chives

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chives
Chives (Allium schoenoprasum)

Chives ( Allium schoenoprasum )

Systematics
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae)
Subfamily : Leek family (Allioideae)
Tribe : Allieae
Genre : Leek ( allium )
Type : chives
Scientific name
Allium schoenoprasum
L.

Chives ( Allium schoenoprasum ), also called grass leek, rushes, brislauch, Grusenich, scallop or chives, is a species of the genus leek ( Allium ). The chives are circumpolar distributed from the middle latitudes to the boreal and subarctic zones, with accumulation in alpine altitudes of the high mountains of the northern hemisphere . Despite the wide distribution and numerous occurring ecotypes, the species cannot be split into subspecies according to genetic characteristics. Chives are used as a spice and are a common crop.

description

Illustration from Flora Batava , Volume 10
inflorescence
Fruit heads
Black seeds

Vegetative characteristics

Chives are perennial herbaceous plants that reach heights of 5 to 50 centimeters. It forms a thin-skinned, egg-shaped to cylindrical onion with a diameter of 0.5 to 1 centimeter. One or two green or gray-green, tubular leaves with a diameter of 2 to 6 millimeters sprout from it. As a result of underground vegetative propagation by daughter onions, chives often appear in the form of many-leaved clumps .

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from May to August, depending on the location. The inflorescence stems are similar to the foliage leaves, but are a little firmer and taller. The terminal, dense, spherical to egg-shaped, shingled inflorescences contain many (30 to 50) flowers. Their bracts never rise above the inflorescence. In contrast to vineyard leeks ( Allium vineale ) or vegetable leeks ( Allium oleraceum ), the inflorescence of the chives does not develop any brood bulbs . The short flower stalks are one and a half to three times as long as the flowers.

The hermaphroditic , bell-shaped flowers are about 5 millimeters in diameter, radial symmetry and threefold. The six identical, gradually tapering bracts are about 0.7 to 1.1 (rarely up to 1.7) centimeters long and 3 to 4 millimeters wide. The color of the bracts is violet-purple, rarely white, sometimes with a bluish tint, it varies from light to dark red; a dark, prominent median nerve is noticeable. There are two circles with three toothless stamens each. The stamens are usually a third to a half (rarely up to two thirds) times as long as the bracts; they are fused at their base and over a length of 1–1.5 millimeters with the bracts. The inner stamens are only half as wide as the outer ones. The anthers are purple in color. Three fruit leaves are a top constant, almost spherical ovary grown. The stylus ends in a cephalic scar. The almost spherical capsule fruit is surrounded by the bloom like a balloon. The seeds are black.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 16.

ecology

Chives are good for bee foraging

The chives are a boreo-montane species that is common in the cold temperate zone . Mostly it is regarded as an element of the subalpine vegetation level with North American - Eurasian distribution. According to Hermann Meusel , Eckehart Jäger and Erich Weinert ( Comparative Chorology of Central European Flora ), chives are probably a floral element of the continental arctic - alpine flora with connections to the steppe flora. In Great Britain the chives are counted among the boreal-arctic montane flora elements. It often grows here in damp locations on lake shores and river banks, where it provided a constant floral element even during the ice age cold phases . In Scandinavia it occurs as a component of sub-boreal and boreal steppes on flat rock and limestone soils . It belongs here to the plant-sociological order Helianthemo-Globularion in the class Festucetalia valesiacae .

In the Central European highlands, chives can be found on soaked, swell-wet slopes and sprinkled rock terraces in high-montane and subalpine wet pastures. Although it is only sporadically widespread in such wet meadows, it then occurs over boggy soils with a degree of coverage of around 75 percent. In addition, numerous wet indicators such as marsh horsetail , brook avens and acid indicators such as the brown and stiff sedge grow . Strong-nerved mosses of the alpine spring meadows are common in the moss layer . In the arctic regions of the Taimyr Peninsula , the species Lagoto glaucae-Allietum schoenoprasi has been described from the wet meadows of the tundra. These were placed in the class Thlaspietea rotundifolii .

distribution

Budded inflorescences with the bracts protecting the flower buds in the Calfeisen Valley at around 2000 meters above sea level

Natural stocks of chives are widespread in the northern hemisphere in high alpine mountains of temperate, boreal and subarctic Eurasia and North America , both in kitchen gardens and overgrown.

The European distribution center is in Fennoscandinavia , northern Russia and the subalpine altitudes of the Spanish peninsula , the Alps (especially in the western limestone Alps ).

Smaller occurrences can be found in the Sudetes , on the Balkan Peninsula (e.g. a population newly discovered in 2012 near Idrija in the northern part of the Dinaric Mountains ), also in Slovakia , Romania , Serbia (Prokletije, Šar Planina, Pešter, Stara Planina and Tara Mountains), Montenegro (Maganik, Durmitor and Prokletije) and North Macedonia (Šar Planina, Belasica, Galičica and Nidže).

In Greece , chives are rare and are only described from three locations from the northern Pindos and the Voras . In the Tymfi Mountains on the Greek-Albanian border, on the Smolikas and on the Kajmakčalan on the Greek-Macedonian border, it is limited to moist alpine grass areas between 1700 and 2100 m.

In Eurasia, chives are found in the Urals , the Ararat highlands , the Caucasus , Central Asia (in the Himalayas up to 4760 m altitude), Siberia and the Far East .

On the American continent, it occurs in the boreal regions of the United States and Canada .

The more robust growing “subspecies” ssp. sibiricum thrives at altitudes between 1200 and 2650 m on moist rock debris , floodplains and snow soils as well as in brook grooves and at spring outlets. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises up to 2100 meters above sea level. The habitats are very or moderately supplied with nutrients.

The small, remaining "subspecies" ssp. schoenoprasum grows along rivers and on fine, muddy sand and gravel banks on the seashore.

The chives thrive best in loose, nutrient-rich and moist soils . It occurs in the following plant sociological units: Calc rubble societies (Thlaspion rotundifolii), calcareous spring swamps (Caricion davallianae), floodplain (Agropyro Rumicion, Agrostietalia), more rarely also in wet meadows (Molinietalia) or silver grass lawns (Corynephoretalia).

Systematics and taxonomy

The chives are placed in the genus Leek ( Allium L.) in the section Schoenoprasum Dumort. Like the other closely related sections, Cepa Prokh. and Annuloprason Egor. also with spear-shaped leaves, it belongs to the subgenus Rhizirideum (Koch) Wendelbo. In the last valid taxonomic review of the Schoenoprasum section by Nikolai Friesen (1996), seven species and three subspecies were recognized in the section. The most important type of section is the diploid chives, which are widespread in Eurasia and North America. The chives also include two tetraploid subspecies that have been described from Spain: ssp. latiorifolium. (Sierra de Guadarrama) and spp. orosiae. (Hueska).

Chives are morphologically diverse and therefore have a complicated nomenclature past. Four morphological types were informally eliminated by Frisians over the entire range, as was Allium buhseanum usually from the Elburs in Iran and the Caucasus as a synonym for A. schoenoprasum s. l. applies. In general, the problems stem from the incoherent distribution of the four types and the characters on which this distinction is based.

The smallest plants can be found on limestone , which have been independently described as different variations, but prove to be very similar morphologically: var.pumilum Bunge (Altai, Siberia), var.alvarense Hylander (island of Öland in Sweden), var.urmoense Eklung (Finland, archipelago in the Gulf of Finland) and forma kokinjae Hay. (Balkan Peninsula). The more robust variants are mainly found in the mountains of the entire area and are mostly called Allium sibiricum L. , A. schoenoprasum ssp. sibiricum (L.) Richter or A. schoenoprasum var. alpinum DC. designated. Another type has longitudinally ribbed leaves, which occurs sporadically in Siberia and possibly in other regions. However, the characteristic disappears in herbarized plants. This form is sometimes observed in larger groups that all have the same characteristic, but it usually occurs together with typically shaped A. schoenoprasum . One of these populations was then named as an independent species, A. udinicum Antzupova.

Molecular genetic studies indicate that the Schoenoprasum section is of widespread origin in Eurasia and North America and that A. schoenoprasum has genetically formed three geographical groups: a European, an Asian-Siberian and an Iranian-Caucasian. The East Asian populations have probably spread via Beringia to the North American continent. The Scandinavian populations were probably only formed after the post-glacial migration from southern European locations. The tetraploid Spanish subspecies latiorifolium presumably originates from a genetic modification with a species from the section Cepa .

Other synonyms include: Allium schoenoprasum var. Sibiricum (L.) Garcke , Allium alpinum (DC.) Hegetschw. , Allium raddeanum rule .

etymology

The specific epithet schoenoprasum is made up of the Greek words schoinos for rush and prason for leek, directly translated as "rush leek", and relates to the shape of the leaves.

Common names for chives, some of which are only regionally in use, are or were: Beeslook ( Lower Weser ), Beestlock ( Middle Low German ), Mountain Onion ( Silesia ), Bestlók (Middle Low German), Brisslauch, Graslook ( East Friesland ), Jakobslauch ( Leipzig ), Jakobs Onions , Look ( Pomerania) ), Piplook ( Altmark ), Schnedlach ( St. Gallen ), Schniddleeg ( Transylvania ), Schniedling ( Augsburg ), Schnirrleng (Transylvania), Schnittlacht (St. Gallen), Schnitloch ( Middle High German ), Snedelók (Middle Low German), Snidlak ( Göttingen ) , Sniteloc ( Old High German ), Snitelouch (Old High German), Snitilouch (Old High German), Snitlöcher, Snitloich (Old High German), Snitlook ( Bremen ), Snitlouch (Middle Low German) and Snittelauch (Middle Low German).

use

Chop up chives with herb scissors
Chives bread

Chives have been in culture since the early Middle Ages . There are numerous varieties that vary greatly in terms of height and leaf thickness. In addition to the typical purple blooming forms, white blooming forms also occur. Occasionally, chives are also used as an ornamental plant in gardens, for example in rock gardens, and for roof greening.

processing

Chives are used fresh or frozen, dried or freeze-dried less often due to their low aroma and are part of the fines herbes of French cuisine . Only the tube leaves above ground are harvested as a kitchen spice. Finely cut, it is added to salads, soups, egg dishes or mayonnaise. Chives bread - a sandwich with plenty of toppings with chives rolls - is a popular component of the snack platter in Bavaria and Austria. Chives are part of the green sauce , based on both the Frankfurt and Kassel recipes, a typical dish of German regional cuisine that is particularly popular in the Hessian region.

Cultivation

Commercially, chives are usually grown as a seasoning herb in greenhouses, rarely also in field cultivation. In the 1990s, the main varieties in commercial cultivation were 'Dominant', 'Kirdo', 'Fitlau', 'Wilan' and 'Polyvert'. In 2004 the cultivation area of ​​the farms producing chives in Germany was 642 hectares , in 2011 580 hectares in seven federal states. In the category of medicinal, aromatic and aromatic plants, five percent of the crops statistically recorded in this category were chives. In 2003, chives were the most important after parsley, chamomile and linseed. With around 220.1 hectares in 2003, Lower Saxony was the frontrunner among the federal states with chives production (out of a total of 625.5 hectares cultivated in the survey period).

Since 2010, chives have no longer been recorded in the EU regulation on the statistics of plant production under vegetable cultivation and the survey of vegetables, but only in the main land use survey under medicinal, aromatic and aromatic plants.

The long leaves are cut deeply and keep drifting all year round; in the case of commercial cultivation, harvesting takes place once in the first year and three to five times later.

Duration

Plant protection

In plant protection of crops from chive plants there are some problem areas. As causes of disease and pests include known: fungi such as Puccinia allii (leek rust), downy mildew ( Peronospora destructor ), insects such as aphids of the species Myzus ascalonicus and Neotoxoptera formosana , leek moth ( Acrolepiopsis assectella ) Lauchminierfliege ( Phytomyza gymnostoma ) Zwiebelthripse ( Thrips tabaci ), as well as nudibranchs and annoying weeds .

Nutrient content - vitamins, trace elements and ingredients

ingredient Chives, raw
content in 100 g
Calorific value 125  kJ (30  kcal )
water 090.65 g
protein 003.27 g
fat 000.73 g
carbohydrates 004.35 g
potassium 296  mg
Calcium 092 mg
iron 001.6 mg
magnesium 042 mg
phosphorus 058 mg
vitamin C 058.1 mg
Thiamine 000.078 mg
Riboflavin 000.115 mg
niacin 000.647 mg
Vitamin B6 000.138 mg
Vitamin A 218  µg
Vitamin E. 000.21 mg
Folic acid 105 µg
Vitamin K 212.7 µg

Source (in English): United States Department of Agriculture

The taste arises from the by-products of the enzymatic breakdown of cysteine sulfoxides such as dipropyl disulfide , methylpentyl disulfide , pentyl hydrodisulfide and cis / trans-3,5-diethyl-1,2,4-trithiolane .

literature

  • Xu Jiemei, Rudolf V. Kamelin: Allium. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2000, ISBN 0-915279-83-5 . P. 195: Allium schoenoprasum.
  • Dale W. McNeal Jr., TD Jacobsen: Allium. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 . P. 240: Allium schoenoprasum.
  • Xaver Finkenzeller, Jürke Grau : Alpine flowers. Recognize and determine. (= Steinbach's nature guide ). New edited edition. Mosaik, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-576-10558-1 .
  • Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Excursion flora from Germany. Founded by Werner Rothmaler . Volume 5: Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants. Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .
  • KU Heyland, H. Hanus, ER Keller: Oil fruits, fiber plants, medicinal plants and special crops. In: Handbuch des Pflanzenbaues. Volume 4, ISBN 3-8001-3203-6 , pp. 492-495.
  • Portrait of the chives as a plant species listed in the Capitulare de Villis .
  • Eckehart J. Jäger, Klaus Werner (Ed.): Excursion flora from Germany. Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 18th, edited edition. Volume 2: Vascular Plants: Basic Volume . Spektrum, Heidelberg et al. 2002, ISBN 3-8274-1359-1 .
  • Avril Rodway: Herbs and Spices. Tessloff, Hamburg 1980, ISBN 3-7886-9910-8 .
  • M. Grieve: A Modern Herbal. 1931. (online)

Web links

Commons : Chives ( Allium schoenoprasum )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: chives  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Z. Stehno, M. Scholten, J. Labokas, A. Asdal, I. Chukhina: Allium schoenoprasum subsp. sibiricum (L.) Richter in Central and Northern Europe. (PDF)
  2. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , p. 129.
  3. ^ Hermann Meusel, Eckehart Jäger, Erich Weinert: Comparative Chorology of Central European Flora . Volume 1, Gustav Fischer, Jena 1965, p. 119.
  4. ↑ In the area characterization , Meusel, Jäger and Weinert (meridional / alpine) give submeridional / alpine - disjoint temperate / demontan littoral + boreal (arctic) continental circumpolar ((m / alp) -sm / alp-disj mon * lit-b- ( arct) • c-7 circpol). See Hermann Meusel, Ernst Jäger, Erich Weinert: Comparative Chorology of Central European Flora. Volume 1, 1965, p. 260.
  5. ^ RG West: Plant life of the Quaternary Cold Stages: Evidence from the British Isles . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge / New York 2000, ISBN 0-521-59397-2 , p. 218.
  6. ↑ JS Rodwell, JHJ Schaminée, L. Mucina, S. Pignatti, J. Dring, D. Moss: The diversity of European Vegetation - An overview of phytosociological alliances and their relationships to EUNIS Habitats. P. 58.
  7. ↑ Character type of the cut leek swamp - Allietum schoenoprasi ex Ellmauer in Ellmauer et Mucina 1993 - in the plant-sociological association Calthion Tx. 1936 (nutrient-rich wet and humid meadows)
  8. ^ Gerhard Pils: The meadows of Upper Austria . Steurer, Linz 1994, ISBN 3-9500345-0-1 , p. 216.
  9. ^ Peter Merz: Plant Societies of Central Europe and the Alps . Ecomed, 2000, ISBN 3-609-69980-9 , p. 268.
  10. ↑ M. Yu. Telyatnikov: HIGH MOUNTAINS INTRAZONAL VEGETATION OF A NORTHWEST PART OF PUTORANA PLATEAU. In: Растительный мир Азиатской России. No. 1, 2011, pp. 66-72 (PDF) .
  11. ↑ Rafael Terbin, Igor Daksolober: New Locality of Allium schoenoprasum subsp. alpinum in the Idrija hills, the first in Slovenia outside the Julian alps. In: Folia Biologica et Geologica. 53 / 1–2, 2012, pp. 181–194.
  12. ↑ Joseph Rohlena: Conspectus florae Montenegrinae. Prague 1944, p. 429.
  13. ↑ Ksenija Jakovljević, Marjan Niketić, Dmitar Lakušić, Snežana Vukojičić: Conservation Status of some rare boreo-montane species in Serbia. In: Bulletin of the Natural History Museum. 8, 2015, pp. 87-105 (PDF)
  14. ↑ Snežana Vukojičić, Ksenija Jakovljević, Vlado Matevski, Vladimir Ranjelović, Marjan Niketić, Dmitar Lakušić: Distribution, Diversity and Conservation of Boreo-Montane Plant Species in the Central Part of the Balkan Peninsula and the Southern Part of the Pannonian Plain. In: Folia Geobot. 49/4, 2014, pp. 487–505 (Springer: PDF) p. 492.
  15. ^ Arne Strid, Kit Tan: Mountain Flora of Greece . Volume 2, Edinburgh University Press, 1991, ISBN 0-7486-0207-0 , p. 704.
  16. ↑ Natura 2000 Tympfi
  17. ↑ Pawel Kwiatowski: The Distribution of Allium schoenoprasum ssp. sibiricum (L.) Hartm. in Poland. In: Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae. 68/1, 1999, pp. 149–156 (PDF)
  18. ↑ Pawel Kwiatowski: The Distribution of Allium schoenoprasum ssp. sibiricum (L.) Hartm. in Poland. 1999, p. 151.
  19. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings . Volume 1, IHW-Verlag, Eching near Munich 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 348.
  20. ↑ Pawel Kwiatowski: The Distribution of Allium schoenoprasum ssp. sibiricum (L.) Hartm. in Poland. 1999, p. 150.
  21. ^ Nikolai Friesen: A taxonomic and chorological revision of the section Schoenoprasum Dumort. (GenusAllium L.). In: Candollea. 51, 1996, pp. 461-473.
  22. ↑ Nikolai Friesen, FR Blattner: RAPD Analysis Reveals Geographic Differentiation within Allium schoenoprasum L. (Alliceae). In: Plant Biology. Volume 2/3, 2000, pp. 297-305.
  23. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 (reprint ISBN 3-937872-16-7 ).
  24. ↑ Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. Publisher by Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 19.
  25. ^ Allium schoenoprasum in Plants For A Future
  26. ↑ Botanical Garden of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg: Spice plants in the field. Compiled by A. Hohenester and J. Stiglmayr, p. 6.
  27. ↑ Klaus-Ulrich Heyland, H. Hanus, ER cellar: Oil fruits, fiber plants, medicinal plants and special cultures In: Handbuch des Pflanzenbaues. Volume 4, 2006, ISBN 3-8001-3203-6 , p. 493.
  28. ↑ GÜLZOWER PROFESSIONAL DISCUSSIONS VOLUME 44: Proceedings of the 2nd conference on medicinal plant cultivation in Germany - with coordinated research on success, 2013 (PDF) .
  29. ↑ a b Final report on the status of the cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants in Germany (2003) and assessment of the development trends in the following years , 2005 (PDF) .
  30. ↑ Federal Statistical Office for Agriculture (PDF), p. 7.
  31. ↑ Gerd Crüger: Plant protection in vegetable growing . With the collaboration of Georg Friedrich Backhaus, Martin Hommes, Silvia Smolak and Heinrich-Josef Vetten (=  Handbook of the Commercial Gardener . Volume 10 ). 4th completely revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3191-9 , pp. 126-143 .
  32. ↑ USDA.
  33. ↑ GernotKatzer's Spice Pages : Chives (formerly Uni Graz )
  34. ↑ SEIJI HASHIMOTO, MITSUO MIYAZAWA, HIROMU KAMEOKA: Volatile Flavor Components of Chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.). In: Journal of Food Science. 48, 1983, p. 1858, doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-2621.1983.tb05101.x .