Lumpy grape hyacinth
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Grape hyacinth ( Muscari comosum ) |
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| ( L. ) Mill. |
The crested grape hyacinth or crested grape hyacinth ( Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. ) Is a species of the grape hyacinth genus ( Muscari ) in the asparagus family (Asparagaceae).
description
The Schopfige grape hyacinth is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 15 to 70, sometimes up to 100 centimeters. This geophyte has an onion about 1 centimeter in diameter. Occasionally, side onions also form. The onion skin is brown. The roots are thin and at most annual.
The three to six rosette leaves are broadly linear (about 10 millimeters wide and 40 centimeters long), often curved and rough on the edge.
The flowers are in rich, elongated, rather loose clusters . At the tip of the inflorescence there is a conspicuous tuft of numerous blue-violet, upward-pointing, sterile flowers (some varieties only develop this tuft). Below are the pale brown, often greenish fertile flowers. These are tubular-bell-shaped and protrude horizontally. The perigone has no secondary crown under the perigone tips. The corolla lobes are 0.5 to 1 millimeter long and are yellowish to beige. The capsule fruit is 10 to 15 millimeters long and is sharp, triangular and somewhat winged. It sticks out horizontally at maturity. It does not fall off when the fruit is ripe, but opens up on the stem. There are (one to) two wrinkled, spherical, black, up to 2 mm large seeds per compartment .
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18.
ecology
Life form
The crested grape hyacinth is an onion geophyte ; its leaves move in early and are gone in summer.
Flower ecology
The flower clusters have a head of upright, long-stalked, sterile flowers at the top , which serve as a display device; Below are olive-brown, hanging "bluebells with sticky pollen", these carry nectar and have a "pierceable tissue" at the base of the ovary and smell fruity. Pollinators (and visitors to the sterile flowers) are bees and, especially in southern Europe, also the two-winged bumblebee hover of the genus Bombylius ; they are attracted by the purple flowers. Also, self-pollination is successful. The flowering period in Central Europe extends from May to June.
Propagation ecology
The fruits are capsules that are open regardless of the weather. The flower stem is greatly elongated when the fruit is ripe. The plant is a rain ballist and a wind and animal spreader; human expansion as an ornamental plant also takes place. The fruit ripeness extends from June to August.
Vegetative propagation takes place through brood bulbs, which u. a. can also be spread over the corridors of mice.
Parasites
In Croatia, the two parasitic fungus species Antherospora vaillantii and Urocystis muscaridis were found on Muscari comosum .
Occurrence
The distribution area of the Mediterranean species extends from the Canary Islands over the Mediterranean region eastwards to western, central and southern Turkey, northern Iraq, northern Arabia, western Syria and northern Egypt. In the north, the species also radiates to warmer areas of southern Central Europe. Garigues, maquis , rock heaths, rocky-gravelly semi-arid grasslands, fields, vineyards and dry forest edges are preferred as locations . This species inhabits altitudes up to 2,200 meters in the south. It was naturalized in Great Britain and Denmark .
In Germany, the species occurs mainly in disturbed societies of the Mesobromion or the order Corynephoretalia, but also in those of the Fuamrio-Euphorbion or Geranion sanguinei associations. In Austria, the species occurs in the colline to montane altitude level in the federal states of Burgenland , Vienna , Lower Austria , Upper Austria , Styria and Carinthia. In the Pannonian area it is scattered and in the rest of the area seldom occurs on the edges of fields, in vineyards, on semi-arid grassland and in light bushes, especially above loess . It is considered endangered, in the northern foothills of the Alps as severely endangered.
In Germany the species is under nature protection.
Taxonomy
The leopoldia comosa was in 1753 by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum under the basionym Hyacinthus comosus first published . Philip Miller placed them in the genus Muscari in 1768 .
Other synonyms for Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. Are Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl. , Muscari pinardii Boiss. and Leopoldia holzmannii (Heldr.) Heldr. as well as Muscari giennense Pau & Cuatrec. , Muscari holzmannii (Heldr.) Hirc , Muscari bulgaricum Velen. , Muscari calandrinianum (Parl.) Nyman , Muscari tenuiflorum subsp. charrelii , Muscari charrelii Heldr. ex Rouy , Muscari constrictum , Muscari cousturieri Gand. , Muscari graminifolium Heldr. & Holzm. ex Rouy , Muscari graecum (heroine) Boiss. , Muscari pharmacusanum (Heldr.) Boiss. , Muscari tubiflorum , Leopoldia pinardii (Boiss.) Parl. , Leopoldia sartoriana Heldr. , Leopoldia charrelii , Leopoldia curta Heldr. , Leopoldia graeca (Heldr.) Heldr. , Leopoldia pharmacusana Heldr. , Hyacinthus comosus L. , Bellevalia pinardii Boiss. and Botryanthus charrelii .
Common names
Because of the muskrat-like scent, this species is also called muskrat hyacinth.
Other names are or were Bräunling (Hettstädt), Hundskerlauch , Krohenzwibbel ( Transylvania ), Blue Märzenblume and Wilder Onion ( Bavaria ).
use
The scaly grape hyacinth is used as an ornamental plant in borders and rock gardens. It used to be used as a medicinal plant. The onions are edible and are a typical specialty of Crete and the Italian region of Puglia (where they are known as lampascioni or lampagioni ). This species has been cultivated since ancient times.
Varieties (selection):
- 'Monstrosum': The flowers are purple in color and all sterile. The inflorescence is branched like cauliflower. This variety has been cultivated since 1611.
- 'Plumosum': The flowers are mostly missing, there are only violet-colored flower stalks. The inflorescence is strongly and irregularly branched like a plume. This variety has been cultivated since 1665.
literature
- Dankwart Seidel: Flowers on the Mediterranean. Determine accurately with the 3-check . BLV, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-405-16294-7 .
- Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Excursion flora from Germany . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 , p. 516-517 .
- ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 135 .
- ↑ Dario Ivic, Zdravka Sever, Christian Scheuer, Matthias Lutz: A preliminary checklist of smut fungi of Croatia. In: Mycotaxon . Volume 121, pp. 499-500 ( PDF file ; 232 kB).
- ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 , p. 1075 .
- ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 318, digitized
- ↑ Martin Philippo: Muscari comosum. In: Muscaripages. A website about the genus Muscari. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (engl.)
- ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 240, online.
- ↑ Antonis Alibertis: Healing, aromatic and edible plants of Crete. Mystis, Heraklion 2007, ISBN 978-960-6655-20-3 , p. 305.
Web links
- Lumpy grape hyacinth. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Lumpy grape hyacinth . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora .
- Rafael Govaerts: World Checklist of Asparagaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2012, Internet publication Leopoldia comosa
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )