Tusi
Tusi ( Chinese 土司 , Pinyin tǔsī , W.-G. t'u-ssu - "tribal chief / indigenous princes") or the subsequently named Tusi system , Tusi institution or tribal chief system or tribal chief institution ( 土司 制度 , Tusi zhidu , English Native chieftain system / Indigenous minority officers system ) is a system of appointing tribal chiefs / indigenous princes as Chinese officials in areas with national minorities that existed during the Mongol , Mingand Manchu Dynasty was practiced in northwest and southwest China .
history
The administrative system was introduced under the Yuan Dynasty to regulate the administration of newly conquered areas. The purpose was on the one hand to unify the state administration and on the other hand to enable the conquered ethnic groups to maintain their habits and way of life. The title of Tusi was inheritable, so the areas continued to be ruled by the earlier dynasties.
The system was first used after the conquest of the kingdom of Dali in what is now the Chinese province of Yunnan in 1253 . Its former king Duan Xingzhi was installed there as the local ruler. In addition to Yunnan, there were Tusi rulers in Guizhou , Sichuan and Tibet as well as in the Xiangxi autonomous districts in Hunan and Enshi in Hubei . The Tusi system survived the imperial rule in China and was only abolished after the establishment of the People's Republic of China .
World Heritage
Under the entry " Tusi Sites ", three archaeological sites (Laosicheng, Tangya and Hailongtun Fortress) of former castles, walls and tombs etc. from administrative sites of Tusi institutions in the provinces of Hunan, Hubei and Guizhou were added to the list of the UNESCO World Heritage .
literature
- She Yize: Zhongguo tusi zhidu (China's Tusi Institution). Chongqing 1944
- Bao Zunpeng (ed.): Mingdai tusi zhidu. (The tribal chief system of the Ming period). Taibei 1968
- Gong Yin: Zhongguo tusi zhidu (China's tribal chief system). Kunming 1992
- Li Shiyu: Qingdai tusi zhidu lunkao (investigations into the tribal chief system of the Qing period). Beijing 1998
- Gao Shirong: Xibei tusi zhidu yanjiu (investigation of the Tusi system in northwest China). Beijing 1999
Web links
- tusi institution
- Creating the Zhuang: Ethnic Politics in China
- Empire in the Southwest: Early Qing Reforms to the Native Chieftain System
- State Expansion and Ethnic Identities in Western Hunan: An Analysis of Miaofang Beilan
- The Six-hundred-year History of the Tusi System in Fuzhou
Footnotes
- ↑ The Cihai (2003: 1703c) already knew the Tusi zhidu in the time of the Southern Song Dynasty .
- ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Center: Tusi Sites. Retrieved September 1, 2017 (English).