Xishuangbanna

ᦈᦹᧈ ᦈᦹᧈ ᦵᦋᦲᧁᧈ ᦘᦱ ᦉᦱ ᦺᦑ ᧑᧒ ᦗᧃ ᦓᦱ 西双版纳 傣族 自治州 Xishuangbanna
Xishuangbanna
Coordinates	22 ° 1 ′  N , 100 ° 48 ′  E Coordinates: 22 ° 1 ′  N , 100 ° 48 ′  E
Basic data
Country	People's Republic of China
province	Yunnan
region	Southwest China
surface	19,096 km²
Residents	1,164,000 (2015)
density	61  Ew. / km²
founding	January 23, 1953
Post Code	666100
Website	www.xsbn.gov.cn
Others
status	Autonomous District
Time zone	China Standard Time (CST) UTC +8
View over Jinghong from the temple area

The village of Manpo der Blang in Xishuangbanna

Climate diagram Simao / Xishuangbanna

Passiflora xishuangbannaensis

The Xishuangbanna Autonomous District of the Dai ( Chinese 西雙版納 傣族 自治州  /  西双版纳 傣族 自治州 , Pinyin Xīshuāngbǎnnà Dǎizú zìzhìzhōu ; Tai Lü : ᦈᦹᧈ ᦈᦹᧈ ᦵᦋᦲᧁᧈ ᦘᦱ ᦉᦱ ᦺᦑ ᧑᧒ ᦗᧃ ᦓᦱ / ᩈᩥ᩠ᨷᩈ᩠ᩋᨦᨻᩢ᩠ᨶᨶᩣ, Sipsong Panna , pronunciation: [sǎnngng ) is in the south of thé Yunnan Province ( People's Republic of China ) on the border with Myanmar and Laos . The name comes from the Dai designation (see above), which means "twelve communities" (literally "twelve rice field communities") (from Tai Lü: sip-song "twelve", pan "village" / "community" and na "Rice field"). In the Chinese language it was reproduced phonetically. The autonomous district has an area of ​​approx. 19,724.5 km², 95% of which is mountainous. Its capital is Jinghong on the banks of the Lancan Jiang (Mekong). For centuries there was a Dai (or Tai) principality of the same name. Sipsongpanna became a vassal of Ming China in 1401. Because of its biodiversity, the Xishuangbanna region has been recognized by UNESCO as a biosphere reserve .  

geography

Unlike most parts of Yunnan's Xishuangbanna is lower, so that the air humid tropical or subtropical and is the vegetation z. T. consists of tropical wet forest . Passiflora xishuangbannaensis is a passion flower that was recently discovered.

Administrative structure

At the county level, Xishuangbanna is made up of a city and two counties. These are:

• Jinghong City (景洪 市), 7,133 km², 370,000 inhabitants;
• Menghai district (勐海县), 5,511 km², 300,000 inhabitants, capital: Menghai municipality (勐海 镇);
• Mengla district (勐腊县), 7,056 km², 200,000 inhabitants, main town: Mengla municipality (勐腊 镇).

Population and ethnic composition

At the census in 2005, Xishuangbanna had 1,049,600 inhabitants (population density: 53.2 inh / km²).

Name of the people	Residents	proportion of
Dai	358.930	34%
Han	255.294	24%
Hani	205.501	20%
Lahu	59,118	6%
Yi	52,926	5%
Blang	46,642	4%
Jino	25,316	2%
Yao (2000)	18,679	1.88%
Miao (2000)	11,037	1.11%
Bai (2000)	5,931	0.6%
ethnicity not yet defined (2000)	5,640	0.57%
Hui (2000)	3,911	0.39%
Va (2000)	3.112	0.31%
Zhuang (2000)	2.130	0.21%
Other (2000)	2,807	0.3%

Between 1956 and 2005, the proportion of Dai in Xishuangbanna decreased from 50% to 34%, while the proportion of Han Chinese increased from 7% to 24%.

history

In the area of ​​Xishuangbanna there was a principality of the Tai Lü from the 12th century , whose own name was simply Müang Lü , which means "community of the [Tai] Lü". Its capital was Chiang Hung, today's Jinghong . Hence the state is also named as the Kingdom of Chiang Hung . It was closely related to the Kingdom of Lan Na (Chinese 八百 大 甸 , Babai-Dadian ) of the Tai Yuan , the center of which was Chiang Mai, which is today in Thailand . The Mongols took Müang Lü in 1282. However, there were several uprisings against their rule and in 1292 they were expelled from Chiang Mai with the support of King Mangrai's troops . After 1309, the Tai and Mongol rulers concluded an agreement after Müang Lü had to pay tribute but otherwise remained independent. The close cultural and economic relations with the other Tai states, which had the same religion ( Theravada Buddhism ) and very similar languages, continued. The Lü, like the Tai Khün in Keng Tung (in today's Shan state of Myanmar), adopted the Lanna script from Chiang Mai.

In Chinese sources from the Ming Dynasty , Müang Lü is referred to as Cheli ( 車里 ), and its rulers are recognized as Tusi , i.e. local tribal chiefs. In 1384 the Chinese administration set up a "Pacification Commission" for Cheli , which was subordinate to the Regional Military Commission of Yunnan. In 1401, the ruler of the Lü, Tau Se Da Xam (Chinese Dao Xianda ) attacked a neighboring Tai principality. The Chinese officers in Yunnan asked the government to intervene against the Lü community. The imperial court urged caution, but threatened to send troops, whereupon the soldiers of the Lü withdrew and their prince sent an embassy to the imperial court. From this point on, the Chinese side regarded Müang Lü as their vassal. In the period that followed, the Lü regularly paid tribute and provided troops for Chinese military campaigns. In 1405 they even took part in a campaign against their former allies in Chiang Mai.

In 1421 the Chinese tried to take advantage of a conflict within the Lü aristocracy and to split their state system into a south-western and a north-eastern part by recognizing two opposing rulers. However, this did not succeed and the principality reunited. In the 1440s, the Lü provided a contingent in the huge Ming Chinese army that subjugated the Tai state of Müang Mao (today Dehong Autonomous District ). In the 1450s there were again disputes for the succession to the throne in Chiang Hung. This time, it was not China who intervened, but Chiang Mai for one party and the Tai Khun principality in Keng Tung for the other. The political situation from the 15th century onwards remained complicated, with frequent internal disputes, constantly changing alliances and conflicts, sometimes with Ming China, sometimes with Burma and sometimes with other Tai peoples. However, there was increasing interdependence among the latter, through wandering monks and scholars as well as marriage alliances among the royal houses.

Around 1560, Chiang Hung was captured by the troops of the charismatic and militarily very successful Burmese King Bayinnaung , who created a huge Southeast Asian empire within a few years through constant conquests. The soldiers of the Lü then belonged, along with many other peoples, to the mighty armed forces that took the Siamese capital Ayutthaya in 1569 . In the same year, the Lü ruler Tsau Ain Muong was married to a Burmese princess. In the time of Burmese rule, the community of Lü was divided into twelve districts in 1570, which were called Panna or Banna (literally "rice field communities"). This is where the traditional name Sipsong Panna goes back, and with it the current name Xishuangbanna . From this time on, Sipsong Panna sent tribute to the Burmese kings, first the Taungu , later the Konbaung dynasty . At the same time, it was still regarded as a vassal of China under the Ming and the subsequent Qing dynasties . This “ condominium ” was summarized by the Lü nobility with the saying Ho pin Po, Man pin Mae (“The Chinese as father, the Burmese as mother”). Following the defeat of Konbaung-Burma in the First Anglo-Burmese War in 1826, the Burmese influence on Sipsong Panna waned.

After the end of imperial rule and the proclamation of the Chinese republic in 1911 , there were increasing centralization tendencies, which also affected Sipsong Panna, but had only limited success. The local Tai-Lü princes ( chao fa or tusi ) remained on their throne until the victory of the communists in the Chinese civil war . In 1953, Xishuangbanna was declared a Dai Autonomous District.

See also

• Administrative division of the People's Republic of China
• Autonomous Administrative Units of China

literature

• Sara Davis: Premodern Flows in Postmodern China. Globalization and the Sipsongpanna Tais. In: Centering the Margin. Agency And Narrative In Southeast Asian Borderlands. Berghahn Books, 2006, pp. 87-110.
• Charles Patterson Giersch: Asian Borderlands. The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier. Harvard University Press, 2006.
• Volker Grabowsky : The Tai communities in Yunnan and their tribute relations to China. In: Han times. Festschrift for Hans Stumpfeldt on the occasion of his 65th birthday. Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2006, pp. 573-596.
• Mette Halskov Hansen: The Challenge of Sipsong Panna in the Southwest. Development, Resources, and Power in a Multiethnic China. In: Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers. University of Washington Press, 2004, pp. 53-83.
• Foon Ming Liew-Herres, Volker Grabowsky, Renoo Wichasin: Chronicle of Sipsòng Panna. History and Society of a Tai Lü Kingdom, Twelfth to Twentieth Century. University of Washington Press, 2012.

Web links

Commons : Xishuangbanna  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Davis: premodern flows in postmodern China. 2006, p. 106.
2. ^ Mette Halskov Hansen: Lessons in Being Chinese. Minority Education and Ethnic Identity in Southwest China. University of Washington Press, 1999, p. 90.
3. ^ UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory. Retrieved January 14, 2019 . 
4. ^ Susan K. McCarthy: Communist multiculturalism: ethnic revival in southwest China. P. 73.
5. ↑ ^{a b c} Grabowsky: The communities of the Tai in Yunnan. 2006, p. 576.
6. ^ C. Patterson Giersch: Asian Borderlands. The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier. Harvard University Press, 2006, pp. 33-34.
7. ↑ Grabowsky: The communities of the Tai in Yunnan. 2006, p. 582.
8. ^ C. Patterson Giersch: Asian Borderlands. The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier. Harvard University Press, 2006, pp. 34-35.
9. ^ C. Patterson Giersch: Asian Borderlands. The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier. Harvard University Press, 2006, p. 35.
10. ^ C. Patterson Giersch: Asian Borderlands. The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier. Harvard University Press, 2006, pp. 35-36.
11. ^ ^{A b} C. Patterson Giersch: Asian Borderlands. The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier. Harvard University Press, 2006, p. 36.
12. ↑ ^{a b} Grabowsky: The communities of the Tai in Yunnan. 2006, p. 589.
13. ↑ Grabowsky: The communities of the Tai in Yunnan. 2006, p. 592.