Elven flowers

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Elven flowers
Large-flowered sock flower (Epimedium grandiflorum var.thunbergianum)

Large-flowered socks flower ( Epimedium grandiflorum var. Thunbergianum )

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Barberry family (Berberidaceae)
Subfamily : Berberidoideae
Tribe : Berberideae
Genre : Elven flowers
Scientific name
Epimedium
L.

The elven flowers ( Epimedium ), also known as sock flowers, are a genus of plants that belongs to the barberry family (Berberidaceae). The 50 to 60 species and some nature hybrids are common in the Old World.

description

Illustration of the alpine sock flower ( Epimedium alpinum )

Appearance and leaves

Epimedium species grow as deciduous or evergreen, perennial herbaceous plants . Short or horizontally creeping, squat, sympodial rhizomes are formed as persistence organs . The single or lawn-shaped stems are bare and have scales at their base.

The leaves that are basal or distributed on the stem are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The petioles of the basal leaves are longer than those of the stem leaves. The leaf stalks and stems of the pinnate leaves are whitish to light green. The leaf blade is simple or pinnate depending on the species. The ovate, ovate-lanceolate or almost circular pinnate leaves or simple leaf blades are heart-shaped at their base, pointed or pointed at their tip and have a serrate or prickly-pointed leaf margin. The lateral leaflets are asymmetrical, with the outer lower leaflets being longer than the inner ones.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowering time is in early summer. The inflorescence shafts are leafless or they have one to four opposite or rarely alternate leaves. The inflorescence axes are glabrous or balding. In terminal, simple or compound, racemose or paniculate inflorescences some to many flowers are together.

The delicate, hermaphrodite flowers are four-fold and zygomorphic . There are a total of eight bracts , of which the four outer are sepal-like and the four inner are petal-like. The colors of the bracts range from yellow to white or even pink. The corolla-like, inner bracts are flat, sack-like or extended outward to form a nectar pouch or spur. The spur can be shorter or longer than the sepal-like, outer bracts. There is only the inner circle with four stamens . The stamens are bare. The dust bags open with two elongated flaps that curl upwards. The smooth pollen grains are elliptical with three longitudinal furrows. Apparently there is only one carpel . The upper permanent ovary contains 6 to 15 ovules in parietal placentation . The slender style ends in a scar that is only slightly widened.

Fruits and seeds

Dry capsule fruits of the loculicidal type are formed, which usually contain some seeds. The seeds have a conspicuous, fleshy seed coat (Latin: arillus ).

Chromosome numbers

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 12.

Locations

The Epimedium species mostly thrive in the forest.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Epimedium was established in 1753 by L. in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 117. The type species is Epimedium alpinum L. Synonyms for Epimedium L. are: Aceranthus C. Morren & Decne. , Vindicta Raf.

The genus Epimedium belongs to the subtribe Epimediinae from the tribe Berberideae in the subfamily Berberidoideae within the family Berberidaceae . It was previously placed in a family Podophyllaceae.

The genus Epimedium is of course only common in the Old World in the northern hemisphere . There are two main areas of distribution : on the one hand, temperate Asia and, on the other hand, the area from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea . The greatest biodiversity is found in southeastern China. None of the Epimedium species has a wide range.

The genus Epimedium is divided into two sub-genera, four sections and four series.

  • The subgenus Rhizophyllum (Fisch. & CA Mey.) Stearn contains only the two species Epimedium perralderianum , which occurs only in Algeria, and Epimedium pinnatum , which is native to the Caucasus.
  • The subgenus Epimedium is divided into four sections:
    • The Macroceras section occurs only in Japan and Korea.
    • The Polyphyllon (Kom.) Stearn section is located in the western Himalayas .
    • The Epimedium section contains species from the Mediterranean and the Balkans.
    • The section Diphyllon (Kom.) Stearn contains all about 49 Chinese species.
Alpine sock flower ( Epimedium alpinum )
Inflorescence of Epimedium franchetii
Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Epimedium koreanum
Inflorescence of Epimedium leptorhizum with flowers from above
Pinnate sock flower ( Epimedium pinnatum )
Inflorescence of Epimedium pubescens
Epimedium × versicolor
The cultivar Epimedium × perralchicum 'Frohnleiten'

There are 50 to 60 types of Epimedium :

  • Epimedium acuminatum Franch. : It thrives at altitudes between 300 and 2400 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi , Guizhou , Sichuan and Yunnan .
  • Alpine sock flower or Alpine elf flower ( Epimedium alpinum L. ): The home is Europe.
  • Epimedium baojingensis Q. L. Chen & BM Yang : It is only known from the type location near Lüdong Shan in Baojing in the province of Hunan .
  • Epimedium borealiguizhouense S. Z. He & YK Yang : It thrives along rivers in valleys at altitudes between 300 and 500 meters only in Yanhe in the province of Guizhou.
  • Epimedium brachyrrhizum Stearn : It thrives in forests on slopes at altitudes between 600 and 1200 meters only in Fanjing Shan in Guizhou Province.
  • Epimedium brevicornu Maxim. : It thrives at altitudes between 600 and 3500 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu , Henan , Hubei , Qinghai , Shaanxi , Shanxi and Sichuan.
  • Epimedium campanulatum Ogisu : This endemic species only occurs at an altitude of around 2000 meters in Dujiangyan in Sichuan.
  • Epimedium chlorandrum Stearn : It thrives in forests on slopes only at altitudes of about 900 meters in Baoxing in the province of Sichuan.
  • Epimedium davidii Franch. (Syn .: Epimedium membranaceum K.Mey. ): It occurs at altitudes between 1400 and 3000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.
  • Epimedium dewuense S. Z. He, Probst & WF Xu
  • Epimedium diphyllum Lodd. ex Graham (Syn .: Epimedium kitamuranum T.Yamanaka , Epimedium diphyllum subsp. kitamuranum (T.Yamanaka) K.Suzuki): It comes in the Japanese mountain forests in Honshu (Chugoku region), Shikoku and Kyushu before.
  • Epimedium dolichostemon Stearn : No natural site is known of it. It has been described using cultivated specimens collected at an altitude of about 1400 meters in Shizhu in Sichuan Province.
  • Epimedium ecalcaratum G.Y.Zhong : It only thrives in the Chinese province of Sichuan at altitudes between 1100 and 2100 meters.
  • Epimedium elatum C. Morren, Decne. : The homeland is Pakistan , Kashmir and the western Himalayas .
  • Epimedium elongatum Kom .: It thrives at altitudes between 2600 and 3700 meters only in the Chinese province of Sichuan.
  • Epimedium enshiense B.L. Guo, PK Hsiao : This endemic thrives on slopes at an altitude of about 400 meters only in Enshi in the Chinese province of Hubei.
  • Epimedium epsteinii Stearn : It thrives at altitudes between 400 and 1000 meters only in Tianping Shan in the Chinese province of Hunan.
  • Epimedium fangii Stearn : It thrives in forests at altitudes between 1800 and 1900 meters only in Emei Shan in the Chinese province of Sichuan.
  • Epimedium fargesii Franch. : It thrives at altitudes between 200 and 1700 meters in the Chinese provinces of Hubei and Sichuan.
  • Epimedium flavum Stearn : It thrives at an altitude of about 2000 meters only in Erlang Shan and Tianquan in the Chinese province of Sichuan.
  • Epimedium franchetii Stearn : It thrives in forests at an altitude of around 1200 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou and Hubei.
  • Epimedium glandulosopilosum H. R. Liang : It only thrives at altitudes between 800 and 900 meters in the Chinese province of Sichuan.
  • Large-flowered Elfenblume , large-flowered socks flower or goat weed ( Epimedium grandiflorum C. Morren , syn: Epimedium grandiflorum forma violaceum (C. Morren & Decne) Stearn. , Epimedium grandiflorum var. Thunbergianum (Miquel) Nakai , Epimedium macranthum C.Morren & Decne. , Epimedium macranthum var. violaceum (C. Morren & Decne.) Franch. , Epimedium violaceum C.Morren & Decne. ): It was described using cultured in Ghent copies, Philipp Franz von Siebold had brought from Japan 1830th The homeland are the Japanese islands of Honshū and Shikoku. It may also be found in northern China in Anhui and Zhejiang, but the Chinese finds could not be confirmed in the Flora of China 2011 and may belong to a different species. There are reports from Korea.
  • Epimedium hunanense (Hand.-Mazz.) Hand.-Mazz. (Syn .: Epimedium davidii var. Hunanense Hand.-Mazz. , Epimedium kunawarense S. Clay. ): It thrives at altitudes between 400 and 1400 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi, Hubei and Hunan.
  • Epimedium ilicifolium Stearn : It thrives at altitudes between 1600 and 1700 meters only in Zhenping in the Chinese province of Shaanxi.
  • Epimedium jingzhouense G. H. Xia & GY Li : It was first described in 2009 and is only known from the type location at an altitude of about 300 meters near the village of Pukou in Jingzhou in the Chinese province of Hunan.
  • Epimedium koreanum Nakai (Syn .: Epimedium cremeum Nakai & Maekawa ex Honda , Epimedium grandiflorum subsp. Koreanum (Nakai) Kitamura , Epimedium grandiflorum var. Koreanum (Nakai) K.Suzuki , Epimedium sulphurellum Nakai 1944 non C.Morren 1849): It comes in northern Korea , on the Japanese islands of Hokkaido and Honshū and in the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Jilin , Liaoning and Zhejiang .
  • Epimedium latisepalum Stearn : It was described on the basis of cultivated specimens that come from an altitude of about 900 meters in Baoxing in the Chinese province of Sichuan.
  • Epimedium leptorrhizum Stearn : It thrives at altitudes between 400 and 1500 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan and Sichuan.
  • Epimedium lishihchenii Stearn (Syn .: Epimedium membranaceum subsp. Orientale Stearn ): It thrives in forests on slopes only in Lu Shan in the Chinese province of Jiangxi.
  • Epimedium lobophyllum L. H. Liu & BG Li : It thrives in forests at altitudes between 700 and 1500 meters in the Chinese province of Hunan.
  • Epimedium macrosepalum Stearn : It isnative toeastern Russia .
  • Epimedium mikinorii Stearn : It thrives in forests on slopes at an altitude of about 700 meters only in Enshi in the Chinese province of Hubei.
  • Epimedium multiflorum T.S.Ying : It thrives at altitudes between 500 and 800 meters in the Chinese province of Guizhou.
  • Epimedium myrianthum Stearn (Syn .: Epimedium sagittatum . Subsp pyramidal (Franchet) Stearn , E. sagittatum var. Pyramidal (Franchet) Stearn , E. sinense var. Pyramidal Franchet ): It grows at altitudes from 700 to 1,500 meters in the Chinese provinces Guangxi, Hubei and Hunan.
  • Epimedium ogisui Stearn : It only thrives on rock faces by waterfalls at altitudes between 900 and 1000 meters in Lushan in the Chinese province of Sichuan.
  • Epimedium parvifolium S. Z. He, TL Zhang (Syn .: Epimedium elachyphyllum Stearn nom. Illeg. Superfl.): It thrives at altitudes between 1,300 and 1,400 meters in Songtao in the Chinese province of Guizhou.
  • Epimedium pauciflorum K. C. Yen : It only thrives on damp slopes at an altitude of around 1700 meters in the Chinese province of Sichuan.
  • Epimedium perralderianum Coss. : The home is Algeria.
  • Feathered elf or feathered sock flower ( Epimedium pinnatum Fisch. Ex DC. ): The home is the Middle East.
  • Epimedium platypetalum K. Mey. (Syn .: Epimedium platypetalum var. Tenue B. L. Guo, PK Hsiao ): It thrives in forests at altitudes between 1600 and 2800 meters in the Chinese provinces of Shaanxi and Sichuan.
  • Epimedium pseudowushanense B. L. Guo : It thrives at altitudes between 900 and 1400 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi and Guizhou.
  • Epimedium pubescens Maxim. (Syn .: Epimedium coactum H. R. Liang, WM Yan , E. pubescens var. Cavaleriei Stearn , E. pubescens . Subsp primarium Stearn ): It grows at altitudes from 300 to 2,000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi and Sichuan.
  • Epimedium pubigerum (DC.) C. Morren & Decne. : The homeland is Bulgaria, Turkey and the Caucasus.
  • Epimedium pudingense S. Z. He, YY Wang, BL Guo : It was described in 2010 from the southwestern part of the Chinese province of Guizhou.
  • Epimedium qingchengshanense G.Y. Zhong, BL Guo : This endemic occurs only in Qingcheng Shan in the Chinese province of Sichuan at altitudes between 900 and 1500 meters.
  • Epimedium reticulatum C. Y. Wu ex SY Bao : It thrives in forests at an altitude of about 1100 meters in the Chinese province of Sichuan.
  • Epimedium rhizomatosum Stearn : It thrives at altitudes between 2000 and 2200 meters in the Chinese province of Sichuan.
  • Epimedium sagittatum (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim. ( Aceranthus sagittatus Siebold & Zucc. , Aceranthus macrophyllus Blume ex K. Koch , Aceranthus triphyllus K. Koch , Epimedium coactum var. Longtouhum H. R. Liang , E. sagittatum var. Oblongifoliolatum Z. Cheng , E. sinense Siebold ex Miquel. ): You Thrives with two varieties at altitudes between 200 and 1800 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Zhejiang. It is naturalized in Japan.
  • Epimedium sempervirens Nakai ex F. Maek. : This endemic occurs only in the western part of Niigata Prefecture on the Japanese island of Honshū .
  • Epimedium shennongjiaense YanJ.Zhang & JQ Li : It was first described in 2009 and is only known from the type location near Muyuping in the "Shennongjia National Nature Reserve" in China.
  • Epimedium shuichengense S. Z. He : It thrives in the thicket on slopes at an altitude of about 1800 meters only in Shuicheng in the Chinese province of Guizhou.
  • Epimedium simplicifolium T. S. Ying : It thrives on slopes in valleys at an altitude of about 1100 meters in the Chinese province of Guizhou.
  • Epimedium stellulatum Stearn : It thrives on slopes at an altitude of about 900 meters in the Chinese provinces of Hubei and Sichuan.
  • Epimedium sutchuenense Franch. : It thrives at altitudes between 400 and 1900 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Hubei and Sichuan.
  • Epimedium truncatum H. R. Liang : It thrives on the edges of forests at altitudes between 600 and 1000 meters only in Baojing in the Chinese province of Hunan.
  • Epimedium wushanense T. S. Ying : It thrives at altitudes between 300 and 1700 meters in the Chinese provinces of Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei and Sichuan.
  • Epimedium yingjiangense M. Y. Sheng & XJ Tian : It was first described in 2011 from the Chinese province of Guizhou.
  • Epimedium zhushanense K.F. Wu & SX Qian : This endemic thrives at an altitude of around 1200 meters only in the northwestern part of the Chinese province of Hubei.

Wherever the distribution areas of individual species overlap, nature hybrids form :

  • Epimedium × omeiense Stearn = Epimedium fangii × E. acuminatum : It comes from Mt. Emei in the Chinese province of Sichuan.
  • Epimedium × setosum Koidz. : It only occurs on the Japanese island of Honshū.
  • Epimedium × youngianum fish. & CA Mey. (Syn .: Epimedium × kitamuranum Yamakawa , Epimedium × trifoliatobinatum Koidz. , Epimedium × youngianum var. Niveum Stern ) = Epimedium diphyllum × E. grandiflorum : It occurs in mountain forests in Japanese Honshū (Chugoku region), Shikoku and Kyūshū.

There are also hybrids from horticultural crossings (selection):

Use and ingredients

Some Epimedium species, such as Epimedium acuminatum , Epimedium alpinum , Epimedium davidii , Epimedium diphyllum , Epimedium grandiflorum , Epimedium perralderianum , Epimedium pinnatum and some natural hybrids, are used in the temperate latitudes as ornamental plants in parks and gardens. They are suitable as ground cover for shady locations. They do best in well drained soils . For this purpose, varieties with attractive flowers and better winter hardiness were specifically bred.

The young vegetative plant parts of Epimedium grandiflorum and Epimedium sagittatum are eaten cooked; first soaked (probably so that the bitter substances are reduced) and then cooked.

Epimedium species are used as remedies in traditional Chinese medicine , especially for rheumatism and high blood pressure in menopausal women . Rowdy Lamb Herb , Xianlinpi , Barrenwort , Bishop's Hat , Fairy Wings , Horny Goat Weed , Yangheye or Yin Yang Huo are common names. Epimedium sagittatum is one of five species of Epimedium listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia . Epimedium grandiflorum , Epimedium koreanum and Epimedium sagittatum were examined for the medicinal effects.

Because of the ingredient icariin , some types of Epimedium are used in folk medicine. The medicinal effects of icariin have been studied by several working groups. Experiments with icariin on rats show that it causes neurotrophic effects and has an influence on the erection of the rat penis. These experiments lead to the assumption that this stimulant effect also occurs in humans. It is expressly warned against using Epimedium species as a stimulant for humans, as there is still no risk assessment. It is also expressly warned against using beverages or food containing Epimedium extracts during pregnancy and breastfeeding. JA Duke and ES Ayensu write in Medicinal Plants of China that ingesting extracts from the leaves of Epimedium grandiflorum increases the frequency of copulation in animals.

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Individual evidence

  1. a b c Gordon Cheers (ed.): Botanica: The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-89731-900-4 . Epimedium at pp. 331-332
  2. a b c Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
  3. a b c d e f g h i Junsheng Ying, David E. Boufford & Anthony R. Brach: Epimedium , pp. 787-790 - textual online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Vol. 19 - Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and Saint Louis, February 28, 2011. ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 .
  4. a b c d e f g Yannick De Smet, Paul Goetghebeur, Stefan Wanke, Pieter Asselman & Marie-Stéphanie Samain: Additional evidence for recent divergence of Chinese Epimedium (Berberidaceae) derived from AFLP, chloroplast and nuclear data supplemented with characterization of leaflet pubescence , In: Plant Ecology and Evolution. Vol. 145, No. 1, March 2012, pp. 73-87. doi : 10.5091 / plecevo.2012.646
  5. SMH Jafri: Berberidaceae : Entry in the Flora of Pakistan .
  6. First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  7. ^ Epimedium at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed June 4, 2013.
  8. ^ Epimedium in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 4, 2013.
  9. Shun-Zhi He, Yue-Yun Wang, Bao-Lin Guo & Wen-Fen Xu: Epimedium pudingense (Berberidaceae), a new species from Guizhou, China , In: Annales Botanici Fennici , Vol. 47, 2010, p. 226 –228: full text PDF.
  10. Mao Yin Sheng & Xing Jun Tian: A new species of Epimedium (Berberidaceae) with 24 chromosomes from Guizhou, China. In: Novon , Vol. 21, 2011, p. 262: full text PDF.
  11. ^ Leo Jelitto, Wilhelm Schacht, Hans Simon: Die Freiland-Schmuckstauden . 5th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3265-6 .
  12. a b c Entries on Epimedium in Plants For A Future . Retrieved June 8, 2013.
  13. a b Armando González-Stuart: Horny Goat Weed - Epimedium grandiflorum , University of Texas at El Paso / UT Austin Cooperative Pharmacy Program : full text PDF. ( Memento of the original from August 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.herbalsafety.utep.edu
  14. Huiping Ma, Xirui Heb, Yan Yang, Maoxing Li, Dingjun Hao & Zhengping Jia: The genus Epimedium: An ethnopharmacological and phytochemical review , In: Journal of Ethnopharmacology , Vol. 134, No. 3, 2011, pp. 519-541 . doi : 10.1016 / j.jep.2011.01.001
  15. Alan W. Shindel, Zhong-Chen Xin, Guiting Lin, Thomas M. Fandel, Yun-Ching Huang, Lia Banie, Benjamin N. Breyer, Maurice M. Garcia, Ching-Shwun Lin, & Tom F. Lue: Erectogenic and Neurotrophic Effects of Icariin, a Purified Extract of Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium spp.) In Vitro and In Vivo , In: The Journal of Sexual Medicine , Vol. 7, 2010, pp. 1518-1528. doi : 10.1111 / j.1743-6109.2009.01699.x full text PDF.

Web links

Commons : Elfenblumen ( Epimedium )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

further reading

  • Y. Zhang, H. Dang, Y. Wang, X. Li, J. Li: A taxonomic revision of unifoliolate Chinese Epimedium L. (Berberidaceae). In: Kew Bulletin. Vol. 66, No. 2, June 2011, pp. 253-262. doi : 10.1007 / s12225-011-9275-y
  • William Thomas Stearn : Epimedium Linnaeus. In: SM Walters ao: The European Garden Flora. Volume 3, Dicotyledons (Part I). Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp. 389-393. ISBN 0-521-36171-0
  • Tony Avent of Plant Delights Nursery : An Overview of Epimedium In The Plantsman , March 2010: full text PDF.