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. Volume 247, No. 1-2, pp. 23-36 doi: 10.1007 / s00606-004-0136-0 .
  20. Flora of Greece, [1]
  21. Jeong Mi Park et al; Phylogeny and Biogeography of Isophyllous Species of Campanula (Campanulaceae) in the Mediterranean Area; Systematic Botany 31 (4): 862-880 [2]

Web links

Commons : Bluebells ( Campanula )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files