Persian speedwell

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Persian speedwell
Veronica persica 02.JPG

Persian speedwell ( Veronica persica )

Systematics
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Plantain family (Plantaginaceae)
Tribe : Veroniceae
Genre : Speedwell ( Veronica )
Type : Persian speedwell
Scientific name
Veronica persica
Poir.

The Persian speedwell ( Veronica persica ) is a species of plant in the plantain family (Plantaginaceae). It is one of the most common species of the genus speedwell ( Veronica ) in man-made landscapes .

description

Illustration from storm
Leaves and flowers
The fruit is compressed, hairy and blunted at the top. Both halves are asymmetrical.
Seeds

Vegetative characteristics

The Persian speedwell is an annual or annual overwintering herbaceous plant . It is a relatively sturdy plant that lies down on the ground or grows upwards, but does not take root on its stem . The stems reach lengths of 10 to 40 centimeters.

In the lower part of the stem the leaves are opposite, in the upper part they are arranged alternately. The simple leaf blades are roughly notched, with a heart-shaped base, and are very nervous.

Generative characteristics

The flowers of the Persian speedwell stand individually in the leaf axils. The bracts differ from the lower stem leaves only in that they are smaller. The flower stalks are relatively long.

The hermaphrodite flowers have a diameter of 8 to 10 millimeters and are weakly zygomorphic with a double flower envelope . The calyx tip is egg-lanceolate. The crown is sky blue with a yellow-white throat and 8 to 12 millimeters wide.

The mostly abundant, multi-seeded capsule fruits also protrude from the stem with long stems, protrude far beyond their bracts and are therefore usually quite conspicuous.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 28.

ecology

The Persian speedwell is a therophyte . Vegetative reproduction occurs through runners up to 40 centimeters long . It is rooted up to 20 centimeters deep.

The flowering period extends from February to October, but the Persian speedwell can also bloom in the middle of winter if the temperatures are right. The flowers are feminine . They sometimes bloom in the winter months and are pollinated by insects . Even self-pollination takes place.

The fruit stalks turn away from the light (they are negative phototropic ) and grow in length before the fruit ripens . With this they push the capsule fruits into the cracks of the substrate .

The seeds have a small elaiosome and are spread by the black garden ant ( Lasius niger ). B. over garden soil. Fruit ripening is from August / September to October.

Occurrence

The Persian Speedwell originally comes from the Caucasus . In Europe it was initially only kept in botanical gardens. In the 19th century (probably 1805 ) it then, allegedly from the Botanical Garden in Karlsruhe , went wild and spread over all of Central Europe.

It grows in all locations that appeal to it in landscapes shaped by humans. The Persian speedwell often colonizes weed fields , especially chopped fields, in vineyards and gardens, also in grain fields and on paths. It thrives best in open, nutrient-rich soils , often in slightly warmer locations, and is a clay pointer .

According to Ellenberg , it is a freshness pointer, a weak acid to weak base pointer, grows in nitrogen-rich locations and is an order character of nutrient-rich arable and garden weed corridors (Polygono-Chenopodietalia).

Taxonomy and Botanical History

It was first described in 1805 under the name Veronica tournefortii by Karl Christian Gmelin in his Flora Badensis-Alsatica , Volume 1, page 39. The name chosen by him Veronica tournefortii nom. illegal. but it was illegitimate, as the name had already been used by Villars in 1779 for another clan. Jean Louis Marie Poiret gave this species the valid name Veronica persica in 1808 . Gmelin writes about this species: "prope Carlsruhe in agris at the Holzhof ante aliquot annos ex horto botanico emigrata et nunc quasi spontanea" (translated: "near Karlsruhe on fields at the Holzhof he emigrated from the botanical garden a few years ago and is now almost wild in front"). The spread was evidently very rapid. Because already in the "Flora Friburgensis" by Spenner (1826, page 357) the species is referred to as "frequens" (often) and Freiburg and Karlsruhe are at least 115 kilometers apart as the crow flies. The specific epithet persica means from Persia .

More synonyms for Veronica persica Poir. are: Veronica buxbaumii Ten. nom. illeg., Veronica byzantina (Sibth. & Sm.) sword , Veronica persica subsp. corrensiana (E. Loam.) Straw , Veronica tournefortii subsp. corrensiana clay. , Pocilla persica (Poir.) Fourr.

literature

  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
  • Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
  • Christian Heitz: School and excursion flora for Switzerland. Taking into account the border areas. Identification book for wild growing vascular plants . Founded by August Binz. 18th completely revised and expanded edition. Schwabe & Co., Basel 1986, ISBN 3-7965-0832-4 .
  • Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora . With the collaboration of Theo Müller. 6th, revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1990, ISBN 3-8001-3454-3 .
  • Konrad von Weihe (ed.): Illustrated flora. Germany and neighboring areas. Vascular cryptogams and flowering plants . Founded by August Garcke. 23rd edition. Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1972, ISBN 3-489-68034-0 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  841 .
  2. ↑ a b Heinz Ellenberg : Vegetation of Central Europe with the Alps in an ecological, dynamic and historical perspective (=  UTB for science. Large series . Volume  8104 ). 5th, heavily changed and improved edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1996, ISBN 3-8252-8104-3 , pp. 1064 .
  3. ↑ a b Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species . 6th, completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 , p.  505 .
  4. ↑ a b c Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 , p. 830-831 .
  5. ↑ a b c d Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen. Interactive flora of Germany. Seeing - determining - knowing. The key to the flora . CD-ROM, version 2.0. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2004, ISBN 3-494-01368-3 .
  6. ↑ Heinz Ellenberg : Vegetation of Central Europe with the Alps in an ecological, dynamic and historical perspective (=  UTB for science. Large series . Volume  8104 ). 5th, heavily changed and improved edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1996, ISBN 3-8252-8104-3 , pp. 1009 .
  7. ^ Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi, Arno Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . tape 5 : Special part (Spermatophyta, subclass Asteridae): Buddlejaceae to Caprifoliaceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1996, ISBN 3-8001-3342-3 , pp. 315 .

Web links

Commons : Persian Speedwell ( Veronica persica )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files