Shan state
Coordinates: 21 ° 38 ' N , 98 ° 13' E
|
ရှမ်းပြည်နယ် Shan state |
|
|
|
| Capital | Taunggyi |
| surface | 155,801.38 km² |
| population | 5,824,432 (2014) |
| Population density | 37.4 inhabitants per km² |
| ethnicities |
Shan , Bamar , Chinese , Karen , Wa |
  |
|
The Shan State ( Burmese ရှမ်းပြည်နယ် , BGN / PCGN : shanbyinè) is one of the fifteen administrative units in Myanmar . It is the largest of these administrative units and covers approximately a quarter of the total area of the country.
geography
The Shan state borders China to the north, Laos to the east and Thailand to the south . The western border is formed by the Myanmar regions of Mandalay and Sagaing , to the northwest the Kachin state and in the southwest the Kayah and Kayin states join. Most of Shan State is mountainous terrain. There are higher mountains in the north and south. The state is roughly divided in half by the Saluen (Thanlwin) flowing from north to south .
population
The valleys and plateaus are populated by the Shan . Their language and rites are similar to those of Thai , Dai and Laotians . They are mainly Theravada Buddhists and mostly employed in agriculture. In addition to the Shan, Bamar , Burmese Chinese and Karen live here . Small tribes such as the Wa can be found in the mountains .
structure
The Shan State is divided into fourteen districts: Taunggyi , Loilin , Linkhe ' , Lashio , Muse , Kyaukme , Kunlon , Laukine , Hopan , Makman , Kengtung , Minesat , Tachileik and Minephyat .
It includes: Baw (Maw), Hopong (Hopon), Hsahtung (Thaton), Hsamöngkem (Thamaingkan), Hsawnghsup (Thaungdut), Hsenwi (Theinni; North Hsenwi and South Hsenwi), Hsihkip (Thigyit), Hsipaw (Thibaw), Kehsi Mangam (Kyithi Bansan), Kengcheng (Kyaingchaing), Kenghkam (Kyaingkan), Kenglön (Kyainglon), Keng Tung , (Kyaingtong), Kokang, Kyon, Kyawkku Hsiwan (Kyaukku), Laihkam (Legya), Lawksawk (Legya) -ai (Lwe-e), Loilong (Lwelong), Loimaw (Lwemaw). Manglon, Monghsu, Mawkmai (Maukme), Mawnang (Bawnin), Mawson (Bawzaing), Mongkawng (Mogaung), Mongkung, Mong La , Mongleng (Mohlaing), Monglong, Mongmit (Momeik), Mong Nai (Mone), Mongnawng, Mong Pai (Mobye), Mong Pan, Mong Pawng (Maing Pun), Mongping (Maingpyin), Mongsit (Maingseik), Mongtung (Maington), Mongyang (Mohnyin), Mongyawng, Namhkai (Nanke), Namhkok (Nankok), Namhkom (Nankon ), Namtok (Nantok), Namkhok-Nawngwawn, Panglawng, Pangmi, Pangtara (Pindara), Pwehla (Poila), Sakoi, Samka, Tawngpeng, Wanmaw (Bhamo), Wanyin (Banyin), Wuntho (Wynn Tho), Yawnungshwe ), Ywangan (Yengan) From 1886 to 1948 they were part of British Burma.
history
The rulers of the kingdoms of Sagaing and Ava , which dominated Upper and Central Burma from the 13th to the 16th centuries, according to a controversial theory, descended from Shan. However, the dominant culture of these empires was that of the Bamar . The Shan settlement area consisted of more than 30 individual states, most of which were in tribute relations to the respective Burmese empires . The Burmese influence on the "nearby Shan states" was greater, while the "distant Shan states" maintained greater independence.
In 1887, after the third British-Burmese War, the British took control of the Shan states. The princes (sawbwa) of the individual states ( Mong ) retained their power. The British interfered very little in the internal affairs of these states. In 1922 the Shan States were combined into the Federated Shan States . The states of the Wa did not join this union. On February 12, 1947, the Shan State was created, which in addition to the areas of the Federation also included the areas of the Va.
The establishment of the Shan State was a result of the Panglong Conference , where, in addition to the Shan, the Jingpo and Chin peoples also declared their accession to a future Union of Burma . In the Panglong Agreement, the Shan reserved the right to leave the Union after 10 years.
In 1959, under the Burmese Prime Minister Ne Win, the power of the princes in Shan State was lifted. Most of the princes went into exile. In 1962 , the military under Ne Win staged a coup on the grounds that the coup would prevent the Shan state from breaking away from Burma. The Shan State was occupied by Burmese troops, the Shan political leaders arrested and murdered, and the Shan's traditional structures and autonomous rights abolished. The coup sparked struggles for independence in the Shan states, which continue to this day, see Shan State Army-South . Furthermore, the United Wa State Army campaigns for a Wa state that is independent of the Shan .
From 1996 onwards, more and more areas of land in central Shan State were depopulated through mass displacement and forced resettlement. The villages were burned down and the fields destroyed. These areas have been declared Free Fire Zones , where the military will shoot anything that moves.
Individual evidence
- ↑ The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census: The Union Report
- ^ The Shan States
- ↑ Michael A. Aung-Thwin: Myth and History in the Historiography of Early Burma. Paradigms, Primary Sources, and Prejudices. Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1998, pp. 126-127.
Web links
- Map of the Shan State with ethnic groups
- The Shan people
- Through the Shan State of Myanmar - Golden Land of the Pagodas . Travel report in GEO
- Burma: The 'Panglong Agreement' comes into force after the fall of the Junta by Jonas M. Lanter with the wording of the Panglong Agreement
- Myanmar administrative map
literature
- Martin Schacht: Instructions for use for Burma / Myanmar . Publisher: Piper Taschenbuch (March 12, 2013) ISBN 978-3-4922-7628-3
- Report Burma / Myanmar: The stony road to freedom . Publisher: Picus Verlag; Edition: 1st edition (February 25, 2013) by Christoph Hein (author), and Udo Schmidt ISBN 978-3-7117-1031-4
- Ursula Hohmeyer: Burma on the move: But Buddha is in no hurry. Publisher: Books on Demand; Edition: 1 (January 7, 2014) ISBN 978-3-7322-6764-4
