Donkey milkweed

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Donkey milkweed
Donkey Spurge (Euphorbia esula), illustration

Donkey Spurge ( Euphorbia esula ), illustration

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden I
Order : Malpighiales (Malpighiales)
Family : Spurge Family (Euphorbiaceae)
Genre : Spurge ( Euphorbia )
Type : Donkey milkweed
Scientific name
Euphorbia esula
L.

The Euphorbia esula or Sharp spurge ( Euphorbia esula ) is a species in the genus spurge ( Euphorbia ).

description

Upper side of foliage, the stomata occur more frequently in the area of ​​the main nerve.
Euphorbia esula - kibe piimalill.jpg
Fruit and crescent-shaped nectar glands

Euphorbia esula is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 30 to 80 cm. It is a hemicryptophyte and spreads through root shoots. The roots go deep. The stems are erect or ascending.

The alternate, narrowly lanceolate leaves are usually widest above the middle and are narrowed towards the base. The width is 3 to 5 (rarely 8) mm, the length 30 to 60 mm. Stipules are always missing.

The end cape is multi-beam. The bracts are free and not overgrown, their color is green or yellowish. The nectar glands are crescent-shaped or two-horned. Flowering time is June to August. The pollination is effected by dipterans (Diptera).

The capsule fruit is finely dotted and rough. The seeds are smooth.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 60 or 64; in the subspecies subsp. tommasiniana also 2n = 20.

Donkey Spurge ( Euphorbia esula )

distribution

The donkey milkweed is native to Eurasia. It is a submeridional to boreal, continental flora element . In Central Europe it occurs scattered, in the Alps it is absent. It is common in Eastern Austria, otherwise scattered to rare. It is increasing sharply in South Tyrol, but is absent in Liechtenstein. In Switzerland it is only known from a small area in Graubünden. In Denmark she is a neophyte .

It was introduced to North America in the 19th century and is classified as an invasive species in some areas .

It grows in meadows, pastures, on fields, in bushes, on banks and on ruderal sites. It prefers fresh to moderately dry, nutrient-rich, more or less calcareous soils. It rises up to the montane altitude level . It thrives in societies of the Agropyro-Rumicion, Mesobromion or the order Onopordetalia, but also occurs in societies of the Trifolio-Geranietea class.

Subspecies and varieties

The following subunits (varieties, subspecies and their hybrids) are recognized:

  • Euphorbia esula var. Cyparissioides Boiss. : It occurs from Ukraine and European Russia to northeast China.
  • Euphorbia esula subsp. esula : It occurs in the temperate zones of Eurasia and the Azores.
  • Euphorbia esula subsp. maglicensis (Rohlena) Hayek : It occurs in Montenegro.

No longer belong here:

  • Sham-Rod Spurge ( Euphorbia esula nothosubsp. Pseudovirgata (Schur) Govaerts ; Syn .: Euphorbia pseudovirgata (Schur) Soó ): It was (2020) by R. Govaerts as a synonym of Euphorbia virgata Waldst. & Kit. viewed.
  • Rod Spurge ( Euphorbia esula subsp. Tommasiniana (Bertol) Kuzmanov. ): After R. Govaerts (2020), it is also regarded as a separate species: Euphorbia tommasiniana Bertol. This occurs only in northeastern Italy.

ingredients

Like all euphorbias, donkey milkweed has a toxic milky sap , popularly known as "witch's milk ". In addition to the ingenol esters widespread in the family, it also has jatrophan derivatives of the Esulon A type.

supporting documents

literature

  • Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
  • Rudolf Schubert , Klaus Werner, Hermann Meusel (eds.): Excursion flora for the areas of the GDR and the FRG . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 13th edition. tape 2 : vascular plants . People and knowledge, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-06-012539-2 .
  • Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 639.
  2. ↑ Euphorbia esula. In: Info Flora (the national data and information center for Swiss flora). Retrieved December 22, 2012.
  3. ^ National Park Service , accessed June 16, 2008.
  4. ↑ a b c d Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Euphorbia esula. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved December 3, 2015.
  5. ↑ a b c Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Euphorbia esula. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  6. ↑ Species portrait on www.giftpflanze.com , accessed on June 16, 2008.

Web links

Commons : Donkey Spurge ( Euphorbia esula )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files