Scilloideae

Scilloideae
Illustration: left: lumpy grape hyacinth ( Muscari comosum , syn .: Leopoldia comosa ) right: vineyard grape hyacinth ( Muscari neglectum , syn .: Muscari racemosum )
Systematics
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina) Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida) Monocots Order : Asparagales (Asparagales) Family : Asparagaceae (Asparagaceae) Subfamily : Scilloideae
Scientific name
Scilloideae
Burnett

The Scilloideae are a subfamily in the family of asparagaceae (Asparagaceae) within the order Asparagales (Asparagales). It has the scope of the former Hyacinthaceae family.

Description and ecology

Illustration of the Green Milky Star ( Honorius boucheanus , Syn .: Ornithogalum boucheanum )

Habit and leaves

They are perennial herbaceous plants . They form almost all onions , rarely rhizomes, as persistence organs, which in these typical geophytes are mostly underground, but in some species of onions also occur above ground. The underground parts of the plant in particular contain slimy milky sap .

Most species of the Scilloideae prefer open, sunny locations with dry and hot growing seasons. Areas with significant dry seasons are home to many species. In the temperate areas they grow as spring geophytes in the deciduous deciduous forests. But there are also autumn-blooming species (for example the autumn squill Prospero autumnale ). Only a few species (for example Rhadamanthus urgineoides from Madagascar) grow epiphytically on trees in rainforests. There are hardly any species in the tropical lowlands. They are mostly seasonal green (for example only in the rainy season or only in spring) or less often evergreen.

Drawn leaves of Ledebouria socialis

The change-constant and usually spirally often arranged in rosettes undergraduate leaves are usually upright upwards, but in some species they lie flat on the ground. The simple, sessile leaves are parallel-veined, entire and often more or less lanceolate. Most of the hairless leaves are monochrome, but some species, especially Ledebouria , Lachenalia and Eucomis, are markedly dark green to purple in color . In some species of Lachenalia and Massonia the upper side of the leaf has warts, pustules or hairs. In a few species the leaves have a different shape: very narrow to needle-shaped or cylindrical.

Inflorescences and flowers

Upper ovary of Melomphis arabica

Usually an unleaved inflorescence stem is present. The flowers are grouped in terminal, simple or branched, mostly racemose , rarely eared or, if the inflorescence axes are strongly shortened, head-like inflorescences . Each flower is located in the axilla of a large to tiny bract . In some genera, a second small bract is formed at the base of each peduncle.

The hermaphrodite flowers are like most monocots ( monocots trifoliate) and most radial symmetry . In very few Daubenya species, the lower flowers of an inflorescence are more or less double-lipped, i.e. zygomorphic . The flowers of some species have a strong scent. The colors of the bracts range from greenish to greyish, from white to blue and from yellow to orange to red. In many Lachenalia species, the bracts are multicolored, often with dark tips. There are two circles with three bracts each; they are all the same or only those of a circle are the same. They are free or overgrown at their base. There are usually two (exception: the species of the genus Albuca , there is a missing circle) circles with three free stamens each, mostly all stamens are fertile . The stamens can be fused with the bloom cladding sheets. Three carpels have become a top permanent ovary grown; only with Bowiea is he semi-dependent. The upper ovary distinguishes the Scilloideae from the onion-forming Amaryllidaceae . There are septal nectaries . Each of the three ovary chambers contains a few to many ovules in the center . The stylus is simple. The flowers of most species can be kept for a long time (a few days), with the exception of all Drimia species where they can only be kept for a few hours to a day at most.

The pollination is mainly by insects and some species of birds. Many species are pollinated by solitary bee species. Species with brightly colored flowers such as the Orange Milky Star ( Eliokarmos dubius , Syn, Ornithogalum dubium ) and Daubenya aurea are pollinated by beetles from the Hopliini tribe of the Rutelinae within the Scarabaeidae . The species of the genus Dipcadi (which, according to some authors, belong to the broad genus Ornithogalum ) are adapted to pollination by moths; its flowers give off a strong scent at night. In some Lachenalia species and Daubenya species, pollination takes place by nectar birds ; these species typically have red to orange, trumpet-shaped flowers that secrete copious amounts of nectar . Some Massonia species are pollinated by rodents (Rodentia).

Seeds of Stellarioides longebracteata (Syn. Ornithogalum caudatum ).

Fruits and seeds

The dry capsule fruits are very variable in shape and open with three lobes. Usually the seeds are black due to phytomelans . The flattened seeds of the Tribus Urgineeae have wing-like edges and are spread by the wind. The tribe of the Hyacintheae has smooth and spherical to pear-shaped seeds.

distribution

The distribution is mainly the Old World. The centers of biodiversity are the Capensis with around 200 species, especially in winter rain areas, and the Mediterranean area . There are natural occurrences all over Europe to the Urals , in Africa except the areas of the Sahara and the tropical rainforest, on the Arabian Peninsula, from Asia Minor to the Caucasus , in Central Asia , in East Asia, on the Indian subcontinent and in the Himalayas . Only the genus Oziroë occurs in the South American Andes.

Tribe Ornithogaleae : Albuca shawii

Tribus Ornithogaleae : tail leaf ( Dipcadi serotinum )

Tribe Ornithogaleae : Orange Milky Star ( Eliokarmos dubius (Houtt.) Mart.-Azorín, MBCrespo & Juan )

Tribus Urgineeae : sea ​​onion ( Drimia maritima )

Tribe Hyacintheae : Drimiopsis maculata

Tribe Hyacintheae : Eucomis vandermerwei

Tribe Hyacintheae : Atlantic hare bell ( Hyacinthoides non-scripta )

Tribus Hyacintheae : Hyacinth ( Hyacinthus orientalis )

Tribe Hyacintheae : Merwilla plumbea

Tribe Hyacintheae : Pushkinie ( Puschkinia scilloides )

Tribus Hyacintheae : two-leaved squill ( Scilla bifolia )

Tribe Hyacintheae : caplily ( Veltheimia bracteata )

Systematics

The generic names Hyacinthus , Ornithogalum and Scilla were already used in ancient Greece. In Species Plantarum has Linnaeus first published in 1753, these three genera.

The group used to contain fewer genera. Especially since the molecular genetic investigations, the broad old genera have proven to be paraphyletic and had to be divided into many smaller genera so that they are monophyletic . All in all, monophyletic genera and tribe could be set up.

The family group around Drimia has been scientifically processed several times since 1998 and structured differently. At Manning 2004 they gave Drimia s. l. the largest extent with over 100 species. By Speta (1998) they were in the 13 genera Drimia Jacq. ex Willd. (with ten species), sea onion ( Charybdis Speta ), Urginea Steinh. , Ebertia Speta , Fusifilum Raf. , Litanthus Harv. , Rhadamanthus salisb. , Rhadamanthopsis (Obermeyer) Speta , Schizobasis Baker , Tenicroa Raf. , Thuranthos C.H.Wright , Urginavia Speta and Urgineopsis Compton. been divided. This controversial discussion is likely to continue.

The hyacinth plants were divided as a family by Franz Speta (1998) and Martin Pfosser & Franz Speta (1999) into four morphologically difficult to distinguish, but molecular-genetic clearly monophyletic subfamilies and contained around 70 genera with around 1000 species . In the course of APG III , Mark W. Chase, James L. Reveal and Michael F. Fay (2009) placed the Hyacinthaceae family as a subfamily Scilloideae to the Asparagaceae family , which gave the previous subfamilies the tribe rank . The name Scilloideae results from the priority rule . This classification of the hyacinth family in the Asparagaceae s. l. not all scientists follow (e.g. Goldblatt et al. 2012).

The new subfamily Scilloideae contains four tribes with the genera:

• Tribus Oziroëeae MWChase, Reveal & MFFay : It contains only one genus:

• Oziroë Raf. : The approximately five species occur in western South America in the Andes .

• Tribus Ornithogaleae Speta : Merged into only one genus by Manning 2004, by Manning et al. 2009 in four and in Martínez-Azorín et al. 2011 divided into 19 categories:

• Albuca L. (Syn .: Igidia Speta ): The approximately 149 species occur mainly in Southern Africa and East Africa , but also reach as far as Ethiopia and Saudi Arabia as well as Chad and Nigeria .
• Avonsera Speta : it contains only one type:

• Avonsera convallarioides (H.Perrier) Speta : It is native to Madagascar .

• Battandiera Maire : With about eight species in arid areas of Southern Africa and East Africa; they do not appear in the Capensis . Only Battandiera amoena is native to North Africa.
• Cathissa Salisb. : It contains only three species in the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco .
• Coilonox Raf. : It contains about 30 species in winter rain areas, mainly in western South Africa , butreachinginto southern Namibia .
• Dipcadi med. (Syn .: Zuccangnia Thunb. Nom. Rej., Uropetalon Burch. Ex Ker Gawl. Nom. Superfl., Polemannia P.J.Bergius ex Schltdl. , Baeoterpe Salisb. , Tricharis Salisb. ): It contains about 40 species in Europe , Western Asia , North, East Africa, Southern Africa, Socotra , Madagascar and India .
• Eliokarmos Raf. : The approximately 28 species occur from southern Namibia to western and southwestern South Africa, mainly in winter rain areas. But they are also placed in the genus Ornithogalum . This subheading includes, for example:

• Orange-colored milk star ( Eliokarmos dubius (Houtt.) Mart.-Azorín, MBCrespo & Juan , Syn .: Ornithogalum dubium Houtt. )

• Elsiea F.M.Leight. : It contains only one type:

• Elsiea corymbosa F.M.Leight. : It thrives in mountainous regions of southwestern South Africa.

• Ethesia Raf. : The four or so species occur in southern Namibia and arid areas of western and central South Africa.
• Galtonia Decne. : The approximately five species are found in temperate and subtropical areas of eastern South Africa and Swaziland , including:

• Giant Chincherinchee ( Galtonia saundersiae (Baker) Mart.-Azorín, MBCrespo & Juan , Syn .: Zahariadia saundersiae (Baker) Speta , Ornithogalum saundersiae Baker ).

• Honorius Gray : The eightor sospecies occur in Southeastern Europe and the Near East, for example:

• Green Milky Star ( Honorius boucheanus (Kunth) Holub , Syn .: Ornithogalum boucheanum (Kunth) Asch. )
• Nodding Milky Star ( Honorius nutans (L.) Gray , Syn .: Ornithogalum nutans L. )

• Loncomelos Raf. : It contains about 20 species in the Mediterranean .
• Melomphis Raf. : It contains only three species in the Mediterranean area and in the Middle East .
• Neopatersonia Schönland : It contains about four species in the southwest and southern parts of South Africa.
• Nicipe Raf. : It contains about 44 species mainly in southern and eastern Africa, but to the north the range ends at the Sahara .
• Milky stars ( Ornithogalum L. ): It used to contain up to 200 species, today there are around 50 species in Europe, the Middle East to Afghanistan and in North Africa.
• Pseudogaltonia (Kuntze) Engl. (Syn .: Lindneria T.Durand & Lubbers ): It contains only two species in Botswana , Namibia and northwestern South Africa.
• Stellarioides medic. : It contains about 30 species in temperate and subtropical areas of southern Africa, but reaching as far as Ethiopia. Only Stellarioides sessiliflora is native to Algeria and Morocco .
• Trimelopter Raf. : It contains about ten species mainly in southern Namibia and western South Africa, but reaching into central and northeastern South Africa.

• Tribus Urgineeae :

• Bowiea Harv. ex Hook. f. : There is only one species instead of two species previously, as Bowiea kilimandscharica Mildbr. a synonym of Bowiea volubilis Harv. ex Hook. f. is.
• Drimia Jacq. ex Willd. (Syn .: Boosia Speta , Charybdis Speta , Duthiea Speta , Ebertia Speta , Geschollia Speta , Idothea Kunth , Idothearia C.Presl , Indurgia Speta , Ledurgia Speta , Litanthus Harv. , Pilasia Raf. , Rhadamanthopsis (Oberm.) Speta , Rhodocodon Baker , Rhadamanthus Salisb. , Sekanama Speta , Squilla Steinh. , Strepsiphyla Raf. , Sypharissa Salisb. , Tenicroa Raf. , Thuranthos C.H.Wright , Urginavia Speta , Urginea Steinh. , Urgineopsis Compton ): It contains about 100 species, some of which are rare until are endangered. This subheading includes:

• Drimia anomala (Baker) Baker
• Drimia haworthioides Baker
• Drimia media Jacq. ex Willd.

• Fusifilum Raf. (Syn .: Physodia Salisb. ): The approximately 15 species occur in southern Africa.
• Schizobasis Baker (Syn .: Adenotheca Welw. Ex Baker ): The four or so species occur in southern Africa. Some authors also place them in the genus Drimia .

• Tribe Hyacintheae (including tribe Pseudoprospereae Speta and Massonieae Baker ):

• Pseudoprospero Speta : it contains only one species:
  • Pseudoprospero firmifolium (Baker) Speta : It occurs in eastern South Africa.
• Daubenya Lindl. (Including Amphisiphon W.F.Barker , Androsiphon Schltr. , Neobakeria Schltr. ): It contains about eight species in the Capensis .
• Drimiopsis Lindl. & Paxton : The approximately 14 species occur in southern and eastern Africa.
• Schopflilien ( Eucomis L'Hér. ): It contains about ten species from southern tropical Africa to South Africa.
• Caphyacinths ( Lachenalia J.Jacq. Ex Murray , Syn .: Brachyscypha Baker , Chloriza Salisb. , Coelanthus Willd. Ex Schult. & Schult. F. , Dipcadioides Medik. , Himas Salisb. , Manlilia Salisb. , Monoestes Salisb. , Orchiastrum Lem . nom. illeg., Orchiops Salisb. , Periboea Kunth , Platyestes Salisb. , Polyanthes Jacq. , Polyxena Kunth , Scillopsis Lem. , Sugillaria Salisb. , Triallosia Raf. ): It contains about 110 species since 2004.
• Ledebouria Roth (Syn .: Eratobotrys Fenzl ex Endl. , Xeodolon Salisb. ): It contains about 59 species. They occur in tropical and southern Africa, on the Arabian Peninsula, Madagascar, India and Sri Lanka.
• Massonia Thunb. ex Houtt. : The approximately 13 species occur in the arid regions of southern Africa.
• Merwilla Speta : The three or so species occur in southern Africa.
• Schizocarphus Van der Merwe : It contains only one species:

• Schizocarphus nervosus (Burch.) Van der Merwe : It occurs in Botswana , Namibia , Swaziland and in the South African provinces: Eastern Cape , Free State , Gauteng , KwaZulu-Natal , Limpopo , Mpumalanga and northwest.

• Spetaea Wetschnig & Pfosser : It contains only one species:
  • Spetaea lachenaliiflora Wetschnig & Pfosser : There are only two populations at Du Toit's Kloof and Bain's Kloof in the Western Cape .
• Cape lilies ( Veltheimia Gled. ): It contains only two species that occur in western and southern South Africa.
• Alrawia (Wendelbo) KMPerss. & Wendelbo : The only two types occur in Iraq and Iran.
• Barnardia Lindl. : Of the only two species, one occurs in temperate East Asia and one in the Balearic Islands and North Africa. This belongs here:
  • East Asian squill ( Barnardia japonica (Thunb.) Schult. & Schult. F. , Syn .: Scilla scilloides (Lindl.) Druce )
• Bellevalia Lapeyr. : It contains about 45 to 50 species. They occur from the Mediterranean area to Central Asia.
• Brimeura Salisb. : It contains only three species that occur in south-western Europe. For example:
  • Light blue meadow hyacinth ( Brimeura amethystina (L.) Chouard ): It occurs in the Pyrenees and perhaps also in former Yugoslavia .
• Fessia Speta : It contains about eleven species that were previously assigned to Scilla .
• Hyacinthella Schur : It contains around 17 species, for example:
  • Pale hyacinth ( Hyacinthella leucophaea (K.Koch) Schur ): It occurs in Southeastern and Eastern Europe.
• Hare bells ( Hyacinthoides Heist. Ex Fabr. , Syn .: Endymion Dumort. ): It contains about nine species since 2009.
• Hyacinths ( Hyacinthus L. ): It contains about three species that occur from southern Turkey to northern Israel.
• Grape hyacinths ( Muscari Mill .; Incl. Pseudomuscari Garbari & Greuter ): It contains 41 to 60 species. They occur in Europe and from the Mediterranean area to Central Asia.
• Prospero Salisb. : It occurs with about twelve species from north-western Europe over the Mediterranean area to the Caucasus.
• Pushkinia Adams : It has contained three species since 2014:
  • Puschkinia bilgineri Yildirim : Your home is Turkey. It was first described in 2014.
  • Puschkinia peshmenii Rix & B.Mathew : This species, described in 2009, is native to Turkey.
  • Pushkinia ( Pushkinia scilloides Adams ): It occurs from southeastern Turkey to northwestern Iran.
• Bluestars ( Scilla L. ), Syn .: Star hyacinths ( Chionodoxa Boiss. ), Stellaris Fabr. Nom. superfl., Stellaster Heist. ex manufacture nom. superfl., Helonias Adans. nom. illeg., Lilio-Hyacinthus Ortega , Epimenidion Raf. , Ioncomelos Raf. orth. var., Lagocodes Raf. , Oncostema Raf. , Tractema Raf. , Genlisa Raf. , Nectaroscilla Parl. , Adenoscilla Gren. & Godr. , Basaltogeton Salisb. , Hylomenes Salisb. , Monocallis salisb. , Othocallis Salisb. , Petranthe Salisb. , Rinopodium Salisb. , Caloscilla Jord. & Fourr. , Apsanthea Jord. , Autonoe (Webb & Berthel.) Speta , Chouardia Speta , Pfosseria Speta , Schnarfia Speta : it used to contain about 30 and now contains about 81 species. The genus only includes the closest relationship of the two-leaved squill ( Scilla bifolia ) and the star hyacinths derived from it. The distribution area extends in the Mediterranean area from Italy over the Balkan Peninsula to the Caucasus, to the middle of Anatolia and to Cyprus. All species of the Capensis, which were previously classified here, were placed in several small, new (for example Merwilla , Spetaea ) genera or to Ledebouria (John Manning). Most of the Eurasian species have also been spun off.
• Zagrosia Speta : it contains only one species:

• Zagrosia persica (house number) Speta : It occurs in southeastern Turkey, Iraq and Iran.

Usage, ingredients and history

The white sea onion ( Drimia maritima ) was already used medicinally in ancient times.

Some South African species such as Eliokarmos thyrsoides , Ledebouria cooperi , Ledebouria inguinata , Ledebouria ovatifolia , Ledebouria revoluta , Gaulteria saundersiae and some species of the Urgineeae are poisonous to grazing cattle. The poisonous scillirosides (also a bufadienolide) are used as rat poison.

Often with mucus and Oxalatraphiden filled idioblasts present.

Only a few species of the Scilloideae serve as human food. In Greece the onions of Muscari comosum are eaten and in France the inflorescences of Loncomelos pyrenaicus are eaten as a vegetable. In Africa, the San eat onions of Ledebouria apertiflora and Ledebouria revoluta .

Many species and their varieties are used as ornamental plants in parks, gardens, balconies, as indoor plants and as cut flowers . Species and their varieties from the genera Chouardia , Hyacinthoides , Hyacinthus , Muscari , Othocallis , Puschkinia and Scilla are spring bloomers in the northern hemisphere , they were planted in parks and gardens and tend to grow wild. In South Africa and other arid areas, species such as Eucomis , Galtonia and Veltheimia are planted in parks and gardens. For example, Eliokarmos thyrsoides and related species are cut flowers.

swell

• The subfamily Scilloideae on the AP website. (Section description and systematics)
• Description of the Hyacinthaceae family at DELTA. (Section description)
• John C. Manning , 2004: Hyacinthaceae at PlantzAfrica . (Section description)
• Martin Pfosser , Franz Speta : Phylogenetics of Hyacinthaceae Based on Plastid DNA Sequences. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 86, No. 4, 1999, pp. 852-875, online.
• Martin Pfosser, Franz Speta: Hyacinthaceae, Hyacinthus, Ornithogalum, Scilla & their relatives. 2001, (The Hyacinthaceae family in the Tree of Life project). (engl.)
• WS Judd, CS Campbell, EA Kellogg, PF Stevens, MJ Donoghue: Hyacinthaceae. In Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. 3. Edition. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, 2007, ISBN 978-0-87893-407-2 , pp. 269-270.
• Syed Shujait Ali, Yan Yu, Martin Pfosser, Wolfgang Wetschnig: Inferences of biogeographical histories within subfamily Hyacinthoideae using S-DIVA and Bayesian binary MCMC analysis implemented in RASP (Reconstruct Ancestral State in Phylogenies). In: Annals of Botany. Volume 109, No. 1, pp. 95-107, doi: 10.1093 / aob / mcr274 .
• Walter Erhardt, Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} John C. Manning , 2004: Hyacinthaceae at PlantzAfrica .
2. ^ ^{A b} John Manning, Peter Goldblatt, Michael F. Fay: A revised generic synopsis of Hyacinthaceae in sub-Saharan Africa, including new combinations and the new tribe Pseudoprospereae. In: Edinburgh Journal of Botany. Volume 60, No. 3, 2004, pp. 533-568, doi: 10.1017 / S0960428603000404 .
3. ↑ ^{a b c} Franz Speta: Systematic analysis of the genus Scilla L. sl (Hyacinthaceae). In: Phyton (horn). Volume 38, No. 1, 1998, pp. 1–141 ( PDF (29.7 MB) on ZOBODAT ).
4. ^ Franz Speta: Hyacinthaceae. In: Klaus Kubitzki (Ed.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume 3: Flowering Plants, Monocotyledons, Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 1998, ISBN 3-540-64060-6 , pp. 261-285.
5. ^ ^{A b} Martin Pfosser , Franz Speta : Phylogenetics of Hyacinthaceae Based on Plastid DNA Sequences. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 86, No. 4, 1999, pp. 852-875, online.
6. ↑ Mark W. Chase, James L. Reveal, Michael F. Fay: A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 161, No. 2, 2009, pp. 132-136, doi: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x .
7. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m} RHA Govaerts, 2011: Enter taxon in search mask at World Checklist of Selected Plant Families , Kew . Last accessed on February 15, 2020.
8. ↑ John C. Manning, Felix Forest, Dion S. Devey, Michael F. Fay, Peter Goldblatt: A molecular phylogeny and a revised classification of Ornithogaloideae (Hyacinthaceae) based on an analysis of four plastid DNA regions. In: Taxon , Volume 58, No. 1, 2009, pp. 77-107, online ( Memento of the original from December 4, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . 
9. ^ ^{A b} Mario Martínez-Azorín, Manuel B. Crespo, Ana Juan, Michael F. Fay: Molecular phylogenetics of subfamily Ornithogaloideae (Hyacinthaceae) based on nuclear and plastid DNA regions, including a new taxonomic arrangement. In: Annals of Botany , Volume 107, No. 1, 2011, pp. 1-37. doi: 10.1093 / aob / mcq207 , full text online.
10. ↑ Red List of Endangered Species in South Africa: Drimia .
11. ↑ Flora of Namaqualand and the Western Karoo : Monocotyledons, ferns and quillworts of the Namaqualand-Namib Succulent Karoo, Tanqua-southern Great Karoo and Western Mountain Karoo, southern Africa . Peter Goldblatt & John C. Manning: Drimia in the lower half of the PDF online version from 2008.
12. ↑ Franz Speta: About Chionodoxa Boiss., Their structure and affiliation with Scilla L. In: Naturkundliches Jahrbuch der Stadt Linz. Volume 21, 1976, pp. 9-79 ( PDF (11.5 MB) on ZOBODAT ).
13. ↑ Franz Speta: The spring-blooming Scilla species of the eastern Mediterranean. In: Natural History Yearbook of the City of Linz. Volume 25, 1979: 19–198 ( PDF (25.9 MB) on ZOBODAT ).
14. ↑ ^{a b c} Martin Pfosser, Franz Speta: Hyacinthaceae. 2001, (The Hyacinthaceae family in the Tree of Life project ).

Further literature

• P. Goldblatt, JC Manning, F. Forest: A review of chromosome cytology in Hyacinthaceae subfamilies Urgineoideae and Hyacinthoideae (tribes Hyacintheae, Massonieae, Pseudoprospereae) in sub-Saharan Africa . In: South African Journal of Botany . Volume 83, 2012, pp. 134-144 ( doi: 10.1016 / j.sajb.2012.07.023 ).

Web links

Commons : Scilloideae  - collection of images, videos and audio files