Asparagus-like
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The asparagus-like (Asparagales) are an order of the monocotyledons with 14 partly extensive families. A large number of species are used as ornamental plants for parks, gardens, rooms and as cut flowers. Many species are used as medicinal plants. Few species are important food crops, for example asparagus and some representatives of the leek genus , such as onions , leeks or garlic .
description
They are mostly perennial herbaceous plants or succulents. If anything, only abnormal secondary growth is present (for example many species of grass trees ( Xanthorrhoea )), so woody species are called tree-shaped and not tree. The herbaceous taxa often have storage organs ( bulbs or rhizomes ). Succulents are found in the Asparagales, but never in the Liliales .
The inflorescences are mostly racemose . The flowers are threefold. Three fruit leaves are a mostly upper constant, rarely under constant ovary grown. The nectar secretion usually takes place through Septal nectaries at the ovary . The fruits are compartmentalized capsules or berries . The seed surfaces are mostly black due to phytomelans.
The cells often contain crystal sand in the form of raphides, which are needle-fine crystals (from calcium oxalate ).
Systematics
In the last ten years or so, molecular genetic studies have resulted in the family boundaries shifting significantly. Some families, for example the grass tree plants, have been greatly expanded, some - including traditional families such as the daylily plants or leek plants - have been dissolved. A detailed justification of this new classification as well as the comparison of traditional and new family names are given by Chase et al. 2009. The background was primarily to create a pragmatic family classification that was easy to convey in teaching.
The following 14 families belong to the order of the asparagus-like (Asparagales)
- Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllis Family)
- Asparagaceae (asparagus family)
- Asteliaceae
- Blandfordiaceae
- Boryaceae
- Doryanthaceae
- Hypoxidaceae
- Iridaceae (Iris family)
- Ixioliriaceae
- Lanariaceae
- Orchidaceae (orchids)
- Tecophilaeaceae
- Xanthorrhoeaceae (grass tree family)
- Xeronemataceae
with the following relationships:
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supporting documents
- The order of the Asparagales on the AP website. (engl.)
- Asparagales. In: Andreas Bresinsky , Christian Körner , Joachim W. Kadereit , Gunther Neuhaus , Uwe Sonnewald : Strasburger - Textbook of Botany. Founded by E. Strasburger. 36th edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-1455-7 , pp. 856-860.
- Douglas E. Soltis, Pamela S. Soltis, Peter K. Endress, Mark W. Chase: Asparagales. In: Phylogeny and evolution of angiosperms. Sunderland, Sinauer Associates, 2005, pp. 104-109.
- DJ Bogler, JC Pires, J. Francisco-Ortega: Phylogeny of Agavaceae based on ndhF, rbcL, and ITS sequences: Implications of molecular data for classification. In: JT Columbus, EA Friar, JM Porter, LM Prince, MG Simpson (Eds.): Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding poales. In: Aliso. Volume 22, 2006, pp. 313-328.
- Mark W. Chase, Douglas E. Soltis, Pamela E. Soltis, PJ Rudall, MF Fay, WH Hahn, S. Sullivan, J. Joseph, M. Molvray, PJ Kores, TJ Givnish, KJ Sytsma, JC Pires: Higher- level systematics of the monocotyledons: An assessment of current knowledge and a new classification. In: KL Wilson, DA Morrison (eds.): Monocots: Systematics and evolution. 2000, pp. 3-16.
- JC Pires, IJ Maureira, JP Rebman, GA Salazar, LI Cabrera, MF Fay, MW Chase: Molecular data confirm the phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic Hesperocallis (Hesperocallidaceae) with Agave. In: Madroño. Volume 51, 2004, pp. 307-311.
- Ole Seberg, Gitte Petersen, Jerrold I. Davis, J. Chris Pires, Dennis W. Stevenson, Mark W. Chase, Michael F. Fay, Dion S. Devey, Tina Jørgensen, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Yohan Pillon: Phylogeny of the Asparagales based on three plastid and two mitochondrial genes . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 99, number 5, 2012, pp. 875-889 ( doi: 10.3732 / ajb.1100468 ).
- P. Roxanne Steele, Kate L. Hertweck, Dustin Mayfield, Michael R. McKain, James Leebens-Mack, J. Chris Pires: Quality and quantity of data recovered from massively parallel sequencing: Examples in Asparagales and Poaceae . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 99, number 2, 2012, pp. 330-348 ( doi: 10.3732 / ajb.1100491 ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Mark W. Chase, James L. Reveal, Michael F. Fay: A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae . In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . Volume 161, number 2, 2009, pp. 132-136 ( DOI: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x ).
- ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group: An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 161, Number 2, 2009, pp. 105–121 ( DOI: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x )
- ↑ Ole Seberg, Gitte Petersen, Jerrold I. Davis, J. Chris Pires, Dennis W. Stevenson, Mark W. Chase, Michael F. Fay, Dion S. Devey, Tina Jørgensen, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Yohan Pillon: Phylogeny of the Asparagales based on three plastid and two mitochondrial genes . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 99, Number 5, 2012, pp. 878-880
- ↑ P. Roxanne Steele, Kate L. Hertweck, Dustin Mayfield, Michael R. McKain, James Leebens-Mack, J. Chris Pires: Quality and quantity of data recovered from massively parallel sequencing: Examples in Asparagales and Poaceae . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 99, Number 2, 2012, p. 337.
