Alpine bellflower

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Alpine bellflower
Alpine bellflower (Campanula alpina)

Alpine bellflower ( Campanula alpina )

Systematics
Euasterids II
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Bellflower family (Campanulaceae)
Subfamily : Campanuloideae
Genre : Bluebells ( campanula )
Type : Alpine bellflower
Scientific name
Campanula alpina
Jacq.

The alpine bellflower ( Campanula alpina ) is a species of bellflower ( Campanula ) within the bellflower family (Campanulaceae). It thrives in European mountains.

description

Illustration from Atlas of the Alpine Flora , Plate 304
Habitus and flowers in the habitat on the Rax
Habit and flowers in the habitat in the Low Tatras , Slovakia

Vegetative characteristics

The Alpine bellflower grows as a perennial herbaceous plant and usually reaches heights of 5 to 15 (2.7 to 28) centimeters. It forms permeated rhizomes , but without foothills , clumps . The above-ground parts of the plant are hairy woolly and shaggy. The independently upright stems are simple to richly branched. The branches are almost on the main stem and this results in a compact growth. There are only very rarely other stems on one specimen (in Campanula orbelica there are often several stems).

The leaves stand together in a basal rosette and are alternately distributed on the stem. The woolly hairy basal leaves sometimes have a hardly differentiated petiole. Their leaf blades are 8 to 73 millimeters long and 1.5 to 8 millimeters wide, spatulate, obscure-lanceolate to linear with a finely notched edge. The seated stem leaves are ribbon-shaped.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from July to August. The racemose inflorescence , which often extends to the base of the stem , rarely contains two to six, usually up to twenty flowers and usually begins just above the ground. The middle bracts are 9 to 67 millimeters long and 0.6 to 4 millimeters wide. The flowers are long-stalked and nodding.

The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . With a length of 8 to 20 millimeters, the five shaggy hairy calyx tips are usually significantly longer than half the crown and a width of 1.5 to 3.5 millimeters, linear with a long, pointed upper end. The knocked back appendages between the calyx lobes (in the calyx bays) are tongue-shaped with a length of 0.3 to 2.7 millimeters and narrower than half the width of the calyx teeth (measured at the widest point). Campanula alpina and Campanula orbelica differ significantly in the shape of the appendages . The five mostly more or less light blue petals are fused into a 15 to 24 millimeter long bell-shaped crown. The edge of the crown is hairy woolly and shaggy.

There are fruit capsules formed. The seeds are flattened, ovoid and narrowly winged.

The basic chromosome number is x = 17; there is diploidy with a chromosome number of 2n = 34.

ecology

The Alpine bellflower is a mesomorphic hemicryptophyte and a semi-rosette plant.

In terms of flower ecology, it is “bluebells with sticky pollen”. There is pronounced protandry , the flowers are first male during anthesis , later female, with no gender overlap. The pollination is usually by bees species, it is also self-pollination before.

The diaspores are the seeds.

Occurrence and endangerment

The alpine bellflower is an east alpine floral element . It occurs in the Alps and in the Carpathian Mountains .

In Austria it occurs frequently or rarely in Lower Austria , Upper Austria , Styria , Carinthia and Salzburg . In Germany it occurs scattered in the eastern Alps and widespread in the Berchtesgaden Alps . For Germany it was rated as not endangered on the Red List of Endangered Plant Species, in Bavaria it is classified in category 4 = “potentially endangered”.

In the Alps it is widespread in the subalpine to alpine altitude range . It also occurs over limestone . The Alpine bellflower thrives best on more acidic soils , but it also occurs on calcareous soils . Locations are mostly grasslands and dwarf shrub heaths . She is a character species of the Nardion Association.

The pointer values ​​according to Ellenberg are: light number 7 = half-light plant, temperature number 2 = cold to cool pointer, continental number 4 = showing moderate maritime climate, humidity number 5 = freshness pointer, change in humidity shows no change in humidity, reaction number 4 = acid to moderate acidity, nitrogen number 2 = pronounced Showing low nitrogen to low nitrogen, salt number 0 = does not bear salt, it is not resistant to heavy metals.

Systematics

Campanula alpina was first published in 1762 by Nikolaus Joseph Freiherr von Jacquin in Enumeratio Stirpium Pleraumque, quae sponte crescunt in agro Vindobonensi , 36, page 210. The only herbarium specimen of this type from Jacquin's main collection in the Botanical Department of the Natural History Museum Vienna was specified as the lectotype . The specific epithet means "from the Alps". Synonyms for Campanula alpina Jacq. are: Marianthemum alpinum (Jacq.) Schur , Campanula macrorhiza var. polycaulis Vuk. nom. Superfl., Campanula haynaldii Szontagh , Campanula ciblesii Prodan , Campanula alpina var. albiflora Schur , Campanula alpina var. calyculata Schur , Campanula alpina var. frigida Schur , Campanula alpina var. haynaldii (Szontagh) Nyman . Subtaxa are not accepted.

The populations on the Balkan Peninsula , which up to Ronikier and Zalewska-Galosz 2014 were also classified under Campanula alpina sl, belong to a separate species Campanula orbelica Pančić (Syn .: Campanula alpina subsp. Orbelica (Pančić) Urum. ). Sampling in many (39) localities in the overall range of this lineage resulted mainly by AFLP and sequence analysis of the chloroplast - DNA that is significantly by two ways. All morphogical features of herbarium material were also compared. On the basis of the bracts and the appendages on the calyx bays, one can distinguish these two species morphologically most clearly.

literature

  • Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
  • Michał Ronikier, Joanna Zalewska-Galosz: Independent evolutionary history between the Balkan ranges and more northerly mountains in Campanula alpina sl (Campanulaceae): Genetic divergence and morphological segregation of taxa. In: Taxon , Volume 63, 2014, pp. 116-131. doi : 10.12705 / 631.4 full text PDF.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Campanula alpina Jacq., Alpen-Glockenblume. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Michał Ronikier, Joanna Zalewska-Galosz: Independent evolutionary history between the Balkan ranges and more northerly mountains in Campanula alpina sl (Campanulaceae): Genetic divergence and morphological segregation of taxa. In: Taxon , Volume 63, 2014, pp. 116-131. doi : 10.12705 / 631.4
  3. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  891-892 .
  4. ↑ Campanula alpina at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  5. ↑ a b c d e Alpine bellflower . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
  6. ↑ a b S. Castroviejo, JJ Aldasoro, M. Alarcón; with participation of R. Hand, 2010: Campanulaceae. : Datasheet Campanula alpina In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  7. ↑ Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora from Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
  8. ↑ Campanulaceae / Campanula alpina - Alpine bellflower - data sheet with photo at Botanik im Bild , November 2, 2001.
  9. ↑ a b Michael Hassler and Bernd Schmitt: Flora von Deutschland - A picture database , version 3.40.
  10. ↑ Campanula alpina at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed August 30, 2017.
  11. ↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts, Thomas G. Lammers: Campanula alpina data sheet at World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. , last accessed on August 30, 2017.

Web links

Commons : Alpine Bellflower ( Campanula alpina )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files